恩诺沙星及其代谢物环丙沙星在猪粪便及尿液中的排泄研究

给猪连续3d饲喂含无味恩诺沙星的饲料后，对其排泄的粪便和尿液进行了药物含量测定结果表明，粪便和尿液中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的排泄量都比较高，粪便中排泄的药物浓度显著高于尿液中药物排泄的浓度，停止给药后第15天，在猪粪中可检测到恩诺沙星，停止给药后第10天，猪尿液中可检测到环丙沙星。     

猪静注隐丹参酮尿药排泄分析

６头猪单剂量静注隐丹参酮后，收集自然排出的尿液，以后相高压液相色谱法检测隐丹参酮及其活性代谢物丹参酮ⅡＡ在尿中的浓度，分时间段计算排泄量及排泄总量，并计算排泄量占给药量的百分比，结果表明，在测定时间内，尿中隐丹参酮排泄量平均为０．２３７６％，丹参酮ⅡＡ排泄量为０．０９５２％     

恩诺沙星在猪体内的生物利用度及药物动力学研究

选用２１头健康杂种猪，随机分为３组，对静注、肌注及内服恩诺沙星（２．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ）的生物利用度和药物动力学进行了研究。用乙腈提取血浆中的药物，反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物环丙沙星的浓度。所得血药浓药－时间数据用ＭＣＰＫＰ计算机程序处理。静注给药的药时数据适合二室开放模型，主要药物动力学参数：ｔ１／２ａ０．４８±０．２４ｈ；ｔ１／２ａ３．４５±０．８５ｈ；ｔ１／２Ｋ１０２．０     

三种恩诺沙星盐对人工诱发鸡巴氏杆菌病的疗效比较

采用试管肉汤两倍稀释法,测得乳酸恩诺沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星及恩诺沙星钾对鸡多杀性巴氏杆菌的最小抑菌浓度均为０．０５ｍｇ／Ｌ。按５ｍｇ／ｋｇ恩诺沙星的剂量,分别给人工诱发巴氏杆菌病鸡内服乳酸恩诺沙星、盐酸恩诺沙星及肌注乳酸恩诺沙星、恩诺沙星钾,每１２ｈ给药１次,连续３ｄ。这些药物对鸡巴氏杆菌病的治愈率分别为１００％、９６．７％、１００％,而感染对照鸡的死亡率为１００％。结果表明,上述三种恩诺沙星盐对鸡巴     

恩诺沙星在鸡体中的排泄及其在鸡粪中的降解

检测了在不同给药剂量下,健康鸡服用恩诺沙星后,在不同时间粪尿中恩诺沙星及其主要代谢产物的含量变化,并对在不同光照条件下鸡粪中恩诺沙星的降解进行了研究。结果表明,健康鸡灌服恩诺沙星后,主要以恩诺沙星原形、其次以环丙沙星的形式随粪(尿)排出体外。2.5 mg/kg体重剂量组和5 mg/kg体重剂量组在给药后6h恩诺沙星的排泄量达到最高峰;环丙沙星达到峰浓度的时间为4 h。7.5 mg/kg体重剂量组恩诺沙星排泄量达到最高峰的时间为9 h;环丙沙星达到峰浓度的时间为6 h。至给药后第10天时鸡粪中检不出恩诺沙星和环丙沙星。鸡粪中恩诺沙星的降解速率受光照条件的影响,在避光条件下,鸡粪中恩诺沙星几乎很少降解;在自然光照下,鸡粪中恩诺沙星的降解较快,其变化趋势符合一级动力学方程Ct=C0e-kt,并由此求得鸡粪中恩诺沙星在自然光照下的降解半衰期为(2.23±0.25)d。     

恩诺沙星及其代谢产物在奶山羊的药动学及乳中药物浓度

本试验研究单剂量静脉注射、肌肉注射和乳房灌注恩诺沙星（2.5mg/kg)在健康奶山羊的药动学及乳中药物浓度。采用HPLC法测定血浆和乳中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的浓度，用统计矩原理处理血浆中药物浓度－时间数据，计算非房室模型的药动学参数。静脉注射、肌肉注射和乳房灌注恩诺沙星的t1/2β分别为1.32、1．55、0．99h;AUC为1．06、3．04、2．66mghL^-1；恩诺沙星的代谢分数为35．01％、44．06％、45．73％；环丙沙星的t1/2β为1．81、2．94、2．32h。乳中的药物浓度高于同期血中药物浓度，且乳中环丙沙星浓度高于恩诺沙星浓度并维持更长的时间。     

