植酸酶、柠檬酸和碳酸化合物酶对肉鸡生长性能和养分利用率的影响

文章旨在研究低磷、低钙水平日粮添加植酸酶、柠檬酸和碳水化合物酶对1~21 d肉鸡生长性能及养分消化率的影响。试验选择1日龄肉仔鸡576只,随机分为6组,每组4个重复,每个重复24只鸡。试验共分为6种日粮,阳性对照组日粮(正常钙磷水平)、阴性对照日粮(低磷、低钙)、阴性对照日粮+600 IU/kg植酸酶,阴性对照日粮+600 IU/kg植酸酶+5 g/kg柠檬酸,阴性对照日粮+600 IU/kg植酸酶+500 mg/kg复合碳水化合物酶,阴性对照日粮+600 IU/kg植酸酶+5 g/kg柠檬酸+500 mg/kg复合碳水化合物酶。试验共开展21 d。结果显示:阳性对照组肉鸡日增重和采食量显著高于阴性对照组(P<0.05);植酸酶组添加碳水化合物酶较单独添加植酸酶组显著提高了肉鸡的日增重(P<0.05);植酸酶+碳水化合物酶较阴性对照组显著改善了料肉比(P<0.05)。阳性对照组较阴性对照组显著提高肉鸡胫骨灰分含量(P<0.05);植酸酶组显著提高了总磷、有效磷和植酸磷的回肠表观消化率(P<0.05),同时植酸酶组添加柠檬酸或碳水化合物酶进一步提高了总磷和植酸磷的回肠表观消化率(P<0.05)。阴性对照组添加植酸酶显著提高了表观代谢能及干物质、总能、氮和总磷的表观沉积量(P<0.05),而植酸酶组添加碳水化合物酶提高了干物质和总磷表观沉积量(P<0.05)。结论:在本试验条件下,低磷、低钙水平日粮添加植酸酶和碳水化合物酶改善了肉鸡生长性能、提高了营养物质的消化率和沉积量,而植酸酶日粮添加柠檬酸可以改善营养物质消化率和沉积量。     

小麦-杂粕型饲粮中添加木聚糖酶和植酸酶对肉仔鸡生长及饲料利用的影响

为了探讨小麦和菜籽粕等非常规饲料资源在肉仔鸡生产中的应用,并降低磷添加水平以减少环境污染,试验选取体重相近的1日龄柳州麻花鸡150只,随机分成4组:对照组、木聚糖酶组、低磷植酸酶组、低磷复合酶组,各组雏鸡分别饲喂基础饲粮(小麦-杂粕型饲粮)、基础饲粮+木聚糖酶1 000 U/kg、75%有效磷基础饲粮+植酸酶900 U/kg、75%有效磷基础饲粮+植酸酶900 U/kg+木聚糖酶1 000 U/kg。每组设3个重复,每个重复10～15只鸡,试验期21 d。测定每组鸡的采食量和体重,计算每组鸡的日增重、日均采食量、料重比。结果:基础饲粮+木聚糖酶1 000 U/kg可显著提高肉仔鸡的体重和日增重(P0.05);75%有效磷基础饲粮+植酸酶900 U/kg的肉仔鸡增重、采食量和饲料转化率与对照组相近(P0.05);75%有效磷基础饲粮+植酸酶900 U/kg+木聚糖酶1 000 U/kg并不能进一步促进肉仔鸡生长和提高饲料转化率。结论:在小麦-杂粕型饲粮中添加木聚糖酶1 000 U/kg可显著提高肉仔鸡生长性能;植酸酶900 U/kg可替代饲粮中25%有效磷,而不影响肉仔鸡生长。     

