鸡外周血白细胞中Toll样受体的克隆

Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors,TLRs）是近年来发现的先天性免疫跨膜受体和信号转导受体,是病原模式识别（Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns,PAMP）受体之一.目前已经识别了10种鸡的Toll样受体（chicken Toll-Like Receptor,chTLRs）.TLRs分布于鸡的不同器官、组织和细胞;由于参与不同的免疫应答,不同的TLR在鸡体中的表达丰度也不相同.本实验,利用RT-PCR方法从三黄鸡外周血淋巴白细胞中扩增出鸡Toll样受体1、4、7基因（TLR1、4、7）.结果显示,扩增出的TLR1基因片段为737 bp,TLR4基因片段为1 246 bp,TLR7基因片段为533 bp,与GenBank中鸡TLR序列同源性达98％～99.8％.     

禽类Toll样受体的分子进化与作用机制研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是先天免疫系统重要的模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptors,PRR).TLRs通过与病原微生物的病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMPs)相结合,活化相关信号途径,引发抗病原体防御反应、炎症反应以及活化T细胞等免疫效应.目前已经识别了10个禽类Toll样受体,包括与其它脊椎动物在结构上具有高度同源以及作用模式相对保守的TLR1\6\10、2、3、4、5、7和21,以及禽类所特有的chTLR15.本文主要阐述有关禽类Toll样受体的分子进化以及独特的作用方式研究的最新进展.     

海兰褐蛋鸡体内Toll样受体的分子克隆与序列分析

为了研究海兰褐蛋鸡的先天性免疫机制,根据已报道的鸡的9种Toll样受体（TLR）和其他动物（人、小鼠和猪） TLR9的基因序列,设计特异性引物,从海兰褐蛋鸡体内扩增出11个鸡Toll样受体部分基因片段,与GenBank登录的序列进行比对和分析,同源率达99%以上。同时也证实鸡体内不存在TLR9,但是存在TLR21。     

Toll样受体9介导的免疫激活研究进展

在细菌和DNA病毒的基因组中广泛存在着以非甲基化的胞嘧啶—鸟嘌呤核苷酸为核心的CpG基序。作为一种病原相关的分子模式（pathogen-associated molecular pattern, PAMP）,含有CpG基序的寡聚脱氧核苷酸（CpG oligodeoxynucleotides,CpG ODN）能激活包括B淋巴细胞和类浆细胞在内的多种免疫细胞,并诱导产生以Th1型细胞免疫反应为主的免疫应答。CpG ODN在哺乳动物细胞中的受体是Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors, TLRs）家族中的Toll样受体 9（TLR9）。TLR9所介导的免疫激活作用在某些传染病的预防、新型疫苗佐剂的开发及过敏性疾病和癌症的治疗中有着巨大的应用前景。     

模式识别受体及其相关分子佐剂研究进展

综述了模式识别受体（Pattern recognition receptors,PRRs）及其相关分子佐剂的研究进展。PRRs是一类表达于固有免疫细胞并可识别病原体相关分子模式的识别分子。PRRs主要包括Toll样受体、NOD样受体、RIG—I样受体、清道夫受体、甘露糖受体和髓系细胞触发受体等。与PRRs直接相关的分子佐剂主要包括TLR激动剂、NLR激动剂、RIG—I和MDA5激动剂及CD40和肿瘤坏死因子受体超家族（TNFRSF）激动剂等。     

Toll样或非Toll样配体佐剂研究进展

有效的疫苗含有可活化天然免疫系统的佐剂组分,从而激发抗原特异性的免疫应答.Toll样受体(toll-like receptors,TLR)是一种重要的天然识别受体,大多数疫苗佐剂都是TLR配体.少数佐剂通过其他的识别受体和信号通路,以TLR非依赖性的方式来活化天然免疫系统.非Toll样配体佐剂的作用靶点主要是近来发现的NOD样受体(Nod-like receptor,NLR)、RIG(retinoic-acid-inducible gene)样受体(RIG-like receptors,RLR)等胞内天然免疫受体.文章对Toll样或非Toll样配体作为疫苗佐剂的研究进行了综述.     

鸡Toll样受体及其与病原微生物感染关系研究进展

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLR)是一类胚系编码的模式识别受体(Pattern recognition receptors,PRR),通过识别病原微生物保守的分子相关模式(Pathogen-associated molecular patterns,PAMP)     

鸭TLR2基因的克隆、序列分析及其结构预测

参考鸡Toll样受体2(TLR2)基因序列设计6对特异引物,采用PC R方法从鸭基因组中扩增得到鸭TLR2基因全序列。结果表明:克隆的鸭TLR2基因编码区全长2 382 bp,由1个开放阅读框组成,编码793个氨基酸,其中亮氨酸为14.2%,含有24个氨基酸的信号肽序列,属于I型跨膜受体,具有富含亮氨酸的重复序列(LR R)和Toll/IL-1R(TIR)同源区结构域;与鸡、人、猪、鼠和牛TLR2基因的同源性依次为80.0%、63.5%、61.4%、60.0%和58.4%,表明该基因是一个比较保守的基因。     