恩诺沙星、恩诺沙星钠和盐酸恩诺沙星在鸡体内的比较药动学

36只黄羽肉鸡,随机均分为3组,每组12只,分别进行恩诺沙星、恩诺沙星钠和盐酸恩诺沙星的药动学试验,高致液相色谱法测定鸡只血浆中恩诺沙星浓度,MCPKP程序处理药-时数据。恩诺沙星、恩诺沙星钠和盐酸恩诺沙星溶液经内服给药后在鸡体内最佳药动学模型为一级吸收一室模型,峰浓度高（峰浓度分别为2．39、2．04和2．37μg／mL）,吸收快（吸收半衰期t1/2Ka分别为1．15h、0．76h和1．55h）,消除缓慢（消除半衰期t1/2K分别为8．39h、12．19h和10．95h）。以恩诺沙星做对照,恩诺沙星钠和盐酸恩诺沙星内服给药后吸收完全,其相对生物利用度高,分别为103．2％和126．8％。恩诺沙星钠和盐酸恩诺沙星内服给药后主要药动学参数与恩诺沙星给药后的药动学参数相比均无显著性差异．     

恩诺沙星在奶牛血液和乳中药物浓度的监测

对 5头患有子宫内膜炎的奶牛经子宫灌注含恩诺沙星的复方制剂 10 0mL ,并于给药 0 ,0 .5 ,1,2 ,4 ,8,12 ,2 4h后 ,用高效液相色谱法为定量手段 ,利用荧光检测器分别测定复方制剂中恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星的血药、乳药浓度。结果表明 ,恩诺沙星给药后 2h左右在血中浓度达到最高值 ,然后逐渐下降。至 8h在血浆中的药物浓度为 (0 .6 4± 0 .16 ) μg/mL。 12h后检测不到恩诺沙星。而代谢产物环丙沙星于给药后 4h血药浓度可达最高峰 ,至 12h血药浓度为 (0 .0 5± 0 .0 1) μg/mL ,2 4h已检测不到。对于乳药浓度 ,恩诺沙星及其代谢产物环丙沙星皆于给药后 4h ,浓度达到最高峰 ,分别为 (1.6 9± 0 .30 ) μg/mL和 (0 .4 9± 0 .12 ) μg/mL。 12h后已经检测不到恩诺沙星和环丙沙星。从上述数值可见 ,恩诺沙星吸收较迅速 ,代谢较快、清除较快 ,表明恩诺沙星与环丙沙星在乳中不会形成残留。另外 ,在 8h内恩诺沙星、环丙沙星的血药、乳药浓度值均高于MIC值 ,所以仍具有抗菌作用。     

鸡猪排泄物中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含量HPLC检测方法的建立

建立了测定鸡、猪排泄物中恩诺沙星及环丙沙星含量的高效液相-荧光检测方法.将猪粪和鸡粪尿混合物样品分别用甲醇氨水溶液和醋酸甲醇溶液浸提,猪尿用固相萃取小柱富集净化,流动相为乙腈-三乙胺磷酸溶液（0.02 mol/L）,荧光激发波长280 nm,发射波长450 nm.检测结果表明,排泄物样品中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星含量的检测定量限,鸡粪尿混合物为0.010 μg/g,猪尿0.005 μg/mL,猪粪为0.020 μg/g.外标法标准曲线的线性范围鸡粪尿混合物中恩诺沙星为0.010～100.000 μg/g、环丙沙星为0.010～50.000 μg/g,猪尿和猪粪中恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的线性范围分别为0.005～0.500 μg/mL和0.020～1.000 μg/g.恩诺沙星和环丙沙星的回收率分别大于75%和88%.HPLC方法的样品前处理和检测方法简便、快捷,准确性较微生物检测法高.     

牛静注青蒿琥酯后的尿药排泄数据分析

选取奶牛和黄牛各４头，单剂量（分别为５ｍｇ／ｋｇ和１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ）静注青蒿琥酯后，收集自然排出的尿液（２４ｈ），以薄层扫描法检测青蒿琥酯及其代谢物双氢青蒿素在尿中的浓度，并计算排泄总量及给药量的百分比。结果表明，尿液中ＡＳ和ＤＨＡ的排泄总量均很低。ＡＳ与ＤＨＡ的排泄量之和，在奶牛尿中不超过１．３％，在黄牛尿中不超过０．５％。说明游离型的ＡＳ和ＤＨＡ在尿中排泄量很少。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.