菜粕型日粮添加植酸酶和木聚糖酶对肉鸡生长性能及小肠氨基酸和矿物质元素表观消化率的影响

试验旨在研究菜粕型日粮中添加植酸酶和木聚糖酶对肉鸡生长性能,小肠氨基酸、矿物质元素表观消化率的影响。选取健康、体重一致的1 d雌性AA商品代肉仔鸡480只,采用完全随机设计分为4个组,每组6个重复,每个重复20羽。对照组饲喂菜粕型日粮,处理组分别在对照组日粮基础上添加650 U/kg植酸酶、1500 U/kg木聚糖酶及1000 U/kg植酸酶和2000 U/kg木聚糖酶复合物。结果显示:各处理组对21 d肉鸡日均采食量和日增重均无显著差异(P0.05)。木聚糖酶组和木聚糖酶+植酸酶组较其他两组显著提高了空肠内容物停留时间(P0.05)。木聚糖酶组和木聚糖酶+植酸酶组显著提高钙、磷、钠、锌、镁、锰和铜回肠表观消化率(P0.05)。植酸酶和木聚糖酶复合组较其他各组显著提高了十二指肠和空肠氮消化率(P0.05)。木聚糖酶+植酸酶组较其他三组显著提高了回肠氨基酸表观消化率(P0.05)。结果表明:在本研究中,植酸酶和木聚糖酶在菜粕型日粮中应用对肉鸡的生长性能和营养物质消化率具有促进作用。木聚糖酶可以提高矿物质的消化率,这对肉鸡日粮中使用较多比例的菜粕具有优势作用。     

小麦型日粮添加木聚糖酶和植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能、回肠氨基酸表观消化率及常量元素沉积的影响

本文旨在研究小麦型日粮中添加木聚糖酶和植酸酶对肉鸡生长性能、回肠氨基酸表观消化率及矿物元素沉积的影响。试验选择1日龄科宝白羽肉仔鸡850只,随机分成5组,每组5个重复,每个重复34只鸡。一共有5种日粮,即低磷日粮、高磷日粮、低磷日粮+2000 IU/kg木聚糖酶、低磷日粮+500 FTU/kg植酸酶,低磷日粮+2000 IU/kg木聚糖酶+500 FTU/kg植酸酶,试验进行21 d。低磷组较高磷组显著降低了肉鸡的日增重、日采食量及趾骨灰分含量(P <0.05),与低磷组相比,木聚糖酶组显著降低了肉鸡的料比(P <0.05),而植酸酶组显著提高了肉鸡日增重、日采食量、趾骨灰分及饲料利用率(P <0.05)。复合酶组显著提高了15种氨基酸回肠表观消化率(P <0.05)。与低磷组相比,木聚糖酶组显著提高了表观消化能和可消化代谢能及回肠氮消化率(P <0.05),而植酸酶显著提高了氮沉积及回肠氮消化率(P <0.05),复合酶组显著提高了代谢能、可消化代谢能及氮沉积量(P <0.05)。植酸酶和复合酶组较高磷组显著提高了磷表观消化率和沉积量(P <0.05),但低磷组较高磷组显著提高了钙的表观消化率(P <0.05),植酸酶酶和复合酶组较其他3组显著提高了钾的沉积量(P <0.05)。结论 :小麦型日粮同时添加植酸酶和木聚糖酶对肉鸡生长和消化的影响要优于单独添加这两种酶。     

玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加不同植酸酶对蛋鸡生产性能和蛋品质及钙磷代谢的影响

选取720只24周龄海兰褐蛋鸡,随机分为8个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。8个处理分别为正对照组(PC)饲喂有效磷为0.36%的正常基础日粮,负对照组(NC)饲喂有效磷为0.16%的低磷日粮,其余试验组是在NC组日粮基础上分别添加两种植酸酶A或B各125、250、500 U/kg。其中植酸酶A是从大肠杆菌中提取,植酸酶B是从里氏木霉中提取。试验期为12周。结果表明:与PC组比较,NC和B500组产蛋率、平均蛋重和日采食量显著降低(P0.05),其他各添加植酸酶组恢复到PC组水平,各添加植酸酶组料蛋比和蛋品质无显著变化(P0.05);与PC组相比,NC组胫骨灰分、胫骨磷和血浆磷含量显著降低(P0.05),添加2种植酸酶组(除B500组外)恢复到PC组水平,B500组血浆磷含量显著低于PC组(P0.05),各试验组胫骨钙含量和血浆钙含量与PC组无显著差异(P0.05)。结果提示,低磷玉米-杂粕型日粮中添加2种植酸酶都能够缓解低磷引起的负效应,但2种植酸酶的最佳添加量不同,本试验条件下日粮中添加125 U/kg的植酸酶B或250 U/kg的植酸酶A都能满足蛋鸡对无机磷的需求。     

