新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状及其与拉面品质的关系

为了解新疆冬小麦地方品种对新疆拉面品质的影响,以30份新疆冬小麦地方品种为供试材料,测定其面粉品质、面团流变学特性及粉色等主要品质性状,并制作新疆拉面,对新疆冬小麦地方品种主要品质性状与新疆拉面加工品质特性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,湿面筋含量、干面筋含量、面团延伸性、配置比、弹性指数、稳定时间及弱化度等7个面粉品质指标与新疆拉面感官评价总分显著相关,其中干面筋含量和配置比的作用最大;逐步回归分析表明,新疆拉面加工品质主要受到干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、面粉红度(a*)的影响。新疆冬小麦地方品种具有较好的拉面加工品质,可为新疆拉面专用小麦品种选育提供种质资源。     

中麦175馒头和面条品质稳定性分析

为给优质小麦育种和生产提供参考依据,以优质小麦新品种中麦175于2010-2011年度在河北和北京14个地点的样品为材料,分析了磨粉品质、面粉和面片颜色、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性、馒头和面条加工品质。结果表明,中麦175为馒头和面条兼用型优质品种,特点是软质、中偏弱的面筋强度、面粉颜色白,多数品质性状较稳定,籽粒硬度、PPO活性、面片a*值、稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力的变异系数较大,馒头加工品质地点间变异大于面条。磨粉品质和面团流变学参数对馒头加工品质有显著影响,籽粒硬度和出粉率对馒头表面颜色有显著负向影响,相关系数分别为-0.82(P<0.01)和-0.58(P<0.05);面粉L*值高,馒头加工品质好,二者相关系数为0.72(P<0.01);吸水率与馒头总分呈显著负相关(r=-0.84,P<0.01),稳定时间、拉伸面积、延展性和最大抗延阻力与馒头总分呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.85(P<0.01)、0.77(P<0.01)、0.62(P<0.05)和0.70(P<0.01)。降低PPO活性和吸水率,提高蛋白质含量、出粉率和黄色素含量可以改善面粉和面片颜色的亮白度,增加部分黄度,形成消费者可接受的奶白色。淀粉糊化特性对馒头和面条加工品质无显著影响。上述信息对改良小麦品质的稳定性有重要意义。     

新疆春小麦品种主要品质性状及其与新疆拉面加工品质的关系

为了给培育优质新疆拉面专用新品种提供理论依据,选用36个新疆和宁夏春小麦品种,研究其主要品质性状、新疆拉面加工品质特性以及两者之间的关系.结果表明,新疆春小麦品种籽粒容重和蛋白质含量、面粉蛋白质含量和降落数值较高,籽粒硬度、出粉率以及湿面筋含量、沉淀值中等,面粉灰分含量、吸水率偏低,面团流变学特性多属强筋类型.由于品质性状的不平衡,仅有2个品种完全达到强筋小麦标准,而多数品种属中筋小麦类型,其中有29个品种(占试验品种总数的80.6%)能够制作出优质新疆拉面.新疆拉面感官评价指标中拉面手感、表面状况和色泽是制约新疆拉面加工品质的关键因素.相关分析表明,新疆拉面感官评价指标是春小麦品种籽粒特性、面粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性以及面粉色泽等品质性状共同作用的结果,如籽粒蛋白含量、面粉蛋白含量、沉淀值、形成时间、稳定时间、评价值、拉伸面积、抗延阻力、最大抗延阻力、拉伸比例、最大拉伸比例、峰值粘度、低谷粘度、稀懈值、亮度、红度和黄度等与新疆拉面感官评价指标显著相关.回归分析进一步表明,灰分、湿面筋含量、形成时间、最大拉伸比例、峰值粘度和红度是影响新疆拉面品质的关键品质性状,可以在育种时用于品质性状的辅助选择.本研究建议制作优质新疆拉面春小麦品种的品质指标为:降落数值≥250 s,灰分(14%MB,下同)≤0.6%,籽粒硬度≥60,籽粒蛋白质含量11.4%～14.0%,湿面筋含量28.0%～32.0%,沉淀值≥35.0 mL,稳定时间3.5～14.3 min,延展性150～210 mm,最大抗延阻力183～455 BU,拉伸面积50～100 cm2,峰值粘度≥248 RUV,稀懈值≥122 RUV,L* ≥90,a*≤-0.8,b*≤7.0.     

