贮藏条件对山核桃属植物种子生活力的影响

为了找到影响山核桃属植物种子活力的因素,探讨了在不同贮藏条件下山核桃属植物种子发芽率随贮藏时间的变化规律,从种子的含水量、种子中过氧化氢酶含量、种子浸出液相对电导率等方面探讨了影响种子生活力的各种因素。结果表明:山核桃属植物种子的发芽率、种子含水量和过氧化氢酶含量均随着贮藏时间的延长而降低;种子浸出液的相对电导率随着贮藏时间的延长而增加;种子发芽率和种子的含水量、过氧化氢酶含量之间呈极显著正相关,与种子浸出液的相对电导率呈极显著负相关。     

山合欢种子超干燥贮藏的生理生化效应

采用正交设计从种子含水量、包装方法、保存温度和预回湿方法4个因素来探索山合欢种子超干燥保存的可行性。用硅胶将种子脱水至1.42%～6.35%6个含水量梯度,结合不同处理密封保存1年,随后测定发芽率和一些生理生化指标,包括相对电导率(RC)、脯氨酸(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、可溶性总糖含量和脂肪酸组分。结果表明:种子含水量和预回湿方法对发芽率有显著影响,超干种子与未经超干处理的种子相比,发芽率有明显提高;超干种子发芽率与相对电导率和丙二醛含量呈显著负相关,与脯氨酸含量和3种抗氧化酶活性呈显著正相关;超干种子的油酸和α-亚麻酸含量比对照提高。适宜的超干处理能使抗氧化酶活性增强,使不饱和脂肪酸和可溶性总糖的含量增加,从而减缓种子生活力下降。     

解除休眠的水曲柳种子对不同脱水条件的萌发和生理响应

【目的】比较不同脱水条件对解除休眠的水曲柳种子干燥脱水后萌发的影响,并探索在不同条件下脱水过程中种子内部的生理变化,为解除休眠水曲柳种子的再干燥贮藏提供理论和技术依据。【方法】以解除休眠的水曲柳种子为材料,采用单因素设计,比较种子在7种温度(5,10,15,20,25,30,35℃)条件下干燥脱水后的萌发能力,再设计双因素试验,分析脱水温度(常温20℃和低温5℃)、脱水速率(快速和慢速)及其交互作用对干燥脱水后种子萌发的影响,并测定不同脱水条件下种子中抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)含量,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和淀粉含量,以确定种子细胞膜透性、抗氧化系统酶活性和贮藏物质代谢对不同脱水处理的响应。【结果】经不同温度脱水处理后种子的发芽率和发芽指数呈现随脱水温度的升高先上升后下降的趋势,种子发芽时间则呈现出随脱水温度上升而先下降后上升的趋势。常温(20℃)脱水种子的发芽能力最强,高温(35℃)或者低温(5℃)脱水种子发芽能力较弱。与常温脱水相比,低温脱水种子相对电导率和丙二醛含量显著增加,胚中POD和CAT酶活性显著降低,种子中可溶性糖和淀粉含量无明显变化,但可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。与慢速脱水相比,快速脱水种子相对电导率和丙二醛含量显著增加,胚中SOD和POD酶活性显著降低,种子中可溶性糖和淀粉含量无明显变化,但可溶性蛋白含量显著降低。【结论】解除休眠的水曲柳种子最适的干燥脱水温度是20℃,高温(35℃)或者低温(5℃)脱水会导致种子发芽率和发芽指数下降,发芽时间延长。低温(5℃)或快速脱水后种子细胞膜透性和丙二醛含量显著增加,种子中可溶性蛋白含量和胚中抗氧化酶活性均显著降低,从而引起种子萌发能力下降。胚中的抗氧化酶活性对低温和快速脱水反应不同,POD和CAT对低温脱水更敏感,而SOD则对快速脱水更敏感,SOD、POD和CAT 3种酶必须协同作用才能够维持活性氧自由基处于对细胞无害的较低水平。种子低温或快速脱水过程中脱水保护功能下降主要与蛋白质的变化有关,与可溶性糖和淀粉关系不大。     

香椿不同类型种子及幼苗生长规律差异性

广西香椿(Toona sinensis)分为红木类型和白木类型,两种类型在形态和生长方面有显著差异。为了解两种类型香椿种子和幼苗差异性,对广西石山区不同类型香椿种子千粒重、发芽率、发芽势、含水量和苗高、地径等方面进行研究。结果表明:红木类型香椿种子和白木类型香椿种子千粒重分别为7.46 g、10.69 g,差异极显著;红木类型、白木类型种子发芽率为61%、77%,差异显著。贮藏120 d内,白木类型香椿种子发芽率、发芽势均高于红木类型种子,均呈下降趋势和存在不同程度变化;贮藏150 d,两者发芽率均为0。红木类型、白木类型种子含水量为14.73%、15.13%,贮藏期间,白木类型香椿种子含水量也高于红木类型种子,且均随着贮藏时间延长呈下降趋势,两种类型香椿种子含水量和发芽率均存在极显著线性正相关。红木类型幼苗比白木类型幼苗生长速度缓慢,红木类型苗高、地径均低于白木类型。     