植酸酶和复合酶对肉鸡生产性能及氮、磷利用的影响

选用288只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理设6个重复,每个重复12只鸡。试验日粮分别为:(1)低磷、低蛋白日粮(双低对照组);(2)低磷、低蛋白日粮+500PTU/kg植酸酶;(3)低磷、低蛋白日粮+500PTU/kg植酸酶+0.5g/kg复合消化酶(折合纤维素酶1500U/kg、木聚糖酶11500U/kg、α-半乳糖苷酶1000U/kg、酸性蛋白酶1000U/kg);(4)正常营养水平日粮(普通对照组)。结果表明:植酸酶或植酸酶+复合酶的添加显著(P<0.05)提高了肉鸡日增重和日采食量,达到、甚至趋向于超过普通对照组(P>0.05);显著(P<0.05)提高了肉鸡氮、磷利用率,进而大幅度降低氮、磷排放量。     

不同有机酸与微生物植酸酶联用对生长猪植酸磷及其他养分排泄的影响

本研究选取4头体重(35±1.5)kg的杜长大(DLY)杂交去势生长猪,采用4×4拉丁方设计,分4期实施,每期7d(3 d预试期,4 d收粪期),研究微生物植酸酶(MP)及其分别与酸梅粉和柠檬酸组合对饲喂玉米-豆粕-米糠型饲粮猪的植酸磷和其他养分排泄的影响.4个处理日粮为①基础日粮组(NC),有效磷缺乏,其他养分满足NRC(1998);②NC 500U/kg植酸酶;③NC 500U/kg MP 1.5%酸梅粉;④NC 500U/kg MP 1.5%柠檬酸.结果显示①微生物植酸酶极显著降低粪中植酸磷、钙、磷和粗蛋白质含量(P＜0.01);酸梅粉能进一步显著(P＜0.05)降低植酸磷、钙和磷的粪排泄量;而柠檬酸仅有降低植酸磷、钙和磷的粪排泄量的趋势(P＞0.05).酸梅粉时植酸酶降低粪磷的作用效果强于柠檬酸(17.5%,P＜0.05).②微生物植酸酶降低猪粪中水溶性无机磷(WSP)(0.60%对0.47%,P＜0.05).微生物植酸酶结合酸梅粉使用使粪中WSP含量极显著降低(P＜0.01).酸梅粉能在添加植酸酶的基础上进一步显著降低植酸磷、钙和磷的粪排泄量.酸梅粉对植酸酶降低粪磷含量的增效作用强于柠檬酸.     

植酸酶和复合酶对肉鸡生产性能及氮、磷利用的影响

选用288只1日龄AA肉公鸡,随机分成4个处理组,每个处理设6个重复,每个重复12只鸡.试验日粮分别为(1)低磷、低蛋白日粮(双低对照组);(2)低磷、低蛋白日粮+500PTU/kg植酸酶;(3)低磷、低蛋白日粮+ 500PTU/kg植酸酶+ 0.5g/kg复合消化酶(折合纤维素酶1500 U/kg、木聚糖酶11500 U/kg、α-半乳糖苷酶1000 U/kg、酸性蛋白酶1000 U/kg);(4)正常营养水平日粮(普通对照组).结果表明植酸酶或植酸酶+复合酶的添加显著(P<0.05)提高了肉鸡日增重和日采食量,达到、甚至趋向于超过普通对照组(P>0.05);显著(P<0.05)提高了肉鸡氮、磷利用率,进而大幅度降低氮、磷排放量.     

