香椿种子特定贮藏条件下活力变化的研究

[目的]通过对不同贮藏条件下香椿种子发芽指标、抗氧化酶活性等测定分析,探索种子含水量和贮藏温度对香椿种子生理生化特性的影响,为香椿种子的贮藏方法提供技术支持。[方法]利用100%湿度环境获得9.1%、12.2%、14.0%、15.8%和17.8%五个含水量的香椿种子,在10、15、和20℃下分别贮藏90 d,每30 d测定种子发芽率和抗氧化酶活性等指标。[结果]在相同贮藏条件下,随贮藏时间延长,种子发芽率、活力指数、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性逐渐下降,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性先升后降,浸出液电导率和丙二醛(MDA)逐渐上升。经90 d贮藏,随种子含水量或贮藏温度的升高,香椿种子发芽率和活力指数呈下降趋势,浸出液电导率和MDA含量显著上升,种子中SOD、POD和CAT活性均随贮藏时间的延长而显著下降。[结论]种子浸出液电导率和MDA含量与香椿种子发芽率呈显著负相关,抗氧化系统酶活性与发芽率呈显著正相关,膜质过氧化作用是引起香椿种子老化劣变的重要原因之一。本研究得出的香椿种子安全贮藏条件为:当温度不超过15℃时,含水量应控制在12.2%以下,当温度在15～20℃时,含水量应低于9.1%。     

毛竹花期不同器官内源激素含量的变化

用酶联免疫法测定未开花毛竹和开花毛竹叶、花、枝、秆和鞭中内源激素吲哚乙酸(IAA)、赤霉素(GA3)、脱落酸(ABA)和玉米素核苷(ZR)的含量,分析开花毛竹内源激素分布和含量的变化与花形态分化的关系.结果表明:与未开花毛竹相比,成花期(6月中旬)开花毛竹叶、枝和秆中的IAA含量显著降低,枝的ABA含量也显著降低,而秆的ZR含量显著升高;扬花期(7月中旬)开花毛竹枝中的IAA含量显著降低,而GA3含量则显著升高.内源激素在开花毛竹各器官中的分布规律:IAA为秆＞鞭＞枝＞花,GA3为花＞鞭＞枝＞秆,ZR为花＞枝＞秆＞鞭,ABA为秆＞枝＞花＞鞭.二级枝中IAA含量显著低于一级枝,而其GA3和ZR的含量高于一级枝.IAA、GA3和ABA在竹杆中的含量呈向基性增加,而ZR则呈向基性减少.在成花期和扬花期ABA、ZR和GA3所占比例高于未开花毛竹,高比例的ABA、ZR和GA3和低比例的IAA可能促进毛竹花的发育.     

桢楠种子萌发过程中内源激素对温度变化的响应

【目的】研究低温(4℃)保存和自然保存两种处理后,桢楠种子在恒温(25℃)和变温(15℃/25℃)条件的萌发过程中,种子内源激素含量及其动态变化,以及内源激素与种子萌发率的关系,为阐明桢楠种子的萌发机制提供理论基础,也为其繁育与开发应用提供参考依据。【方法】采用酶联免疫吸附测定法对桢楠种子的内源激素含量及动态变化进行测定。【结果】1)自然保存的种子在恒温(25℃)条件下发芽率不足30%,最高为27.3%,在变温(15℃/25℃)条件下的发芽率不足40%,最高为37.0%,而经过低温(4℃)处理的种子在变温(15℃/25℃)条件下的发芽率最高可达66.0%;2)经过低温(4℃)处理后的种子在变温(15℃/25℃)条件下的内源激素含量GA3为417.17 ng·g-1,IAA为211.67 ng·g-1,ZR为47.69 ng·g-1,均高于恒温(25℃)下的GA3、IAA、ZR含量,GA3和ZR含量呈现出先上升后下降趋势,ABA和IAA含量则表现为先下降后上升趋势;3)在变温(15℃/25℃)条件下内源激素GA3/ABA、ZR/ABA、(GA3+IAA+ZR)/ABA比值均比恒温(25℃)条件下高;4)在恒温(25℃)条件和变温(15℃/25℃)条件下的种子发芽率与GA3/ABA、IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA及(GA3+IAA+ZR)/ABA的比值均呈显著或极显著正相关。【结论】低温(4℃)可以解除桢楠种子的休眠,显著提高种子的发芽率,在变温(15℃/25℃)条件能够打破种子内源激素间的平衡,增加促进种子萌发的内源激素含量,降低抑制种子萌发的内源激素含量,进而提高种子的发芽率。     