不同保护性耕作模式对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响

为了解保护性耕作对冬小麦籽粒品质的影响,在山东胶东地区旱地设置传统耕作(CT)、还田免耕(NT1)、整秆覆盖免耕(NT2)、深松还田(NTS)4个不同耕作模式,测定和分析了各模式下冬小麦籽粒基本品质性状、淀粉糊化特性、面团吹泡指标、稠度指标和拉伸仪参数.结果表明,与传统耕作相比,保护性耕作能改善小麦籽粒品质.在3个保护耕作模式中,NT1和NT2对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质含量没有影响,但可改善面筋质量、加工品质及面团弹性,NT2还有利于改善小麦面团拉伸特性;NTS则能显著提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量,改善面条蒸煮品质、加工品质、口感及面团拉伸特性,但降低了延伸性.综合各品质性状表现,以NTS最优,NT2和NT1次之.     

耕作方式对旱区冬小麦籽粒品质性状的影响

为了解耕作方式对旱区冬小麦籽粒品质的影响规律,在长期定位试验的基础上,分析了深耕、免耕覆盖、深松覆盖和传统耕作4种耕作方式间冬小麦籽粒主要基础品质性状、粉质特性、拉伸特性、淀粉糊化特性和淀粉产量的差异。结果表明,在4种耕作方式中,深耕处理条件下,冬小麦籽粒硬度,灰分含量,沉降值,湿、干面筋含量,吸水率及面团形成时间最高,而面团稳定时间和弱化度最低;与传统耕作相比,深松覆盖和免耕覆盖能够提高籽粒粒径、出粉率和面团稳定时间,降低籽粒硬度、沉降值、湿面筋含量和面粉吸水率。面团拉伸面积、拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比例均表现为免耕覆盖>传统耕作>深耕>深松覆盖。免耕覆盖和深松覆盖有利于提高淀粉糊化温度、峰值黏度、最终黏度和反弹值,在一定程度上降低了稀懈值。同时,深松覆盖和免耕覆盖可以显著提高小麦籽粒淀粉含量和淀粉产量。深松覆盖和免耕覆盖对冬小麦籽粒品质性状的影响具有一定的积极效应。     

郑麦1860品质特性及面条加工适用性分析

为明确郑麦1860的品质及加工适用性,对2020-2021年河南省29个地点收获的郑麦1860的籽粒性状、磨粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性和面条加工品质指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明,郑麦1860为优质中强筋面条小麦品种,特点是籽粒大、容重高、出粉率高,面条弹性好、色泽白亮、褐变较轻。在不同地点间郑麦1860的多数品质性状变异程度小,品质表现较稳定;相比较而言,其粉质参数、拉伸参数变异程度较大,淀粉糊化特性和面筋特性变异程度次之,籽粒品质性状、磨粉品质和面条加工参数变异程度较小。籽粒硬度、粒径、容重与出粉率呈显著正相关;容重、籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉灰分含量与面条总评分呈显著负相关;面粉色泽L^*值、吸水率、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、终值黏度、回生值与面条总评分呈显著正相关。综上所述,籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉色泽和淀粉糊化特性是影响郑麦1860面条品质的主要因素。郑麦1860制作的面条感官评分高、品质稳定,在豫北、豫东和豫南等区域种植均适合制作优质面条。     

小麦面粉白度配合力及其与主要品质性状的相关分析

为了研究面粉白度的遗传特性,选择8个在面粉白度、蛋白质含量、淀粉糊化特性、粉质特性等性状方面具有不同特点的小麦品种作亲本,按4×4不完全双列杂交配制组合,对16个杂种F1和8个亲本的面粉白度和粉质特性、淀粉糊化特性、沉淀值等品质性状进行了分析。结果表明,面粉白度的一般配合力方差明显大于特殊配合力方差,广义遗传力大于90%,说明选育高白度小麦品种时应选择高白度品种(系)做亲本。面粉白度一般配合力相对效应值与亲本白度和峰值粘度呈显著正相关,与稀懈值、糊化温度呈极显著正相关。面粉白度与面粉含水率和吸水率呈显著负相关;与面团形成时间呈负相关,但未达到显著性水平;与面团稳定时间,软化度相关性极小;与沉淀值呈正相关,但不显著;面粉白度与蛋白质含量、干面筋含量、湿面筋含量、面筋指数相关性极小,表明其对面粉面筋影响较小。     