新型耐热植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长性能与小肠黏膜形态结构的影响

本研究旨在探讨低磷饲粮中添加新型耐热植酸酶对断奶仔猪生长性能与小肠黏膜形态结构的影响.试验选用256头遗传背景相同、初始体重为(8.37±0.97) kg的30日龄断奶仔猪,按照完全随机区组的方法分为4个处理,每个处理设4个重复,每个重复16头仔猪.4个处理分别饲喂基础饲粮、低磷饲粮、低磷饲粮+500 U/kg新型耐热植酸酶及低磷饲粮+1 000 U/kg新型耐热植酸酶.试验期为30 d.结果表明:1)2个新型耐热植酸酶添加组相比较低磷饲粮组可提高仔猪平均日增重并降低料重比,但差异不显著(P＞0.05);2)1 000 U/kg新型耐热植酸酶添加组空肠和回肠绒毛高度、500 U/kg新型耐热植酸酶添加组回肠绒毛高度均显著高于低磷饲粮组(P＜0.05),1 000 U/kg新型耐热植酸酶添加组十二指肠隐窝深度显著低于基础饲粮组和低磷饲粮组(P＜0.05),1 000 U/kg新型耐热植酸酶添加组十二指肠绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值显著高于低磷饲粮组(P＜0.05).由此可知,断奶仔猪饲粮中添加新型耐热植酸酶用以减少无机磷的添加,能达到与基础饲粮组仔猪生长性能相近的效果,且对小肠黏膜形态结构有促进作用;添加新型耐热型植酸酶1 000 U/kg优于添加500 U/kg的效果.     

饲粮中添加微生物植酸酶和有机酸对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

试验通过测定断奶仔猪的生长性能,研究断奶仔猪日粮中添加微生物植酸酶和有机酸的效果。试验采用完全随机设计,将72头体重相近、遗传基础相似的35日龄断奶的杜×长×大三元杂交仔猪分为4组,每组3个重复,每个重复6头猪。试验日粮在相同钙水平基础上,分别设为:玉米—豆粕型基础日粮(正对照组)、基础日粮-50%磷酸氢钙(负对照组)、基础日粮+植酸酶(500U/kg)-50%磷酸氢钙(处理1组)、基础日粮+植酸酶(500U/kg)+有机酸(0.35%柠檬酸)-50%磷酸氢钙(处理2组)。试验结果表明:①与负对照组相比,处理1组和处理2组平均日增重(ADG)和增重与饲料比(G/F)显著提高(P<0.05),处理1组和处理2组之间无显著差异(P>0.05),但ADG和G/F均以处理2组较高;各处理组间仔猪的平均日采食量(ADFI)无显著差异(P>0.05)。②添加植酸酶或植酸酶和有机酸不影响粗蛋白(CP)的表观消化率和血清尿素氮(SUN)浓度(P>0.05)。总之,仔猪断奶阶段,在玉米—豆粕型基础日粮中添加植酸酶或植酸酶和有机酸代替部分磷酸氢钙,仔猪的生长性能与含正常无机磷水平的正对照组相比无显著差异,500U/kg植酸酶或500U/kg植酸酶和0.35%柠檬酸足以代替仔猪日粮中50%磷酸氢钙,但植酸酶和有机酸对于提高仔猪生长性能不存在显著的协同效应。     

Effects of different dietary phytase activities on the concentration of antioxidants in the liver of growing broilers

One‐hundred and fifty male chickens were used to evaluate the effects of different activities (0, 250, 500, 12 500 FTU/kg) of phytase on their performance and antioxidant concentration in the liver. The chicks were housed in 30 cages and were allocated to six replicates of five dietary treatments. All diets were formulated to be adequate in energy and protein (12.90 MJ/kg metabolizable energy, 214 g/kg crude protein), however, the negative control (NC) was lower in available P compared with the positive control (PC) (2.5 vs. 4.5 g/kg diet). The other three diets were the NC supplemented with phytase at 250, 500 and 12 500 FTU/kg (NC + 250, NC + 500 and NC + 12 500 FTU respectively). The concentration of antioxidants in the liver of the birds was determined using HPLC at 21 days of age. Low P diets (NC) reduced weight gain, however, supplementation with phytase improved weight gain to the extent that it was better than the PC at the 12 500 FTU treatment (p < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio was also improved by the high level of phytase supplement more than other treatments (p < 0.05). Feed consumption was not affected either by dietary phosphorus concentration or by different phytase supplementation. The antioxidant data showed that the unsupplemented diet with low phosphorus (NC) decreased the concentration of coenzyme Q₁₀ and retinol‐linoleate in the liver compared with that of birds on the adequate phosphorus treatment (PC). Phytase supplementation, especially at the higher doses (500 and 12 500 FTU) increased the level of coenzyme Q₁₀ to the same level as the PC treatment. In addition, the highest dose (12 500 FTU) of phytase increased retinol concentration in the liver of chickens compared with those on the NC treatment. The highest inclusion level of phytase increased the α‐tocopherol level in the liver compared with the lower levels of phytase (NC + 250 and NC + 500 FTU).     