NaCl胁迫对构树种子发芽及幼苗生理生化指标的影响

研究了不同浓度NaCl(0,25,50,75,100,125 mmol/L)对构树种子发芽和幼苗生长及生理效应的影响.结果表明:低浓度(25 mmol/L)盐胁迫下,构树种子的发芽率比对照升高了7.7%,同时幼苗根长亦有显著增加,比对照高23%,苗高、发芽指数、活力指数虽有所下降但不显著;随着NaCl浓度的增大,构树种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数均呈下降趋势,发芽后幼苗的根长、苗高、鲜质量等也呈下降趋势,幼苗生长被抑制.对幼苗的生理指标测定显示:细胞膜透性随着盐浓度的增加逐渐升高,细胞膜稳定性受到破坏;MDA含量、SOD、POD活性随盐浓度的增加呈现先升高后降低的趋势,膜透性和MDA含量与SOD活性呈极显著相关.     

温度对解除休眠的紫椴种子萌发过程中内源激素的影响

为了揭示紫椴种子萌发的生理机制,测定已经解除休眠的紫椴种子萌发过程中内源激素含量的变化。结果表明:高温25℃时,ABA含量增加,GA、IAA含量下降,GA/ABA、IAA/ABA的比值都显著低于适温(15℃/10℃),说明高温下,抑制型激素ABA的含量占优势时,种子的发芽便会受到抑制。     

解除休眠的水曲柳种子对不同脱水条件的萌发和生理响应

【目的】比较不同脱水条件对解除休眠的水曲柳种子干燥脱水后萌发的影响,并探索在不同条件下脱水过程中种子内部的生理变化,为解除休眠水曲柳种子的再干燥贮藏提供理论和技术依据。【方法】以解除休眠的水曲柳种子为材料,采用单因素设计,比较种子在7种温度(5,10,15,20,25,30,35℃)条件下干燥脱水后的萌发能力,再设计双因素试验,分析脱水温度(常温20℃和低温5℃)、脱水速率(快速和慢速)及其交互作用对干燥脱水后种子萌发的影响,并测定不同脱水条件下种子中抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和淀粉含量,以确定种子细胞膜透性、抗氧化系统酶活性和贮藏物质代谢对不同脱水处理的响应。【结果】经不同温度脱水处理后种子的发芽率和发芽指数呈现随脱水温度的升高先上升后下降的趋势,种子发芽时间则呈现出随脱水温度上升而先下降后上升的趋势。常温(20℃)脱水种子的发芽能力最强,高温(35℃)或者低温(5℃)脱水种子发芽能力较弱。与常温脱水相比,低温脱水种子相对电导率和丙二醛含量显著增加,胚中POD和CAT酶活性显著降低,种子中可溶性糖和淀粉含量无明显变化,但可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。与慢速脱水相比,快速脱水种子相对电导率和丙二醛含量显著增加,胚中SOD和POD酶活性显著降低,种子中可溶性糖和淀粉含量无明显变化,但可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。【结论】解除休眠的水曲柳种子最适的干燥脱水温度是20℃,高温(35℃)或者低温(5℃)脱水会导致种子发芽率和发芽指数下降,发芽时间延长。低温(5℃)或快速脱水后种子细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量显著增加,种子中可溶性蛋白含量和胚中抗氧化酶活性均显著降低,从而引起种子萌发能力下降。胚中的抗氧化酶活性对低温和快速脱水反应不同,POD和CAT对低温脱水更敏感,而SOD则对快速脱水更敏感,SOD、POD和CAT 3种酶必须协同作用才能够维持活性氧自由基处于对细胞无害的较低水平。种子低温或快速脱水过程中脱水保护功能下降主要与蛋白质的变化有关,与可溶性糖和淀粉关系不大。     

生根粉提高仙客来种子活力的初步研究

采用不同剂号,不同浓度的新剂型ＡＢＴ生根粉浸泡处理仙客来种子,测定了种子发芽率,发芽速率,发芽指数,活力指数,干鲜比等种子活力指标和电导率,可溶性糖含量等部分生理生化指标,并结合仙客来育苗生产调查出了苗率。     