TLRs及其信号转导的研究进展

Toll样受体（Toll-like receptors,TLRs）介导着昆虫，植物和哺服动物的宿主防御反应。目前已经报道了9种哺乳动物的TLRs，其功能研究较为明确的是TLR2和TLR4。它们与配体相互作用，以不同的信号转导途径迅速介导细胞因子和炎性介质的表达。     

反刍动物Toll样受体多基因家族的分子进化及表达模式分析

为了了解Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)多基因家族在反刍动物中的分子进化关系及表达分析。本研究基于6个科53种反刍动物基因组，利用同源基因对反刍动物TLR1-10基因进行系统鉴定，分析其染色体定位和基因结构、进化关系、选择压力(ω),并结合转录组数据明晰TLR基因在各组织的表达模式。研究结果表明：1)反刍动物的TLR1-10均为单拷贝基因，按进化关系分为TLR1 (TLR1/6/10)、TLR2、TLR4、TLR3 (TLR3/5)、TLR7 (TLR7/8/9)亚家族。2)反刍动物10个TLR基因整体上经受了纯化选择作用(ω<1),但共有35个氨基酸位点受到强烈的正选择作用；牛科比鹿科具有更高的ω值和更高比例的正选择位点，非病毒性TLRs比病毒性TLRs具有更高的ω和更多的正选择位点，提示鹿科TLR以及病毒性的TLR受到较强的进化约束力。3)在绵羊中，10个TLRs基因在免疫组织中均有所表达，其中TLR2和TLR9在外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中存在高度表达。结果提示，反刍动物TLRs基因家族在进化水平上是相对保守的，均受到强烈的纯化选择作用，...     

To con protection: TIR-domain containing proteins (Tcp) and innate immune evasion

The innate immune system provides the host's first line of defence against invading pathogens. Key to the stimulation of the innate immune response is pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Binding of MAMPs to TLRs triggers a signalling cascade resulting in the production of pro-inflammatory mediators. Central to this TLR signalling pathway are heterotypic protein–protein interactions mediated through Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains found in both the cytoplasmic regions of TLRs and several key adaptor proteins. Interestingly, TIR-domain containing proteins (Tcps) do not seem to be unique to the mammalian TLR system, but occurs in abundance in many biological forms. Recent evidence suggests that pathogenic bacteria have developed a range of ingenuous strategies to evade the host immune mechanisms involving Tcps. There is increasing evidence to suggest that these pathogen-encoded Tcps interfere directly with the TLR signalling pathway and thus inhibit the activation of NF-κB, with different modes of action and roles in virulence. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the possible roles and mechanisms of action of bacterial encoded Tcp.     

Innate sensing of viruses by pattern recognition receptors in birds

Similar to mammals, several viral-sensing pattern recognition receptors (PRR) have been identified in birds including Toll-like receptors (TLR) and retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLR). Avian TLR are slightly different from their mammalian counterparts, including the pseudogene TLR8, the absence of TLR9, and the presence of TLR1La, TLR1Lb, TLR15, and TLR21. Avian TLR3 and TLR7 are involved in RNA virus recognition, especially highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), while TLR15 and TLR21 are potential sensors that recognize both RNA viruses and bacteria. However, the agonist of TLR15 is still unknown. Interestingly, chickens, unlike ducks, geese and finches, lack RIG-I, however they do express melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) which functionally compensates for the absence of RIG-I. Duck RIG-I is the cytosolic recognition element for HPAIV recognition, while chicken cells sense HPAIV through MDA5. However, the contributions of MDA5 and RIG-I to IFN-β induction upon HPAIV infection is different, and this may contribute to the chicken’s susceptibility to highly pathogenic influenza. It is noteworthy that the interactions between avian DNA viruses and PRR have not yet been reported. Furthermore, the role for avian Nod-like receptors (NLR) in viral immunity is largely unknown. In this review, recent advances in the field of viral recognition by different types of PRR in birds are summarized. In particular, the tissue and cellular distribution of avian PRR, the recognition and activation of PRR by viruses, and the subsequent expression of innate antiviral genes such as type I IFN and proinflammatory cytokines are discussed.     

