发酵菜籽粕在生长育肥猪上的营养价值评定

本研究旨在评定固态发酵菜籽粕(fermented rapeseed meal,FRSM)在生长育肥猪上的营养价值。将16头体重为(71.25±1.23) kg的健康"杜×长×大"去势公猪随机分到4个处理,每个处理4个重复,每个重复1头猪,4个处理组分别饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮、菜籽粕(rapeseed meal,RSM)饲粮、发酵菜籽粕(fermented rapeseed meal, FRSM)饲粮(分别等氮替代基础饲粮35%的氮)以及无氮饲粮。代谢试验预试期3 d,正式期4 d,采用全收粪尿法测定养分消化率。结果表明:1)发酵菜籽粕混合物发酵后较发酵前pH下降了1.68,粗蛋白质(CP)、水溶性蛋白质(WSP)、酸溶性蛋白质(ASP)和粗脂肪(EE)的含量分别提高了1.91%、52.88%、44.40%和24.27%,17种氨基酸含量均有所提高;中性洗涤纤维(NDF)降低了5.21%;异硫氰酸酯(ITC)和噁唑烷硫酮(OZT)的降解率分别达到92.20%和100.00%,单宁和植酸含量分别降低了35.81%和24.22%。2)FRSM干物质的表观消化率为75.28%,显著高于RSM(P0.05);FRSM的消化能、氮表观(真)消化率和氮表观(真)利用率分别为13.84 MJ·kg~(-1)、70.89%(72.84%)和68.12%(71.12%),均极显著高于RSM(P0.01);FRSM的钙、磷和粗灰分的表观消化率与RSM差异不显著(P0.05)。3) FRSM氨基酸(除半胱氨酸外)的表观(真)消化率均显著或极显著高于RSM(P0.05或P0.01)。综上,通过双菌固态发酵菜籽粕,降低了抗营养因子的含量,提高了菜籽粕在生长育肥猪上的养分消化率和利用率,有效地改善了菜籽粕的饲用价值。     

发酵菜籽粕的营养价值与抗营养因子及其在动物生产中的应用

随着畜牧业的快速发展,饲料原料的短缺日益明显,其中蛋白质饲料原料的短缺尤为突出。菜籽粕(rapeseed meal, RSM)的主要营养物质为蛋白质,是低价蛋白质饲料原料的主要来源之一。发酵菜籽粕(fermented rapeseed meal, FRSM)营养价值更高,具有平衡饲料中氨基酸水平、降低饲料成本、保障动物健康等作用。作者首先比较了RSM与FRSM的营养成分差异,发现FRSM的硫代葡萄糖苷、单宁、植酸等抗营养因子水平较RSM显著降低,而粗脂肪、粗蛋白质及各氨基酸水平却有提高;其次,简述了RSM的抗营养因子及其处理方法,发现通过采用发酵方式处理RSM是当前去除饲料中抗营养因子的有效方式之一;最后,总结了FRSM在猪、家禽、反刍动物以及肉兔、红鲷鱼等动物上的研究进展,并对其未来发展进行了展望,以期为FRSM在动物饲粮中的实际应用提供参考。     