河北省主要推广强筋小麦的面包加工品质

为了解河北省主推强筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和面包加工品质,评选优质面包小麦品种,对河北省9个强筋小麦品种的31个籽粒品质和8个面包加工品质指标进行了测定。结果表明,除千粒重、容重、籽粒硬度、出粉率、面粉色泽L*值、面粉色泽b*值、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、糊化温度、吸水率外,其余被测指标的变异系数均大于10%,说明河北省强筋小麦品种多数品质性状的遗传多样性比较丰富。藁优9415、冀师02-1、藁优2018和金麦1号4个小麦品种制作的面包达到国家优质面包标准。面包评分与面团拉伸曲线面积和最大拉伸阻力极显著正相关,与形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、延伸度和拉伸阻力显著正相关,与面包质构的粘聚性极显著正相关,与面包质构的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼度、坚实度均极显著负相关。     

新疆小麦品种籽粒性状、磨粉品质及其关系的研究

为给新疆冬、春小麦品种籽粒性状与磨粉品质改良提供参考依据,以30个新疆冬小麦品种和36个新疆春小麦品种为试验材料,研究了新疆小麦品种籽粒性状、磨粉品质特性及其两者的关系。结果表明,新疆冬、春小麦品种籽粒性状基本相近,各有优劣,主要差异表现在硬度大小不同,冬小麦品种的硬度（47.1）小于春小麦品种（61.8）;冬小麦品种的出粉率和黄度分别高于和低于春小麦品种,说明冬小麦品种的磨粉品质优于春小麦品种。新疆本地育成冬小麦品种的籽粒硬度（51.8）小于春小麦品种（62.9）,出粉率高于春小麦品种,灰分、红度和黄度也高于春小麦品种。综合来看,新疆本地育成春小麦品种的籽粒性状略优于冬小麦品种,磨粉品质优于冬小麦品种。相关分析表明,新疆冬、春小麦籽粒硬度与破损淀粉率呈极显著正相关,与L*值呈极显著负相关;籽粒蛋白含量与面粉灰分呈显著正相关。说明籽粒硬度和籽粒蛋白含量与新疆小麦磨粉品质关系最为密切。总之,在新疆小麦籽粒性状与磨粉品质改良中,应以籽粒硬度和面粉色泽改良为重点,同时也要提高新疆小麦籽粒蛋白含量和出粉率。     

关中平原小麦粉鲜面条制作适宜性研究

针对餐饮业连锁经营和向食品制造转化的背景下,食品生产企业对小麦品种质量特性、原料质量稳定性,特别是面条制作适宜性提出新的要求,对关中平原大面积种植的小麦品种籽粒质量性状进行分析,并通过训练的专业感官评价人员对以其为原料、由面点师实验室制作的鲜面条的烹饪特性进行评价,同时统计分析小麦籽粒性状、面粉理化特性和面条感官评价结果之间的关系。结果表明,关中平原小麦千粒重、容重和硬度较高,面粉湿面筋含量高,面团延展性能良好,优质强筋小麦品种的比例明显提高。面粉的黏度参数,特别是峰值黏度,对面条的感官评价总分,面条质量要素中的色泽、硬度和黏性有较大影响,是评价鲜面条专用粉的重要参考指标。面条感官评价总分与峰值黏度呈显著正相关,与籽粒硬度、破损淀粉含量和面粉吸水率呈显著或极显著负相关。小麦品种（面粉）百农207、F50、F20、中麦578、西农583和郑麦366适宜制作优质鲜面条。     

安徽麦区软质小麦籽粒品质和终端制品品质评价

为明确安徽大田生产环境下软质小麦籽粒和终端产品品质表现,评价优质软麦品种的加工适用性,本研究选取该区当前推广种植的24个软质小麦品种,对其籽粒和面粉的主要品质性状及其制品南方馒头和曲奇饼干的品质进行差异性、相关性分析,并以美国软白麦近五年的主要品质性状平均值为理想指标进行灰色关联度比较。结果表明,供试材料的硬度、面粉色泽b^*、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等籽粒品质性状变异系数较大,而容重、面粉L^*值和吸水率变异系数较小。南方馒头品质性状中,白度差异最小,比容差异最大;曲奇饼干品质性状中,感官评分变异系数较大,饼干直径均值和变异系数都较小。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间均符合弱筋标准(GB/T 17320-2013)的样品数为0。相关分析表明,容重、降落值、面粉L^*、b^*、白度与大部分性状间相关性不显著;籽粒硬度与水SRC和乳酸SRC均呈显著正相关,与湿面筋含量和面粉a^*值均呈显著负相关。蛋白质含量与面粉a^*值等7个指标均呈显著正相关,与面粉b     

Relationship of Protein Quantity,Quality and Dough Properties with Chinese Steamed Bread Quality

Using selected Chinese and Australian wheats, flour protein content and composition of high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin subunits were studied in relation to northern style Chinese steamed bread quality. Flour protein content had a significant impact on Chinese steamed bread quality. The Chinese wheats were characterised by shorter Farinograph dough development time and stability in comparison with the Australian wheats. Dough stickiness in the Chinese wheat cultivars was a significant factor deteriorating Chinese steamed bread quality. A significant negative correlation was found between Farinograph stability time and steamed bread quality in Australian wheats while a significant and positive correlation existed in Chinese wheats. It would be necessary to increase the dough strength of Chinese wheat cultivars in order to improve their steamed bread making quality.     