氯化钙、ABA和蔗糖预处理对解除休眠水曲柳种子低温脱水萌发的影响

【目的】比较氯化钙、ABA和蔗糖预处理对解除休眠水曲柳种子低温脱水萌发的影响,并探索在不同预处理条件下脱水过程中种子内部的生理变化,为揭示种子脱水耐性调控的生理机制提供参考依据。【方法】以解除休眠的水曲柳种子为材料,利用不同浓度(10~(-2),10~(-3),10~(-4),10~(-5) mol·L~(-1))的氯化钙溶液、不同浓度(10-3,10-4,10-5,10-6mol·L~(-1))的ABA溶液或不同质量浓度(1,10,50,100 g·L~(-1))的蔗糖溶液浸泡种子24 h,以蒸馏水浸泡种子24 h为对照,比较不同处理种子在低温(5℃)条件下干燥脱水后的萌发能力,确定几种预处理措施对种子低温脱水萌发的影响。再依据上述试验结果,分别选择出提高种子萌发能力最有效的处理浓度:氯化钙10-3mol·L~(-1)、ABA 10-6mol·L~(-1)、蔗糖100 g·L~(-1),以经上述溶液预处理24 h后低温脱水的种子为材料,以蒸馏水浸泡24 h后低温脱水种子为对照,进行种子浸出液相对电导率、种子抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和淀粉含量测定,分析不同预处理措施对种子细胞膜透性、抗氧化系统酶活性和贮藏物质代谢的影响。【结果】10-3mol·L~(-1)氯化钙或10-6mol·L~(-1)ABA预处理可显著提高种子在低温(5℃)下脱水后的发芽率和发芽指数,缩短发芽时间;100 g·L~(-1)的蔗糖预处理可显著提高种子在低温(5℃)下脱水后的发芽率,但在提高发芽指数和缩短发芽时间上并没有明显效果。10-3mol·L~(-1)氯化钙预处理的种子,胚中SOD活性在低温脱水后显著提高,种子相对电导率和MDA含量显著降低;10-6mol·L~(-1)ABA预处理的种子,低温脱水后胚中POD活性明显提高,种子相对电导率和MDA含量显著降低;100 g·L~(-1)蔗糖预处理的种子,低温脱水后胚中SOD和POD活性均显著提高,种子相对电导率和MDA含量显著降低。氯化钙、ABA或蔗糖预处理,显著降低了种子胚和胚乳中可溶性蛋白的含量,显著提高了胚中可溶性糖的含量。【结论】适宜浓度的氯化钙(10-3mol·L~(-1))、ABA(10-6mol·L~(-1))和蔗糖(100 g·L~(-1))预处理(尤其是氯化钙或ABA预处理)能够提高水曲柳种子低温脱水后的萌发能力。氯化钙、ABA和蔗糖预处理,会显著提高低温脱水条件下种子胚中的抗氧化系统酶活性,更好地维持细胞膜结构的完整性,降低细胞的离子外渗和MDA含量。但不同预处理种子胚中的抗氧化酶活性表现不同,氯化钙预处理提高胚中SOD活性的作用更明显,ABA预处理提高胚中POD活性的作用更明显,而蔗糖预处理则同时提高胚中的SOD和POD活性。氯化钙、ABA和蔗糖预处理后低温脱水过程中种子胚中可溶性糖含量显著增加,这可能是种子低温条件下脱水保护功能提高的原因之一。     

毛梾种子低温层积过程中内源激素的变化及其与发芽的关系

为了分析毛梾种子内源激素与发芽的关系,以了解种子休眠的内在机制,应用酶联免疫吸附测定法(ELISA)研究了毛梾种子低温层积过程中内源激素含量的动态变化情况。结果表明:IAA在层积处理初期剧烈降低,层积处理持续一段时间后IAA含量显著升高,但层积处理后期IAA含量下降,IAA/ABA比值的变化也出现了同样的趋势;种子中的ABA在层积处理前期较高,但随着处理时间的延长其含量趋于下降;GA1/3的变化相对较为平稳,尽管有一定的波动,但整体呈逐渐增高的趋势;ZRs含量变化幅度很小,接近一条直线;iPAs含量的变化幅度相对较大,在整个处理期内呈"M"形曲线变化。相关分析结果表明:IAA含量与IAA/ABA比值呈极显著的正相关(p0.01);ABA含量与ZRs/ABA比值呈极显著的负相关(p0.01),与iPA/ABA比值呈显著的负相关(p0.05)。发芽试验结果表明:种子经层积处理后其发芽率与发芽势均明显上升,且均随处理时间的延长而增加,而未经层积处理的种子其发芽率为0;层积处理180 d毛梾种子的发芽率与发芽势最大,分别为41.34%、36.13%。文中据此推断,要解除毛梾种子的深休眠,最好对其低温层积处理150 d以上。     

两种层积处理方式对北美鹅掌楸种子4种内源激素物质含量变化的影响

应用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)测定了低温层积和低温裸层积两种种子层积处理方式对北美鹅掌楸种子4种内源激素物质IAA、GA3、ZR和ABA的含量变化情况.研究结果表明,两种种子处理方式均对北美鹅掌楸种子的4种内源激素物质含量变化有影响.经层积处理后,北美鹅掌楸种子中的生长促进物质IAA和GA3含量较未经层积处理的对照种子内源激素含量有显著的提高,而其种子中的萌发抑制物质ABA的含量比未经层积处理的对照降低,特别是其种子中的IAA/ABA和GA3/ABA的比值显著增加.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.