日粮中紫苏饼、菜籽粕代替豆粕对肉牛养分表观消化率及氮代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中紫苏饼、菜籽粕代替豆粕对肉牛养分表观消化率及氮代谢的影响。选择20头体重相近、健康状况良好的12月龄左右的秦川肉牛（母牛）为试验动物,按照单因素随机区组设计,将20头试验牛分为5组,每组4头牛。不同试验组日粮中分别添加以31%豆粕（对照）、36%菜籽粕、14%紫苏饼+24%菜籽粕、28%紫苏饼+12%菜籽粕和42%紫苏饼为蛋白质原料配制的5种不同的精饲料。试验持续120 d,其中预饲期15 d,正试期105 d。试验期间,测定每头试验牛每天的摄入氮、尿氮及粪氮,测定日粮中干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）的表观消化率。结果表明：① 42%紫苏饼组摄入氮含量最高,36%菜籽粕组最低,但各组间氮含量差异不显著（P>0.05）;36%菜籽粕组的粪氮显著高于28%和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,且与31%豆粕组和14%紫苏饼组差异不显著（P>0.05）;② 42%紫苏饼组的沉积氮最高,与其他各组均差异显著（P<0.05）,其中31%豆粕组显著高于36%菜籽粕组（P<0.05）;③ 42%紫苏饼组的DM、ADF表观消化率显著高于31%豆粕组和36%菜籽粕组（P<0.05）,14%和28%紫苏饼组的DM、OM和NDF的表观消化率均差异不显著（P>0.05）;④ 14%紫苏饼组尿液中尿素氮含量显著高于31%豆粕组和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,且与36%菜籽粕组和28%紫苏饼组差异不显著（P>0.05）;31%豆粕组尿液中马尿酸氮含量显著高于36%菜籽粕组和42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,而这3组均显著高于14%和28%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）;31%豆粕组的尿囊素氮含量显著高于42%紫苏饼组（P<0.05）,与其他3组差异不显著（P>0.05）;各组的肌酸氮、微生物氮预测值、尿素氮/尿氮、肌酸氮/尿氮和嘌呤衍生物氮/尿氮均没有显著差异（P>0.05）。综上,本试验条件下,精料中用42%紫苏饼代替31%豆粕,肉牛氮沉积最高,比对照组高3.65 g/d;DM、OM、NDF、ADF的表观消化率分别比对照组高3.45%、2.22%、6.56%、10.98%。     

饲粮添加包被蛋氨酸和包被叶酸对杜寒杂交二代公羔生长性能、养分消化代谢和瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响

本试验旨在研究饲粮添加包被蛋氨酸（coated methionine,CM）和包被叶酸（coated folic acid,CFA）对杜寒杂交二代公羔生长性能、养分消化代谢及瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成的影响。采用2×2完全随机试验设计,试验因素为按照试验动物体重添加CFA（0 mg,CFA-或4 mg·（kg·d）^-1,CFA+）和CM（0 g,CM-或0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1,CM+）。将40只体重相近（（30.08±1.34）kg）的4月龄杜寒杂交二代公羔随机分为4组,分别饲喂基础日粮（CM-&CFA-）、基础日粮+CFA 4 mg·（kg·d）^-1（CM-&CFA+）、基础日粮+CM 0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1（CM+&CFA-）、基础日粮+CFA 4 mg·（kg·d）^-1+CM 0.1 g·（kg·d）^-1（CM+&CFA+）。试验期85 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期70 d,在试验期结束前10 d开展消化代谢试验。试验结果表明：1）饲粮添加CFA显著提高了1~30 d平均日增重和饲料转化率（P<0.05）,而添加CM仅显著提高了1~30 d饲料转化率（P=0.036）,对1~30 d平均日增重无显著影响（P>0.05）;饲粮中添加CFA、CM显著提高了杜寒杂交二代公羔31~60 d和1~60 d平均日增重及相应阶段饲料转化率（P<0.05）,二者对1~60 d饲料转化率具有显著互作效应（P=0.007）;2）饲粮添加CFA显著提高了干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的表观消化率（P<0.05）,饲粮添加CM有提高有机物表观消化率的趋势（P=0.066）及增加干物质消化率的趋势（P=0.095）,二者对养分消化率无显著互作效应（P>0.05）;3）饲粮添加CFA、CM显著降低了尿能排出量,显著提高了能量消化率和代谢率（P<0.05）;通过显著降低粪氮、尿氮及总排泄氮（P<0.05）,从而显著提高了氮的表观消化率和沉积氮水平（P<0.05）,且二者同时添加对减少氮排泄、提高氮消化率有显著互作效应（P<0.05）;4）饲粮添加CM、CFA显著提高嘌呤衍生物的尿排泄量,提高瘤胃微生物蛋白质合成量（P<0.05）。饲粮添加CM、CFA提高干物质和有机物表观消化率,改善总能消化率和代谢率,增加氮表观消化率和氮沉积量,促进杜寒杂交二代公羔的生长。     