小偃22小麦粉馒头加工技术研究

为了提高馒头的加工品质,满足中国馒头加工业的迫切要求,以小偃22小麦粉为材料,研究其馒头加工的加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、小麦胚芽、卵磷脂对馒头品质的影响。结果表明,加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、小麦胚芽、卵磷脂的添加量对馒头回复性、内聚性和咀嚼性影响显著或极显著。随加水量增加,馒头的内聚性和回复性先增后减,咀嚼性呈减小趋势;随和面时间与大豆蛋白添加量的增加,馒头内聚性和回复性均减小,咀嚼性均先减后增;随小麦胚芽添加量的增加,馒头的内聚性与回复性先减后增,咀嚼性先减后增;随卵磷脂添加量的增加,内聚性先增后减,咀嚼性先减后增,回复性减小。优质馒头制作的适宜加水量、和面时间以及大豆蛋白、卵磷脂和小麦胚芽添加量分别为粉质吸水率的80％、4min、2%、0．4％、8％。     

影响馒头品质的相关指标分析

为给优质馒头专用小麦的培育和馒头品质改良提供参考依据,以来源于北方冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区、西南冬麦区和长江中下游冬麦区的128个小麦品种(系)为材料,利用感官评价与质构仪测试相结合的方法,分析影响馒头品质的相关指标。结果表明,馒头感官品质中,除馒头的比容与色泽、结构、弹韧性、黏牙性和气味的相关性不显著外,其他指标间均为极显著正相关;馒头质构指标中,馒头的硬度与内聚性和咀嚼性分别呈极显著负相关和正相关;馒头质构指标中的黏附性、弹性、硬度和咀嚼性与馒头感官品质的相关指标显著相关,可以在一定程度上补充或矫正相关的感官评价分析。同时,筛选出感官品质较好的材料有中优9507、CMT-3T88和陕182等,质构指标较好的材料有扬00-126、新麦19和新春9号等,这些材料适合制作优质手工馒头;尤其是筛选出的感官品质和质构指标均较好的材料Kn3106、川麦107、新春9号和新麦19,可作为小麦优质资源加以利用。参试材料的面粉白度较低(平均值为73.83)且高白度材料较少;面粉白度高于80的小麦品种(系)仅有T21-6和武汉麦,这些材料可作为高白度小麦优质资源加以利用,有助于改良馒头的色泽品质。     

Effects of different milling methods on flour quality and performance in steamed breadmaking

Three types of wheat: 8901 (hard wheat), Nanyang white wheat, NYWW (medium wheat), and Australian white wheat, AWW (soft wheat) were milled after debranning by abrasion and friction, and by conventional milling. The quality of flours produced by the two procedures and their performance in steamed breadmaking were evaluated. The results showed that debranning affected both the quality of flour and the steamed bread, especially for 8901 and NYWW. Debranning lowered the gluten index, maximum resistance and starch damage; whereas, it increased pericarp content, ash content, L* value, falling number and particle size distribution. The pasting properties such as peak viscosity and final viscosity of NYWWDII and 8901DII were higher than those of NYWWCII and 8901CII. Debranning had positive effects on the quality scores, volume, volume/weight, height and structure of steamed bread from second flour, except for those from soft wheat. For the two other samples, the quality scores for steamed bread were lower than that for the conventional flour. The shape and structure of steamed bread from the top flours of AWWCII and 8901CII were better than from debranned flour. The milling methods did not affect the texture of steamed bread, except in the case of second flour of NYWW.     