The effects of citric acid on phytate-phosphorus utilization in young chicks and pigs

Several bioassays were conducted with young chicks and pigs fed phosphorus (P)-deficient corn-soybean meal diets. With diets for chicks containing .62% Ca and .42% P (.10% available P), graded doses of a citric acid + sodium citrate (1:1, wt:wt) mixture (0, 1, 2, 4, or 6% of diet) resulted in linear (P < .01) increases in both weight gain and tibia ash. Relative to chicks fed no citric acid, tibia ash (%) and weight gain (g/d) were increased by 43 and 22%, respectively, in chicks fed 6% citric acid. Additional chick trials showed that 6% citric acid alone or sodium citrate alone was as efficacious as the citric acid + sodium citrate mixture and that 1,450 U/kg of phytase produced a positive response in bone ash and weight gain in chicks fed a diet containing 6% citrate. Varying the Ca:available P ratio with and without citrate supplementation indicated that citric acid primarily affected phytate-P utilization, not Ca, in chicks. Moreover, chicks did not respond to citrate supplementation when fed a P-deficient (.13% available P), phytate-free casein-dextrose diet. Young pigs averaging 10 to 11 kg also were used to evaluate citric acid efficacy in two experiments. A P-deficient corn-soybean meal basal diet was used to construct five treatment diets that contained 1) no additive, 2) 3% citric acid, 3) 6% citric acid, 4) 1,450 U/kg phytase, and 5) 6% citric acid + 1,450 U/kg phytase. Phytase supplementation increased (P < .01) weight gain, gain:feed, and metatarsal ash, whereas citric acid addition increased only gain:feed (P < .05) and metatarsal ash (P < .08). A subsequent 22-d pig experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of lower levels of citric acid (0, 1, 2, or 3%) or 1,450 U/kg phytase addition to a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. Phytase supplementation improved (P < .01) all criteria measured. Weight gain and gain:feed data suggested a response to citric acid addition, but this was not supported by fibula ash results (P > .10). The positive responses to phytase were much greater than those to citric acid in both pig experiments. Thus, dietary citric acid effectively improved phytate P utilization in chicks but had a much smaller effect in pigs.     

Effect of reduced energy, protein and entire substitution of inorganic phosphorus by phytase on performance and bone mineralisation of laying hens

1. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of total removal of dietary inorganic phosphorus and reduced energy and protein, without and with phytase supplementation, on the performance, egg quality and bone composition of laying hens. 2. Lohmann pink-shell hens were randomly assigned at 56 weeks of age to 5 treatments for 20 weeks as follows: (1) a positive control (PC) with 155 g CP/kg, 11·09 MJ ME/kg, calcium (Ca) 3·40% and non-phytic phosphorus (NPP) 0·26%, (2) a negative control (NC1) diet based on PC diet with Ca decreased to 3·30% and NPP to 0·14%, (3) NC2 diet was formulated on the basis of NC1 diet with 152·7 g CP/kg, 10·90 MJ/kg, (4) NC1 and (5) NC2 supplemented with phytase (300 FTU/kg) each. 3. Feed intake, hen-day or hen-housed egg production, egg number per hen-housed, and final body weight were depressed with NC1 and NC2 diets, but restored by phytase inclusion. There were no significant differences between the dietary treatments for feed conversion efficiency, rates of cracked and broken eggs, egg-shell thickness or egg-shell strength. Mortality was significantly increased by NC2 diet without phytase. Tibia ash was significantly decreased by both NC1 and NC2 diets. Bone strength, and Ca and P contents in tibia ash were significantly increased by phytase inclusion in the NC1 diet. 4. In conclusion, the NC1 and NC2 diets significantly depressed performance and tibia quality, but the addition of phytase (300 FTU/kg) significantly improved performance and tibia integrity.     