复合益生菌发酵饲料对雪峰乌骨鸡日粮表观消化率及肉品质的影响

本试验旨在研究复合益生菌发酵饲料对雪峰乌骨鸡日粮表观消化率及肉品质的影响。本试验采用单因素试验设计，选用健康、体重相近的17周龄母鸡600只，随机分为5组，每组6个重复，每个重复20只。其中对照组饲喂基础日粮，试验组分别以25%、50%、75%、100%复合益生菌发酵饲料替代基础日粮饲喂，试验期35 d。试验结果表明：①25%、50%发酵料替代组显著提高乌骨鸡对饲料中粗蛋白质（CP）、粗脂肪（EE）表观消化率（P<0.05），75%替代组与对照组差异不显著（P>0.05）。②与对照组相比，75%和100%替代组乌骨鸡屠体率显著增加（P<0.05），25%替代组乌骨鸡胸肌率显著增加（P<0.05），但各试验组腹脂率无显著变化（P>0.05）。③各试验组显著降低胸肌pH_{24 h}及蒸煮损失（P<0.05），显著提高胸肌亮度（L^*）和红度（a^*）（P<0.05），100%替代组滴水损失显著下降（P<0.05）。④50%、75%及100%发酵饲料替代组肌肉DM和CP含量显著升高（P<0.05）；50%、100%发酵饲料替代组显著提高肌肉中蛋氨酸（Met）、苯丙氨酸（Phe）、丝氨酸（Ser）、精氨酸（Arg）含量（P<0.05）。结果提示，在本试验条件下，所用复合益生菌发酵饲料能提高日粮养分表观消化率、改善肉品质，但添加比例与效果相关性不明显，以100%替代组效果最佳。     

饲粮peNDF对奶公牛反刍、消化、生产性能及瘤胃发酵的影响

试验通过研究饲粮不同物理有效中性洗涤纤维（peNDF）含量对育肥奶公牛反刍、消化、生产性能和瘤胃发酵的影响,旨在为奶公牛生产中配制适宜peNDF含量的全混合日粮（TMR）提供依据。选择30头11月龄、体重（345.57±23.53） kg、健康的中国荷斯坦奶公牛（未阉割）,随机分为试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组,每组10头,分别饲喂8.00 mm孔径筛上物peNDF （peNDF_8.00）含量为12.40%、13.75%和14.85%的3种饲粮。结果表明：试验Ⅰ组奶公牛的饲粮采食次数显著高于Ⅱ和Ⅲ组（P<0.05）,试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组反刍时间、每千克干物质和中性洗涤纤维反刍时间显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。3组间干物质采食量（DMI）、peNDF采食量、平均日增重（ADG）、料重比（F/G）及干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、钙（Ca）和磷（P）表观消化率差异均不显著（P>0.05）。试验Ⅲ组瘤胃pH显著高于Ⅰ和Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,而丙酸浓度显著低于其他2组（P<0.05）。试验Ⅱ和Ⅲ组瘤胃乙丙比、乙酸和氨态氮（NH₃-N）浓度显著高于试验Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。在本试验条件下,3种不同peNDF_8.00水平饲粮对育肥奶公牛生产性能和养分表观消化率影响不显著,饲粮peNDF_8.00为13.75%和14.85%时,奶公牛反刍时间、瘤胃乙丙比、乙酸和NH₃-N浓度显著增加,可使奶公牛保持较佳瘤胃发酵性能。     

猪源发酵乳酸杆菌对保育猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、粪便微生物数量及血清免疫指标的影响

本试验研究了日粮中添加不同浓度的猪源发酵乳酸杆菌(Lactobacillus fermentum)对保育猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、粪便微生物数量和血清免疫指标的影响。选择160头保育猪,日龄为(30±2)d,体重为(7.85±0.68)kg,随机分成4组,每组4个重复,每个重复10头猪。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.2%和0.3%的猪源发酵乳酸杆菌制剂,试验期35d。结果显示,添加不同浓度猪源发酵乳酸杆菌对保育猪的各项指标均有改善效果,其中,0.2%发酵乳酸杆菌组的效果最好,与对照组相比,其平均日增重提高8.70%(P<0.05),料重比降低4.62%(P<0.05),日粮中粗蛋白质、钙和总磷的表观消化率显著提高(P<0.05),粪便中大肠杆菌数量显著下降(P<0.05),血清中IgG含量提高了8.39%(P<0.05)。因此,在保育猪饲料中添加猪源发酵乳酸杆菌能够提高机体免疫力和生长性能,提高日粮中粗蛋白质、钙和总磷的表观消化率,降低粪便中的大肠杆菌数量。     