毛竹种子人工老化过程中生理生化变化

研究人工老化过程中毛竹种子活力及其生理生化变化过程.结果表明:人工老化处理后,种子发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数均先快速下降后缓慢下降,活力指数下降较发芽率和发芽指数快.老化6天时活力指数下降72％,老化12天时种子活力基本丧失.伴随着种子活力下降,表现出种子浸出液相对电导率和可溶性糖含量升高,MDA含量升高,POD,SOD和CAT酶活性降低,可溶性蛋白质含量降低,内源GA3和IAA含量降低,ABA含量升高,GA3/ABA比值降低等一系列生理生化变化.相关分析表明:SOD活性、CAT活性、可溶性蛋白和GA3,IAA,GA3/ABA,与种子活力呈极显著正相关;种子浸出液相对电导率、MDA和ABA含量呈极显著负相关.膜脂过氧化引起的生物膜损伤是加速毛竹种子老化的重要原因,内源激素失衡也是影响种子萌发和加速老化的主要因素之一.     

桢楠种子贮藏方法初步研究

桢楠主要通过播种的方式进行繁殖。种子贮藏方法与活力保持是播种育苗非常重要的环节。本试验以桢楠种子为材料,设置不同温度进行贮藏试验,通过研究种子发芽率、相对电导率和丙二醛含量等,初步探讨了桢楠种子的耐贮性。结果表明,桢楠种子的含水量为27.33%±1.52%。贮藏0 d时种子的发芽率为79.5%;贮藏至60 d时,25℃、4℃、-20℃、-70℃条件下种子的发芽率已经分别降低到17.5%、20%、0和0;贮藏至180 d时,4个温度条件下的发芽率全部降低为0。贮藏期间,种子的相对电导率和丙二醛含量均随时间的延长而逐渐上升。不同温度条件下,种子的相对电导率和丙二醛含量变化亦明显不同,25℃与4℃条件下的上升幅度显著小于-20℃、-70℃条件下的上升幅度,与种子发芽率的变化规律一致。可见,桢楠种子含水量为27%左右时,贮藏期间容易丧失活力。     

贮藏温度对枫香种子耐贮性的影响

[目的]以枫香种子为试材,研究不同贮藏温度下种子活力随时间的变化规律,为枫香种子的贮藏方法提供理论依据。[方法]将枫香种子阴干至含水量为10.54%,然后分别贮藏于室温(25±2)℃、4℃、-20℃和-70℃的温度条件下,于贮藏0、60、180、300、360、520、730 d分别测定种子的丙二醛含量和相对电导率,并将种子于室内播种,测定发芽势、发芽率及播种1个月后萌发幼苗的苗高和根长。[结果]随着贮藏时间的延长,4种温度下种子的发芽率、发芽势、幼苗苗高与根长均逐渐降低,丙二醛含量和相对电导率逐渐升高;贮藏至360 d时,4种温度均能较好地保持种子活力,相互之间差异不明显;至730 d时,4℃、-20℃和-70℃的贮藏效果明显优于室温,-70℃的贮藏效果最佳。[结论]枫香种子在含水量10.54%时,若贮藏时间在360d以内,则室温贮藏即可有效保持种子活力;若贮藏时间进一步延长,则需要采用低温进行贮藏;贮藏730d时,4℃、-20℃和-70℃均可有效保持种子活力,其中,-70℃的贮藏效果最佳。     

干旱胁迫对麻疯树幼苗抗氧化代谢的影响

采用盆栽控水的方法,研究了不同程度干旱胁迫下麻疯树幼苗叶片相对含水量（LRWC）、质膜透性、相对电导率（REC）、丙二醛（MDA）含量及抗氧化酶活性的变化。结果表明,麻疯树幼苗叶片相对含水量随胁迫时间的增加呈极显著（P〈0．01）下降趋势;相对电导率、丙二醛含量随胁迫时间的增加而呈极显著（P〈0．01）增加趋势,胁迫初期和中期二者增加幅度相对较小,胁迫后期急剧增加;超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性随胁迫时间的增加而持续升高,过氧化物酶（POD）活性和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性随胁迫时间的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,在W7（干旱35d）时POD和CAT活性达到最大值。     