Effect of high-dose phytase supplementation in broilers from 22 to 42 days post-hatch given diets severely limited in available phosphorus

1. Two trials were conducted from 22 to 42 d post-hatch to evaluate the effectiveness of high concentrations of supplemental phytase in maize–soya bean meal-based diets severely limited in available phosphorus (P). Growth performance, plasma P and tibia ash (TA) were measured.

2. Each trial used 220 21-d-old male broilers in 20 pens with 11 birds per pen. Dietary treatments included a positive control [PC, 4.3 g/kg nonphytate P (NPP)], negative control [NC, 2.3 g/kg NPP (Trial 1) or 1.4 g/kg NPP (Trial 2)] and NC plus 1000, 2000 or 4000 phytase U/kg of the diet.

3. Birds fed on the PC diet had higher average daily gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), plasma P (Trials 1 and 2) and TA (Trial 2) than those fed on the NC.

4. In Trial 1, ADG and G:F values of the NC plus 1000, 2000 or 4000 phytase U/kg reached those of the PC. Plasma P values of the NC plus 2000 or 4000 phytase U/kg reached that of the PC. Although TA values of the NC, NC + 1000 or NC + 2000 reached that of the PC, TA of the NC + 4000 was more than that of the PC.

5. In Trial 2, ADG and G:F values of the NC plus 4000 phytase U/kg reached those of the PC; nevertheless, plasma P values of the NC diets did not come up to that of the PC. While TA values of the NC, NC + 1000 or NC + 2000 did not reach that of the PC, TA of the NC + 4000 was greater than that of the PC.

6. Results of this study showed that, in the diets with 2.3 and 1.4 g/kg NPP, respectively, 1000 and 4000 phytase U/kg can be sufficient to obtain a comparable performance in broilers to those given diets adequate in available P.

     

Response of broiler chickens to microbial phytase supplementation as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorus contents. I. Effects on bird performance and toe ash

1. Seven-day old male broilers (n=900) were fed on wheat-sorghum-soyabean meal-based diets containing 3 concentrations of phytic acid (10.4, 13.2 and 15.7 g/kg; equivalent to 2.9, 3.7 and 4.4 g/kg phytate phosphorus), 2 of non-phytate phosphorus (2.3 and 4.5 g/kg) and 3 of microbial phytase (Natuphos 5000 L; 0, 400 and 800 FTU/kg) in a 19-d trial. The dietary phytic acid contents were manipulated by the inclusion of rice pollard. 2. Each dietary treatment was fed to 5 pens (10 birds/pen) from 7 to 25 d of age. Records of body weight, food intake and mortality were maintained. On d 25, all surviving birds were killed and toe samples were obtained for toe ash measurements. 3. Increasing dietary phytic acid negatively influenced body weight gain, food intake and food/gain. These adverse effects were partially overcome by the addition of microbial phytase. 4. Supplemental phytase caused improvements in weight gain and food efficiency of broilers but the magnitude of the responses was greater in low non-phytate phosphorus diets, resulting in significant non-phytate phosphorus x phytase interactions. 5. Toe ash contents were improved by phytase addition but the response was greater at the highest concentration of phytic acid, resulting in a significant phytic acid x phytase interaction. Responses were also greater in low non-phytate phosphorus diets as indicated by significant non-phytate phosphorus x phytase interaction. 6. In general, there was very little difference in the responses to phytase additions at 400 and 800 FTU/kg. 7. The performance responses to added phytase in birds receiving adequate non-phytate phosphorus diets provide evidence for the influence of the enzyme on animal performance independent of its effect on phosphorus availability.     