全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响

【目的】试验旨在研究全株小黑麦干草对育成牛营养物质表观消化率、血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵的影响,为小黑麦干草在畜牧业中的合理使用提供数据参考。【方法】在相同的饲养条件下,选取10月龄、平均体重为（325.0±20.0） kg、健康、生理状态良好的荷斯坦育成牛30头,随机分为3组：对照组、Ⅰ、Ⅱ组,每组10头牛,每头为一个重复。对照组饲喂基础饲粮（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆＝1：1）,Ⅰ、Ⅱ组分别以全株小黑麦干草替代饲粮中50％（苜蓿干草：小麦秸秆：全株小黑麦干草＝0.5：0.5：1）和100％干草（100%全株小黑麦干草）,试验预饲期7 d,正试期66天。于正试期前后对每头牛称重,并每天记录采食量,计算平均日增重和料重比;正试期最后4 d采集粪便和饲粮样品,测定各营养物质表观消化率;正试期第66天晨饲前采集血液,晨饲后2 h采集瘤胃液,测定血清生化和瘤胃发酵指标。【结果】①各组育成牛体重、日增重均差异不显著（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组料重比显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。②Ⅰ组育成牛干物质（DM）、有机物（OM）和粗蛋白质（CP）表观消化率与对照组相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,但极显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）表观消化率显著高于Ⅱ组（P<0.05）,且极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）。③育成牛血清中葡萄糖（GLU）、甘油三酯（TG）、总胆固醇（TC）、总蛋白（TP）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛血清白蛋白（ALB）浓度极显著高于对照组和Ⅰ组（P<0.01）;Ⅰ组牛血清尿素氮（UN）含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,但与Ⅱ组差异不显著（P>0.05）。④育成牛瘤胃pH、总挥发性脂肪酸（TVFA）、乙酸、丙酸、丁酸含量及乙酸/丙酸（A/P）在各组间均无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃NH₃-N浓度显著高于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）,与对照组间无显著差异（P>0.05）;Ⅱ组牛瘤胃微生物蛋白（MCP）含量显著低于Ⅰ组（P<0.05）。【结论】将育成牛粗饲料中50％的干草替换为全株小黑麦干草,对其血清生化指标及瘤胃发酵均具有一定的改善作用,且显著提高了饲粮中营养物质表观消化率。     

苜蓿草粉对育肥猪生长性能、血清抗氧化及免疫性能相关指标的影响

【目的】 该试验通过研究添加不同比例苜蓿草粉对育肥猪生长性能、血清生化指标、抗氧化性能以及免疫指标的影响，以探明育肥猪饲粮中苜蓿草粉的较优添加比例。【方法】 选取健康、平均体重（75.5±1.03） kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪120头，随机均分为4组，每组6个重复，1个重复1栏。分别在基础饲粮中添加0（对照组）、5%、10%、15%的苜蓿草粉进行饲喂试验，预试期7 d，正式期45 d。测定每头猪初始体重、终末体重及每栏日采食量；试验结束后，每栏随机抽取1头猪，通过前腔静脉采血10 mL，测定血清生化指标、抗氧化指标及免疫球蛋白含量。【结果】 与对照组相比，各试验组平均日增重均显著降低（P<0.05），5%和10%苜蓿组料重比（F/G）无显著差异（P>0.05），而15%苜蓿组料重比显著提高（P<0.05）；各试验组抗氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均显著提高（P<0.05）；5%苜蓿组甘油三酯（TG）含量显著提高（P<0.05），丙二醛（MDA）含量显著降低（P<0.05）；10%苜蓿组总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均显著提高（P<0.05），MDA含量显著降低（P<0.05）。【结论】 添加15%苜蓿草粉会显著提高育肥猪料重比，添加5%、10%苜蓿草粉能够提高抗氧化能力。推荐在育肥猪饲粮中苜蓿草粉添加量以5%~10%为宜。     