自然脱水过程中七叶树种子生理特性的变化

于 2003 年研究了自然脱水过程中七叶树种子生理特性的变化。结果表明:七叶树种子对脱水高度敏感,为顽拗性种子。种子成熟采收时含水量高达 60.3%,种子在室温下自然干燥 30 天后,含水量下降到 30.2%,此时种子生活力完全丧失。在脱水初期,种子发芽率有所上升,但随后种子发芽率迅速降低。随着含水量的下降,种子浸出液相对电导率上升,但当含水量在 53.7% 到 50.9%之间时,种子浸出液相对电导率出现异常升高。同时种子超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性随脱水时间的延长而下降,只有种子含水量在 53.7% 到 50.9%之间时出现例外。丙二醛(MDA)含量在脱水初期缓慢上升,在含水量下降到低于 50.9%时,丙二醛(MDA)含量快速上升。可溶性糖含量随脱水时间的延长缓慢上升。当种子含水量为 47%–60%时,种子发芽率较高,说明这一含水量区间有利于种子生活力的保持。图 6 参 13。     

贮藏温度和时间对木棉与美丽异木棉种子活力的影响

利用木棉 Bombax ceiba 和美丽异木棉Chorisia speciosa混合种子,在0、4、和8℃条件下贮藏135d,每隔45 d测定一次种子场圃发芽率和活力指标,用2,3,5-三苯基氯化四氮唑法(TTC法)测定种子的初始和贮藏135 d的生活力。结果如下:木棉种子在相同贮藏温度条件下,随贮藏时间的延长,发芽率、发芽势、活力指数存在显著差异(P<0.05),贮藏温度和贮藏时间有极显著的交互作用,种子活力逐渐下降,贮藏135 d后种子发芽率在8.33%以下,基本失去发芽能力;美丽异木棉种子在不同温度下,随着贮藏时间延长,发芽率、发芽势、活力指数没有显著差异,贮藏温度和贮藏时间没有显著的交互作用,种子发芽率为新鲜种子发芽率的67.46%以上;利用TTC染色法(1.0%浓度)能反映出木棉的种子生活力;木棉种子0℃贮藏90 d发芽率好于4和8℃,可在生产中推广应用TTC染色法检测木棉的种子生活力;美丽异木棉种子0、4、8℃贮藏135 d的发芽率差异很小,0℃贮藏发芽率和活力指数较优。     

Improving the evaluation of multiple-dowel-type connection strength

Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (n_ef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of n_ef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiostoma</Emphasis> species associated with bark beetles infesting three <Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies</Emphasis> species in Nikko,Japan

Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Rehabilitation of diseased cacao fields in Peru through shade regulation and timing of biocontrol measures

The objective of this case study was to test the effectiveness of biocontrol for the rehabilitation of abandoned, diseased (moniliasis, witches' broom and black pod) cocoa and to develop testable hypotheses regarding the effect of shade and biocontrol timing. Three trial fields differed in their shade regimes. Biocontrol was administered starting either at flowering or pod filling. Disease incidence and yield were compared with cultural control alone. Biocontrol reduced moniliasis from 49% to 25%, independent of the shading regime and application time. Witches' broom was most severe without shade and unaffected by biocontrol. No significant effects on black pod were observed. Although biocontrol increased percentage healthy fruit independent of shading and timing, only the shaded plot with biocontrol from flowering onwards responded with increased yield. Our hypothesis is: 'In the rehabilitation of abandoned cacao, only fields under sustainable shade management and early onset of biocontrol can realise their production potential.' This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Populations of adult fungus gnats and shore flies in British Columbia container nurseries as related to nursery environment,and incidence of fungi on the insects

Adult fungus gnat and shore fly populations were monitored in four container nurseries near Victoria, British Columbia. In general, populations of both insects were larger in summer than in winter. Also, both insects were more abundant in the nursery with a plastic-covered, soil floor, which favored moisture accumulation and build up of algae, liverworts and mosses, than in nurseries with other types of floors such as cement. Results of fungus isolations revealed that gnats and flies both harbor the seedling pathogens Botrytis cinerea and species of Fusarium and Phoma, plus several non-pathogenic fungi. The results are discussed in relation to nursery sanitation practices, their effects on gnat and fly populations, and some possible roles of these insects in seedling disease epidemiology.     