Response of broiler chickens to microbial phytase supplementation as influenced by dietary phytic acid and non-phytate phosphorous levels. II. Effects on apparent metabolisable energy, nutrient digestibility and nutrient retention

1. Male broilers (n=900) were fed on wheat-sorghum-soyabean meal based diets containing 3 concentrations of phytic acid (10.4, 13.2 and 15.7 g/kg; equivalent to 2.9, 3.7 and 4.4 g/kg phytate P), 2 concentrations of non-phytate (or available) phosphorus (2.3 and 4.5 g/kg) and 3 concentrations of microbial phytase (0, 400 and 800 FTU/kg) from day 7 to 25 post-hatch. The dietary concentrations of phytic acid were manipulated by the inclusion of rice pollards. All diets contained celite (20 g/kg) as a source of acid-insoluble ash. 2. The apparent metabolisable energy (AME) concentrations of the diets were determined using a classical total collection procedure during the 3rd week of the trial. On d 25, digesta from the terminal ileum were collected and analysed for phosphorus, nitrogen and amino acids. Nutrient digestibilities were calculated using acid-insoluble ash as the indigestible marker. 2. Ileal digestibilities of nitrogen and essential amino acids were negatively influenced by increasing dietary levels of phytic acid but these negative effects were overcome by the addition of phytase. 3. Supplemental phytase increased AME, ileal digestibilities of phosphorus, nitrogen and amino acids and the retention of dry matter, phosphorus and nitrogen in broilers. There were no differences in the phytase responses between additions of 400 and 800 FTU/kg. 4. The responses in all variables, except AME, were greater in low non-phytate phosphorus diets. 5. In the case of AME, the response to added phytase was greater in adequate non-phytate phosphorus diets. Supplemental phytase increased AME values from 13.36 to 13.54 MJ/kg dry matter in low non-phytate phosphorus diets and from 12.66 to 13.38 MJ/kg dry matter in adequate non-phytate phosphorus diets.     

植酸酶和柠檬酸对肉鸡生产性能及钙、磷利用率的影响

试验以正常营养水平饲粮为对照 ,研究在低营养水平饲粮中添加植酸酶 (0、 30 0g/t)、柠檬酸 (0、 0 5% )对肉鸡生产性能和钙、磷利用率的影响。试验用 2 2 5羽 1日龄黄羽肉鸡随机分为 5个处理 ,每处理 3个重复 ,每重复 1 5只鸡进行 6周试验。结果饲粮营养水平降低 6 %可导致肉鸡日增重 (ADG)和饲料利用率下降 (P <0 0 5) ;在低营养水平日粮中 ,添加 30 0g/t植酸酶、 0 5 %柠檬酸 ,ADG和料肉比 (F/G)与正常营养水平饲粮组差异不显著 (P >0 0 5) ;各处理组的血清Ca、P、AKP活性及胫骨Ca、P差异不显著 (P >0 0 5) ;腿病发生率各处理组差异不显著 (P >0 0 5)。添加 30 0g/t植酸酶、 0 5 %柠檬酸的处理组P排泄量显著低于对照组 (P <0 0 5)。植酸酶与柠檬酸合用能进一步提高生产性能和钙、磷利用率 ,能达到正常营养水平饲粮的效果。植酸酶与柠檬酸合用存在协同效应     

Effects of citric acid and microbial phytase on amino acid digestibility in broiler chickens

1. Two experiments with growing chickens were carried out to study the effects of the inclusion of a microbial phytase (Natuphos 5000) and citric acid (CA) in maize-soybean-based diets on the performance and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA). In both experiments the diets were formulated to contain the same amounts of energy and protein. 2. In the first experiment, data were analysed as a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with two concentrations of available phosphorus (AP) from one day to 3 weeks of age (3.5 and 2.2 g/kg) and for 3 to 6 weeks (2.7 and 1.4 g/kg), and two inclusions of commercial phytase (0 and 500 FTU/kg) in each period. The AID of CP and dispensable and indispensable AA were not modified by the AP content of the diet. Addition of phytase improved the AID of CP and dispensable and indispensable AA only at low AP levels. 3. In the second experiment, data were analysed as a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement with three concentrations of citric acid (0, 20 and 50 g/kg) and two inclusions of commercial phytase (0 and 750 FTU/kg). Diets were formulated with deficient contents of AP (2.5 g/kg). Performance was not affected by commercial phytase addition. The addition of CA reduced the weight gain but did not modify the feed intake and gain:feed. In general, the AID of CP and dispensable and indispensable AA were not affected by CA addition. Commercial phytase increased the apparent ileal digestibility of crude protein but had no effect on AID of dispensable and indispensable AA. 4. In conclusion, the present work showed that microbial phytase enhanced AA digestibility in maize-soy-based diet only at very low AP concentrations, and that CA had no affect on the AID of CP and dispensable and indispensable AA. No synergism between CA and microbial phytase was detected.     