藏猪对饲粮纤维的消化及其与肠道微生物的相关性研究

旨在研究藏猪对饲粮纤维素和半纤维素的消化及其与粪便细菌的相关性,探索藏猪具备较强纤维降解能力的潜在因素。采用消化试验测定150 d放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪和商品猪（杜×长×大猪,DLY猪）对饲粮纤维的表观消化率。采集粪便样品利用单分子实时测序技术,测定粪便细菌16S rRNA基因全长序列,分析粪便细菌群落的结构和多样性,采用Spearman相关分析获取饲粮纤维表观消化率与粪便中细菌群落的相关性。结果表明,放牧藏猪对饲粮纤维素和半纤维素的表观消化率显著高于舍饲藏猪与DLY猪（P<0.05）。在放牧藏猪、舍饲藏猪与DLY猪粪便细菌中共鉴定出15个门、26个纲、48个目、87个科、190个属、419个种。放牧藏猪粪便细菌中有1个门纤维杆菌门（Fibrobacteres）、3个属拟普雷沃菌属（Alloprevotella）、纤维杆菌属（Fibrobacter）与琥珀酸弧菌属（Succinivibrio）、3个种（Alloprevotella rava、Fibrobacter intestinalis、Succinivibrio dextrinosolvens）相对丰度显著高于舍饲藏猪与DLY猪（P<0.05）,并与饲粮纤维表观消化率呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。综上所述,放牧藏猪具备较强的纤维消化能力,这种能力与粪便中的纤维降解菌密切相关。     

Effects of Aspergillus niger fermented rapeseed meal on nutrient digestibility,growth performance and serum parameters in growing pigs

The aim of the present study was to investigate the influences of Aspergillus niger fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of growing pigs. A total of 72 growing pigs (body weight = 40.8 ± 2.1 kg) were used in feeding trials, lasting for up to 42 days, and were randomly allotted to one of three diets, including a corn‐soybean meal control diet as well as two experimental diets containing 10% unfermented rapeseed meal (RSM) or 10% FRSM. The results showed that average daily gain and feed conversion ratio of pigs fed FRSM were superior (P < 0.05) to that of pigs fed unfermented RSM and did not differ from the control. Pigs fed control diet had higher (P < 0.05) total tract apparent digestibility for dry matter, protein, calcium and phosphorus than pigs fed unfermented RSM diet and did not differ from the FRSM diet. Pigs fed FRSM had lower levels (P < 0.05) of serum aspartate transaminase compared to unfermented RSM. In conclusion, solid state fermentation using Aspergillus niger may improve the growth performance and nutrient digestibility of RSM for pigs and FRSM is a promising alternative protein for pig production.     

Effects of Perilla Cake and Rapeseed Meal Instead of Soybean Meal in Diet on Apparent Digestibility and Nitrogen Metabolism of Beef Cattle

The purpose of this experiment was to study the effect of perilla cake and rapeseed meal instead of soybean meal on the apparent digestibility and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle.20 Qinchuan beef cattle of about 12 months old with similar weight and good health were selected and divided into 5 groups with 4 cattle in each group according to the univariate randomized block design.Five different protein feeds treatments were 31% soybean meal,36% rapeseed meal,14% perilla cake+24% rapeseed meal,28% perilla cake+12% rapeseed meal and 42% perilla cake,respectively.The experiment lasted 120 days,of which the pre-feeding period was 15 days and the trial period was 105 days.During the test,the daily intake of nitrogen,urine nitrogen and fecal nitrogen,the apparent digestibilities of dry matter (DM),organic matter (OM),neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of each test cow were determined.The results showed that:① The 42% perilla cake group had the highest nitrogen intake,and the 36% rapeseed meal group had the lowest nitrogen content,and the differences between the groups were not significant (P>0.05).The manure nitrogen in 36% rapeseed meal group was significantly higher than 28% and 42% perilla cake groups (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference with 31% soybean meal group and 14% perilla cake group (P>0.05).② The 42% perilla cake group had the highest sedimentary nitrogen,which was significantly different from other groups (P<0.05),and the 31% soybean meal group was significantly higher than 36% rapeseed meal group (P<0.05).③ The apparent digestibility of DM and ADF in 42% perilla cake group were significantly higher than those in 31% soybean meal group and 36% rapeseed meal group (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in apparent digestibility of DM,OM and NDF between 14% and 28% perilla cake groups (P>0.05).④ The content of urea nitrogen in 14% perilla cake group was significantly higher than 31% soybean meal group and 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and it was not significantly different from the 36% rapeseed meal group and 28% perilla cake group (P>0.05).The 31% soybean meal group had significantly higher nitrosate nitrogen content than 36% rapeseed meal group and 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and these three groups were significantly higher than 14% and 28% perilla cake groups (P<0.05).Allantoin nitrogen in 31% soybean meal group was significantly higher than 42% perilla cake group (P<0.05),and there was no significant difference from the other three groups (P>0.05).There was no significant differences in creatine nitrogen,microbial nitrogen predicted value,urea nitrogen/urine nitrogen,creatine nitrogen/urine nitrogen,and purine derivative nitrogen/urine nitrogen among all groups (P>0.05).In summary,in this test,when 42% perilla cake was used instead of 31% soybean meal in the concentrate,the beef cattle had the highest nitrogen deposition,which was 3.65 g/d higher than 31% soybean meal group.The apparent digestibility of DM,OM,NDF and ADF were 3.45%,2.22%,6.56%,and 10.98% higher than 31% soybean meal group,respectively.     

