竹地板薄木贴面工艺试验

为了丰富竹地板的外观效果,扩大竹地板的种类,采用正交试验方法,探讨了竹地板表面进行0.6 mm榉木和2.0 mm枫木薄木贴面工艺。结果表明:利用榉木和枫木薄木贴面竹地板切实可行,其较佳工艺参数分别为:榉木热压压力0.8 MPa,热压温度100℃,热压时间240 s,涂胶量为120 g/m2;枫木热压压力1.2 MPa,热压温度120℃,热压时间360 s,涂胶量140 g/m2。     

杉木积成材薄木贴面工艺初探

采用正交试验法，探讨了杉木积成材薄木贴面的工艺过程。试验结果表明：利用杉木积成材进行薄木贴面．工艺切实可行，奥古曼薄木贴面的较佳工艺参数为：热压温度100℃，热压压力1．0MPa，热压时间4min，涂胶量120g／m^2。     

紫檀薄木湿法贴面表面装饰效果影响因素的研究

以紫檀薄木、刨花板为研究材料,对薄木湿法贴面中装饰效果的主要影响因素,如薄木的含水率、涂胶量、热压的温度和时间等方面进行研究,以期为薄木湿法贴面的工业生产提供改进的理论依据。研究表明:在含水率为30%、热压温度为90℃、热压时间为2min、涂胶量为88.9g/m2时,对紫檀薄木进行湿法贴面能得到较好的表面装饰效果。     

改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂的胶合工艺初探

以杨木单板为试材研究了改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂的胶合性能,采用单因素实验方法,探讨了改性豆基蛋白胶黏剂压制胶合板的胶合工艺。分析了热压温度、热压时间和涂胶量对三层杨木胶合板胶合性能的影响。结果表明:采用改性后的豆基蛋白胶黏剂,在压力为1.4MPa,温度为165℃左右,热压时间为1.4～1.6 min/mm,涂胶量为220g/m~2,压制的杨木胶合板胶合性能较佳且达到Ⅰ类胶合板的标准。     

铝箔覆面刨花板

研究了铝箔覆面刨花板的主要工艺参数（如涂胶量、热压温度和热压时间）与复合板性能之间的关系,试验结果表明,采用环氧树脂胶,涂胶量在490-630g/m^2,热压温度为80℃、热压压力为0.2MPa、热压时间为5min所制成的复合板的力学性能良好。     

刨切薄竹贴面刨花板加工工艺研究

以刨切薄竹为原料,通过正交试验,对刨切薄竹用于贴面刨花板的生产工艺进行研究.结果表明:当涂胶量135 g·m-2,热压压力为0.8 MPa,热压温度90℃,热压时间4.0 min时,刨切薄竹贴面刨花板的效果较佳,可用于指导生产实践.     

竹/杨复合规格材制备工艺研究

研究以竹展平规格材和杨木单板为原料,以脲醛树脂为胶黏剂,采用竹黄-杨木-竹黄的组坯方式制备竹/杨木复合规格材,通过L9(34)正交试验,探讨涂胶量、热压温度、热压压力以及热压时间四因素对竹/杨复合规格材物理力学性能的影响。结果表明:热压温度对竹/杨复合材性能影响最大,其次是涂胶量和热压压力,热压时间影响最小。通过加权法得到的优化热压工艺参数为热压压力1.5 MPa、热压时间12 min、热压温度130℃、涂胶量(单面)240 g/m2。     

无纺布增强装饰薄木的柔韧性研究

选用不同配比的聚乙酸乙烯酯乳液和脲醛树脂胶,制备无纺布增强装饰薄木,分析影响其柔韧性的主要工艺参数。结果表明,采用聚乙酸乙烯酯乳液胶,在涂胶量30g/m2、热压温度115℃、热压时间150s的条件下,无纺布增强装饰薄木的柔韧性最优,且横向抗拉强度显著提高,达到薄木自身强度的5～8倍,满足木制品异形贴面要求。     

薄木贴面聚氯乙烯基木塑复合材料贴面工艺参数对其性能的影响

探究热压温度、时间、压力因子对薄木贴面聚氯乙烯(PVC)基木塑复合材料表观质量的影响,并以硅烷偶联剂改善薄木与PVC木塑基材之间界面的胶接性能。结果显示,以质量分数1.4%的KH-550为偶联剂,在热压温度130℃、热压压力1.5 MPa、热压时间200 s的工艺下,薄木贴面PVC基木塑复合材料的综合性能最佳;薄木和PVC木塑基材之间形成了紧密的界面结合。     

木塑复合材料薄木贴面工艺初探

探讨对木塑复合材料(WPC)进行薄木贴面装饰的可行性,并针对贴面过程中工艺方法、胶黏剂的选配、表面胶合强度及各种工艺参数进行了研究。结果表明:采用"中有1396"塑木材料专用胶黏剂(特种胶),基材表面进行除尘、选样、剪切处理之后,在上胶量为100 g/m2、冷压压力0.5~1.0 MPa、时间60 min的条件下制成的贴面装饰板具有可行性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.