Toll-like receptor expression in feline lymphoid tissues

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that activate the innate immune system. While it is clear that TLRs are important in the immune response against pathogens, they may also be exploited by some pathogens. Our objective is to determine whether feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection affects TLR expression or function thereby resulting in innate immune dysfunction. To this end, we cloned partial sequences for feline TLRs 1--3, 5--8, and developed real-time PCR assays to quantify feline TLRs 1--9. TLR expression was quantified in normal cat lymphoid tissues, purified lymphocyte subsets, and FIV-infected cell lines. Different expression patterns of TLRs were found in spleen, mesenteric lymph node, retropharyngeal lymph node, thymus, intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes, and lamina propria lymphocytes. B lymphocytes, CD4+ T cells, and CD8+ T cells all expressed TLRs 2--5, 7--9; however, the relative levels of expression varied among lymphocyte phenotypes. Infection of cell lines with FIV resulted in altered TLR expression levels that differed depending on cell type. These results demonstrate that tissue distribution of TLRs is associated with the immunological role of a particular tissue, that lymphocytes may also express these 'innate immune' receptors, and that FIV infection can alter TLR expression.     

Molecular cloning and tissue-specific expression of Toll-like receptor 5 gene from turkeys

Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a family of transmembrane and cytosolic proteins, detect microbial patterns, initiating innate immune responses in various organisms. Although they are abundant, genetic characterization and functional differences of TLRs in economically important avian species such as chickens and turkeys have not been investigated in detail. In this study, the putative TLR5 coding region from turkey genome was sequenced, and its homology to other vertebrate species was analyzed. Secondary structure analysis revealed protein motifs typical of the chicken TLR5 protein structure, with 97% amino acid identity between them. mRNA expression profiling in adult turkeys revealed abundant TLR5 expression in a broad range of tissues. Stimulation with the TLR5 ligand flagellin resulted in the production of the inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, and nitric oxide in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. To our knowledge, this is the first complete turkey TLR5 coding DNA sequence reported in sequence databases.     

Toll样受体信号通路在两栖类中的研究进展

两栖类处于脊椎动物由水生向陆生进化的过渡阶段,进化地位重要。近年来因疾病的爆发、生境破碎化、环境污染、紫外辐射增加、人为过度捕捉和生物入侵等诸多因素引起的全球范围内两栖类种群数量锐减已引起人们的广泛关注。Toll样受体(Toll-like receptor,TLR)家族是一类从线虫到哺乳动物普遍存在的高度保守的模式识别受体(PRRs),可以识别侵入机体病原体的病原相关分子模式(PAMPs),是两栖类先天性免疫防御系统的重要组成部分。本文结合近些年国内外对两栖类TLRs的研究对两栖类TLRs结构特征、进化特点、在两栖类发育早期的差异表达特征和两栖类TLRs信号通路中相关分子的表达研究进行概述。目前对于两栖类TLRs的研究发现两栖类TLRs兼具鱼类和哺乳类TLRs的特征,并在从鱼类到两栖类到哺乳类的进化过程中,TLRs家族部分成员如TLR2的配体识别功能可能发生了一定程度的特化;在两栖类早期发育阶段,获得性免疫不够完善,以TLRs为主的先天免疫防御系统在抵御病原体的侵袭方面发挥了重要作用;在特定病原菌和病毒的胁迫下,可能激活了TLRs下游不同的途径参与两栖类对病原体的免疫应答反应。     

Expression and function of Toll-like receptor 2 in canine blood phagocytes

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of highly conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRR) of mammals that participate in the activation of innate immune responses against microbial infections. Among these receptors, TLR2 is essential for the recognition of conserved structural components of bacteria, protozoa and fungi. Until now, expression of TLR2 in dogs has not been investigated. In this work we describe a partial sequence of the gene coding for canine TLR2 and show that TLR2 mRNA is constitutively expressed in canine blood PMNs. We also show that stimulation of purified PMNs with lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a ligand of TLR2, leads to the release of proinflammatory chemokine IL-8. Furthermore, TLR2 protein is easily detectable by flow cytometry on the canine peripheral blood granulocyte and monocyte cell surface, and slightly on lymphocytes. These findings suggest that, also in dogs as in humans the initial antibacterial response of PMNs could be elicited through engagement of TLR2.     

蒙古马不同组织器官TLR1、TLR2、TLR4和TLR6 mRNA转录水平研究

根据GenBank中马Toll样受体基因序列设计特异性引物,建立检测马Toll样受体（TLRs）mRNA转录水平的SYBR GreenⅠ实时荧光定量PCR方法,检测TLR4、TLR2、TLR1和TLR6在蒙古马不同组织器官中的转录水平。4种TLRs在心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏、肾脏、胃、十二指肠、空肠、盲肠和骨髓中均有转录。其中,TLR4mRNA除在空肠和肝脏外,在其他组织器官中的表达水平均高于TLR2、TLR1、TLR6。免疫器官中,TLR4、TLR1mRNA在骨髓中表达量高于脾脏,而TLR2、TLR6mRNA在脾脏中表达量高于骨髓。各肠段,TLR4、TLR2、TLR1、TLR6mRNA表达水平之间在空肠的差异不是很大,而在十二指肠和盲肠中差异很大。结果表明,TLRs mRNA在马各组织器官转录水平差异较大,可能与其对病原体的识别和抵抗能力有关。