Effect of Soybean Meal Replaced by Fermented Rapeseed Meal on Growth Performance,Meat Quality and Serum Biochemical Indexes of Broilers

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of soybean meal replacement by fermented rapeseed meal on growth performance,meat quality and serum biochemical indexes of broilers.A total 400 23-day-old Yellow-feathered male broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates per group and 25 broilers per replicate.The broilers in control group were fed a basal diet,and the others were fed the basal diets with the 3% (group Ⅰ),6% (group Ⅱ) and 9% (group Ⅲ) fermented rapeseed meal equal-nutritionally replacing the soybean meal,respectively.The experiment lasted for 43 days.The results showed as follows:① Compared with control group,the ADG,ADFI and F/G of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ showed no significant differences (P>0.05);The ADG of group Ⅲ were 16.47% (P<0.05),15.03% (P<0.05) higher than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ,the F/G of group Ⅲ were 7.71% (P<0.05),4.27% (P>0.05) lower than that of groups Ⅰ and Ⅱ.② There were no significant differences in the pH₁,pH₂₄,meat color (L^*,a^*,b^*),cooking loss and tenderness of chest muscle among all groups(P>0.05);Compared with control group,the water loss rate of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were significantly decreased (P<0.05).③ Compared with control group,the serum GLU content of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were decreased by 13.06%(P<0.05),8.12%(P>0.05) and 9.57%(P>0.05);The serum TP content of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were increased by 2.50%(P>0.05),20.86%(P<0.05) and 33.92%(P<0.05);The serum GPT content of groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ were decreased by 7.99%(P>0.05),18.85%(P>0.05) and 26.98%(P<0.05).It was concluded that it would be feasible to replace the soybean meal with 3% to 9% fermented rapeseed meal in broiler feeding,and the optimum supplemental level of fermented rapeseed meal was 9%.     

发酵菜籽粕替代豆粕对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究发酵菜籽粕替代豆粕对肉鸡生长性能、肉品质及血清生化指标的影响。选用23日龄黄羽肉公鸡400只,随机分为4组,每组4个重复,每个重复25只,对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组分别在基础日粮中添加3%、6%和9%发酵菜籽粕等营养替代豆粕。试验期43 d。结果表明:①与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肉鸡平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比差异均不显著(P>0.05);与试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组相比,试验Ⅲ组肉鸡平均日增重分别提高16.47%(P<0.05)、15.03%(P<0.05),料重比分别降低7.71%(P<0.05)和4.27%(P>0.05)。②各组肉鸡胸肌的pH₁、pH₂₄、肉色(L^*、a^*、b^*)、蒸煮损失和嫩度差异均不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肉鸡胸肌的失水率与对照组相比均显著降低(P<0.05)。③与对照组相比,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组肉鸡血清中葡萄糖含量分别降低13.06%(P<0.05)、8.12%(P>0.05)和9.57%(P>0.05);总蛋白含量分别提高2.50%(P>0.05)、20.86%(P<0.05)和33.92%(P<0.05);谷丙转氨酶含量分别降低7.99%(P>0.05)、18.85%(P>0.05)和26.98%(P<0.05)。综上所述,肉鸡日粮中添加3%~9%发酵菜籽粕等营养替代豆粕是可行的,其中添加9%发酵菜籽粕效果最好。     