面筋蛋白对小麦粉理化性质及面包烘焙品质的影响

为明确不同类型小麦的面粉改良方案,为我国优质面包专用粉的生产提供理论与技术支持,以三个筋力不同的小麦品种宁麦13、扬麦16和郑麦9023为材料,通过洗面筋法提取各供试材料的湿面筋,将其冷冻干燥后按照7%、8%、9%、10%、11%的添加比例与各自面粉进行配比,对配粉的面包烘焙品质、面粉理化性质和面团流变学特性进行了测定分析。结果发现,随着面筋蛋白添加量的提高,配粉的蛋白质、湿面筋、谷蛋白大聚体(GMP)含量和沉降值逐步上升;粘度参数和面团弱化度有所下降;糊化温度和糊化时间呈上升趋势。在同一添加量下,强筋小麦的烘焙品质和面粉理化性质始终优于中筋小麦和弱筋小麦。随着面筋蛋白添加量的提高,面包体积、弹性、回复性、内聚力增大,而硬度、咀嚼性减小,感官品质得到改善。面筋蛋白添加量超过一定范围(宁麦13、扬麦16添加9%,郑麦9023添加8%),面包品质改良效果变缓,且色泽不断加深。综上所述,适量添加面筋蛋白可改变面粉的理化性质,提高其面包烘焙品质;配粉的蛋白质含量为18%左右是最经济的面包烘焙品质改良方案。     

河北省主推中低筋小麦品种的馒头加工品质研究

为了解河北省中低筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质、评选优质馒头小麦品种,对河北省19个主推中低筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和馒头加工品质进行了测定。结果表明,除容重、出粉率、面粉色泽L*值、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、糊化温度、吸水率外,河北省主栽中低筋小麦品种品质性状的遗传变异范围较大,19个参试小麦品种馒头综合评分平均为78.4分,变化范围67.8~85.7分;达到良好馒头标准(80~90分)的共有9个品种,分别为良星66、石优17、石新828、良星99、科麦1号、永麦1号、邢麦4号、济麦22、和冀丰703。馒头高度与拉伸曲线面积、拉伸阻力、P值和W值极显著正相关,与稳定时间显著正相关;馒头评分与P值和W值极显著正相关;馒头比容与稳定时间、粉质质量指数、拉伸曲线面积、延伸度、拉伸阻力、P值、G值和W值负相关。馒头评分与馒头坚实度极显著负相关,与馒头硬度显著负相关,说明馒头坚实度对馒头感官品质影响较大。     

Influence of puroindoline alleles on milling performance and qualities of Chinese noodles,steamed bread and pan bread in spring wheats

Two trials with a total of 75 spring bread wheat cultivars and advanced lines, were used to evaluate single kernel characterization system hardness, puroindoline alleles, milling yield, flour ash content, flour colour, and end-use qualities for Chinese noodles, steamed bread and pan bread. The results indicated that all International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center hard wheat lines surveyed were Pina-D1b genotype, whereas Pinb-D1b was the most common allele in the remaining cultivars. Genotypes with Pinb-D1b possess significantly lower flour ash content and higher milling yield than those of genotypes with Pina-D1b. For steamed bread, mean scores for loaf volume, crumb colour, width, structure and total score of Pinb-D1b genotypes were significantly higher than those of genotypes with Pina-D1b and wild type. For Chinese fresh white noodles, means for noodle a*, colour score, viscoelasticity and total score with Pinb-D1b were significantly higher than those of Pina-D1b and wild type. Means of loaf volume, texture and total score for Pinb-D1b genotypes were significantly higher than those of Pina-D1b genotypes. This study further illustrated the superiority of the Pinb-D1b allele on milling and processing qualities for various end products and provides useful information for wheat quality improvement.     

Interrelationships of Protein Composition, Protein Level, Baking Process and the Characteristics of Hearth Bread and Pan Bread

Baking performance of hearth bread and pan bread were investigated using 10 wheat varieties with variable protein quality. For most varieties, samples were selected at two protein levels, approximately 11 and 13% (d.m.). The effects of flour quality on loaf characteristics were different for hearth bread compared to pan bread, where both protein quality and protein content affect loaf volume positively in an optimised baking test. Hearth bread is more complex as both the form ratio and loaf volume are critical external characteristics. When using fixed proving time, the form ratio was positively affected by dough resistance and mixing peak time at high speed mixing, and negatively affected by dough extensibility. Dough resistance and mixing peak time correlated strongly to the HMW glutenin composition, whereas dough extensibility was related to protein content. In contrast to the form ratio, loaf volume was positively affected by dough extensibility, whereas protein quality had no significant effect. This was seen both for doughs produced at optimal mixing time at high speed mixing (126 rev/min) and for doughs produced at fixed mixing times at low speed mixing (63 rev/min). When proving time was optimised to achieve a defined form ratio, flours of strong protein quality should be proved longer than flours of week protein quality, resulting in higher loaf volume for flours of the strongest protein quality. With respect to protein content, the positive effect of protein content on loaf volume was counteracted due to reduced proving time when aiming for a defined form ratio.