Effect of increasing supplemental phytase concentration in diets fed to Hubbard × Cobb 500 male broilers from 1 to 42 days of age

Phytase supplementation beyond the standard doses used for phosphorus release has been reported to result in extraphosphoric effects by enhancing nutrient digestibility resulting in improved performance of broilers. A study was conducted to examine the effects of the progressive addition of an enhancedEscherichia Coli phytase (400–1,600 phytase units; FTU) on growth performance and carcass characteristics from 1 to 42 d of age in male broilers. One thousand four hundred Hubbard × Cobb 500 1-d-old chicks were randomly distributed into 56 floor pens (0.08 m²/bird). Seven dietary treatments were provided in a 3-phase feeding program consisting of (1) a positive control (adequate Ca and nonphytate P; PC); (2) 1 negative control (Ca and nonphytate P reduced by 0.14% and 0.13%; NC); (3 to 6) the NC diet with 4 increasing supplemental phytase concentrations (NC + 400 FTU, NC + 800 FTU, NC + 1,200 FTU, and NC + 1,600 FTU, respectively); and (7) a low-energy NC diet without phytase and xylanase (reduced 66 kcal of AME_n/kg). Body weight gain, feed conversion, mortality, weight and yield of whole carcass, abdominal fat, and pectoralis major and minor muscles were evaluated. Progressive supplementation of phytase decreased cumulative FCR linearly. Broilers fed diets containing 1,600 FTU had heavier total breast meat by 49 g compared with birds receiving the PC diets. Broilers consuming the NC + 400 FTU or the low-energy NC diet had similar growth performance and meat yield compared with birds provided PC diet. These data indicated that phytase supplementation beyond the need for phosphorus enhances growth performance and carcass characteristics.     

Effect of high-dose phytase and citric acid,alone or in combination,on growth performance of broilers given diets severely limited in available phosphorus

1. Two trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of high-dose phytase alone or in combination with citric acid (CA) in the diet severely limited in available phosphorus (P) on performance, plasma P and plasma Ca of broilers from 22 to 42 d of age.

2. In Trial 1, 297 21-d-old female chicks were placed into 27 pens and allocated to 9 maize-soybean meal-based dietary treatments, which were a positive control [PC, 4.23 g/kg non-phytate P (NPP)] and 8 negative control (NC, 1.35 g/kg NPP) groups consisting of two concentrations of CA (0 and 20 g/kg) and 4 concentrations of phytase (0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 U/kg) in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. In Trial 2, 192 21-d-old male chicks were placed into 24 pens and allocated to 6 wheat-canola meal-based dietary treatments, which were a PC (4.2 g/kg NPP), a NC (1.68 g/kg NPP) and 4 NC groups consisting of two concentrations of CA (0 and 20 g/kg) and two concentrations of phytase (2000 and 4000 U/kg) in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement.

3. In both trials, birds fed on the PC had significantly higher average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), plasma P and lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) and plasma Ca than those of birds fed on the NC. CA supplementation significantly increased ADG and ADFI. There was a significant interaction between CA and phytase on plasma P where CA improved the effect of phytase on plasma P. In Trial 1, phytase addition improved ADG, ADFI, FCR and plasma Ca linearly.

4. Briefly, this research showed the interaction effect between CA and phytase on plasma P when broilers were fed on diets based on maize-soybean meal or wheat-canola meal. The results showed that CA supplementation lowered the concentration of phytase that is needed in low NPP diets to increase plasma P.