发酵棉粕对肉仔鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、营养物质表观消化率和脂肪沉积的影响

试验旨在研究棉粕经热带假丝酵母菌发酵后得到的发酵棉粕对白羽肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能、营养物质表观消化率和脂肪沉积的影响。试验选取180羽1日龄科宝白羽肉鸡,随机分成3组,每组6个重复,每个重复10羽鸡。对照组饲喂不加菌发酵棉粕（CSM）,两个试验组分别饲喂热带假丝酵母菌发酵棉粕（FCSM）、CSM+热带假丝酵母菌（CT-USCM,活菌量同FCSM）。21日龄试验结束。结果表明：①FCSM组肉鸡末重、平均日增重均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,FCSM和CT-USCM组肉鸡的料重比显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;②CT-USCM组肝重率显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,FCSM和CT-USCM组的腹脂率和皮下脂肪厚度显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;③FCSM和CT-USCM组肉鸡干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,粗脂肪和粗灰分表观消化率在各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）;④FCSM和CT-USCM组肉鸡血糖（Glu）、甘油三酯（TG）和低密度脂蛋白（LDL）浓度均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;⑤FCSM和CT-USCM组肉鸡肝脏和腹脂中激素敏感酯酶（HSL）活性和生长激素（GH）水平均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,两组之间差异不显著（P>0.05）;FCSM组肝脏和腹脂中乙酰辅酶A羧化酶（ACC）和苹果酸酶（ME）活性均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）,而肝脏中脂蛋白酯酶（LPL）活性均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,腹脂中脂肪酸合成酶（ME）活性显著低于其他两组（P<0.05）。综上所述,在日粮中添加FCSM和热带假丝酵母菌均能不同程度地促进肉鸡生长性能、屠宰性能,提高营养物质表观消化率,同时还能通过影响脂肪代谢相关酶活和激素参与肉鸡脂肪合成和分解,降低肉鸡腹脂率和皮下脂肪厚度。     

复方中药发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、抗氧化功能以及免疫功能的影响

【目的】 本试验旨在研究饲粮中添加复方中药发酵粉对断奶仔猪生长性能、养分表观消化率、抗氧化功能以及免疫功能的影响。【方法】 试验选取48头体重为(8.290±0.140)kg、健康状况良好的28日龄三元(杜×长×大)杂交去势断奶仔猪,按照体重随机分为2组,每组6个重复,每个重复4头猪。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组饲喂基础饲粮+3%复方中药发酵粉,其中复方中药发酵粉由山楂、陈皮、鸡内金、山药、茯苓等原料发酵而成,其主要活性物质包括有机酸、黄酮类物质、多糖类及三萜类物质等。试验为期28 d,试验结束前3 d采集饲粮样和粪样,试验结束后每个重复选取1头接近平均体重的断奶仔猪进行屠宰,采集血浆和肝脏,测定生长性能、养分表观消化率、血浆和肝脏抗氧化指标、血浆免疫指标等。【结果】 与对照组相比,复方中药发酵粉组断奶仔猪平均日采食量(ADFI)和料重比(F/G)均无显著差异(P>0.05),但其平均日增重(ADG)显著提高(P<0.05),腹泻率显著降低(P<0.05);粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)和钙(Ca)的表观消化率均极显著或显著提高(P<0.01;P<0.05);血浆过氧化氢酶(CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性及总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)均显著或极显著提高(P<0.05;P<0.01),肝脏总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)活性显著提高(P<0.05);血浆免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量均显著提高(P<0.05),肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量显著降低(P<0.05)。【结论】 在饲粮中添加3%复方中药发酵粉可提高断奶仔猪对粗脂肪、粗灰分和钙的表观消化率,提高断奶仔猪机体的抗氧化功能和免疫功能,从而降低断奶仔猪腹泻率,提高其生长性能。     

Effect of cooking and fermentation of a pig diet on gut environment and digestibility in growing pigs

The effect of pre-feeding treatment of a pig diet on gut environment and digestibility was studied in a double 3 × 3 Latin-square experiment using growing castrated PVTC cannulated male pigs. The diets were based on local feed resources and were fed raw (R), cooked (C) or naturally fermented (F). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in pH and butyric acid concentration of ileal digesta between diets. However, on diet F concentrations of acetic, lactic and propionic acid in ileal digesta were higher (P < 0.05) than on diets R and C. The relative proportions of individual organic acids in ileal digesta were not a reflection of the fermentation profile found in diet F. The ileal apparent digestibility of crude protein, crude fiber and NDF were higher (P < 0.05) on diet F than on diets R and C. The total tract apparent digestibility of crude protein was higher (P < 0.05) on diet F diet than on diets R and C, while there were no differences in total tract apparent digestibility between diets for any other dietary component. In conclusion, when compared with a pig diet in the raw form, fermentation influenced the gut environment and improved the digestibility of some dietary component, while cooking prior to feeding had no measurable effects.     

Effects of Dietary Supplemental Different Levels of Sugar Beet Pulp on the Digestion and Metabolism of Nutrients of Yanqi Horse

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of supplemental different levels of sugar beet pulp on the nutrients of digestion and metabolism in Yanqi horse.12 Yanqi horses were randomly divided into three groups according to performance,body weight,body measurement and age.The groups were referred to as the control group,group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ,each group with 4 Yanqi horses.Yanqi horses in the control group,group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ were supplied with 0,0.6,1.2 kg/d of sugar beet pulp on the condition of feeding the same basal diet and roughage (oat straw).The total duration of the experiment was 20 days,the first 15 days of the experiment was the preliminary period,and the formal experiment lasted for 5 days.The results showed that compared with the control group,the apparent digestibility of OM,NDF,ADF and digestibility amount of NDF,ADF in group Ⅱ was extremely significantly improved (P<0.01),the digestibility amount of crude protein,calcium and the apparent digestibility of OM in group Ⅱ was significant difference (P<0.05);The digestibility amount of NDF,ADF of group Ⅰ was increased by 8.19% (P<0.05) and 9.43% (P<0.05),respectively,and the apparent digestibility (amount) of OM,crude protein,calcium were no significant difference (P>0.05).Compared with group Ⅰ,the apparent digestibility (amount) of OM,NDF,ADF of group Ⅱ were significantly or extremely significant difference (P<0.05;P<0.01),but the apparent digestibility (amount) of crude protein,calcium were no significant difference (P>0.05).Compared with the control group and group Ⅰ,the digestible engergy of group Ⅱ was increased by 14.92% (P<0.01) and 11.23% (P<0.01),but no significant difference was observed between group Ⅰ and control group (P>0.05);The metabolic engergy of group Ⅱ was increased by 11.73% (P<0.05) and 14.83% (P<0.05),respectively.Therefore,the digestion amount of OM,CP of Yanqi horse and the digestion amount and the apparent digestibility of NDF,ADF could be significantly or extremely significantly improved by the supplementation of 1.2 kg/d of sugar beet pulp,and the ability to use the nutrients were obviously improved for Yanqi horse.     

日粮添加不同水平甜菜粕对焉耆马营养物质消化代谢的影响

试验旨在研究日粮中添加不同水平甜菜粕对焉耆马营养物质消化代谢的影响。选取运动成绩、体重、年龄和体尺相近的焉耆马12匹,随机分为3组,每组4匹。对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组在饲喂相同的基础日粮和粗饲料(燕麦秸)的条件下分别补饲0、0.6和1.2 kg/d甜菜粕。试验期20 d,其中预试期15 d,正试期5 d。结果表明,与对照组相比,试验Ⅱ组焉耆马对有机物、NDF、ADF的消化量和对日粮NDF、ADF的表观消化率均有极显著提高(P<0.01),对粗蛋白质、钙的消化量和对有机物的表观消化率影响差异显著(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组焉耆马对NDF和ADF的消化量分别增加了8.19%、9.43%,均达到了显著水平(P<0.05),而对有机物、粗蛋白质、钙的消化量和表观消化率均差异不显著(P>0.05);试验Ⅱ组焉耆马对有机物、NDF和ADF的消化量和表观消化率与试验Ⅰ组相比,均达到了显著或极显著水平(P<0.05;P<0.01),但对粗蛋白质和钙的消化量和表观消化率影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验Ⅱ组焉耆马的消化能与对照组和试验Ⅰ组相比分别提高14.92%(P<0.01)和11.23%(P<0.01),而试验Ⅰ组与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05);对代谢能而言,试验Ⅱ组比对照组和试验Ⅰ组分别提高11.73%(P>0.05)和14.83%(P<0.05)。因此,日粮中添加1.2 kg/d的甜菜粕,可显著提高焉耆马对日粮有机物和粗蛋白质的消化量,极显著提高NDF和ADF的表观消化量(率)及消化能,可明显改善焉耆马对营养物质的利用率。