Pinus contorta growth in northern Sweden as affected by soil scarification

The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of different soil scarification methods on tree growth. Soil scarification influenced stem volume and stem biomass yield of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in a 17-year-old field trial in boreal Sweden. Soil scarification (disc trenching, mounding and ploughing) resulted in an average stem volume yield of 3.1 and 34.2 m³ ha^–1 on the poor and intermediate sites, respectively, while corresponding values for no soil scarification were 0.9 and 16.7 m³ ha^–1. In comparison to no scarification, ploughing increased volume yields by 500% on the poor site and by 200% on the intermediate sites. The ranking according to stem volume yield was ploughing > disc trenching = mounding no soil scarification. Averaged over the two sites, the mean annual increment of stem biomass was 219% and 145% higher (in d.w., 0.26 kg and 0.34 kg per sample tree) after ploughing compared with no soil scarification, for the average and dominant sample trees, respectively. Although not significant, the increased growth rate after soil scarification decreased the average stem basic wood density of the sample trees with 1.6% and 5.3%, at the poor and intermediate sites, respectively. In conclusion, soil scarification significantly increased the 17-year stem volume yield compared with no scarification. The results also indicate that the difference in stem biomass yield between ploughing and the other methods, especially no soil scarification, will increase even more in the near future.     

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.     

The potential use of different predatory bug species in the biological control of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Frankliniella occidentalis</Emphasis> (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

In the present study, the suitability of different predatory bug species, such as Dicyphus tamaninii Wagner, Macrolophus pygmaeus (Rambur), Orius albidipennis Reuter, Orius majusculus Reuter and Orius sauteri Poppius, for the biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), were investigated. Development of the predatory bug species, their reproduction as well as their daily and total prey consumption over a 18-day period with F. occidentalis larvae or various stages of Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) individuals as prey species were studied during the experiments in the laboratory. In further experiments, the efficiency of D. tamaninii, M. pygmaeus, O. albidipennis and O. majusculus in controlling F. occidentalis under glasshouse conditions was investigated. Results showed that all the predators could develop under the experimental conditions with either F. occidentalis larvae or different stages of T. urticae as prey. When F. occidentalis larvae were offered as prey, the shortest duration of development was observed for O. albidipennis with a mean of 17.7 days, while D. tamaninii took the longest to develop with a mean of 36.3 days. With different stages of T. urticae as prey, the duration of development ranged from 19.3 days in O. albidipennis to 42.9 days in M. pygmaeus. Mean daily fecundity ranged from 0.8 eggs/female for O. majusculus to 2.2 eggs/female for O. sauteri with F. occidentalis larvae as prey and from 0.6, O. majusculus, to 2.3 eggs/female/day, O. sauteri, when different stages of T. urticae were offered as prey. Over the 18-day reproduction period, O. sauteri was the most fecund predatory species, laying a mean total of 31.6 and 31.3 eggs/female with F. occidentalis and T. urticae as prey, respectively. Daily consumption from F. occidentalis larvae ranged between 5.5 individuals consumed per day by O. majusculus and 29.1, by O. sauteri. When different stages of T. urticae were offered as prey, maximal consumption was observed in D. tamaninii with a mean of 29.0 individuals/day, while O. albidipennis consumed the least with an average of 8.1 preys/day. Over the 18-day prey consumption period, D. tamaninii consumed the highest mean number of 422.8 F. occidentalis larvae, while O. majusculus only consumed 98.8 larvae. Also, D. tamaninii had the maximum consumption of different stages of T. urticae with a mean of 522.4, while M. pygmaeus and O. albidipennis consumed the least, with an average of 146.1 and 146.0, respectively. The predatory bugs D. tamaninii, M. pygmaeus, O. albidipennis and O. majusculus significantly reduced the density of F. occidentalis on hybrids of Euphorbia milii, Serissa foetida and Saintpaulia ionantha in the glasshouse, which confirms their efficiency against this pest on different hosts under controlled climatic conditions.     

Root diseases in bareroot and container nurseries of the Pacific Northwest: epidemiology, management, and effects on outplanting performance

In forest and conservation nurseries in the Pacific Northwest USA, seedling production can be limited by root diseases caused by fungi in the genera Fusarium Link:Fr., Cylindrocarpon Wollenw., Phytophthora de Barry, and Pythium Pringsh. Fusarium, Cylindrocarpon, and Pythium are the most ubiquitous, whereas incidence of Phytophthora is mostly associated with coastal bareroot nurseries. All of these root pathogens are encouraged by water saturated soils or media. Seedlings infected with Fusarium, Phytophthora, or Pythium often appear chlorotic or necrotic with extensive root decay. Cylindrocarpon often causes serious root decay without shoot symptoms. The best approach to mitigate losses from these diseases is to use a holistic integrated pest management program. This program should combine chemical controls with cultural practices, particularly those that increase soil permeability and drainage and reduce potential sources of inoculum, especially by disinfesting seeds and containers reused for crops. In general, we found that seedlings meeting nursery specifications for outplanting on forest soil (proper height, root collar diameter, healthy shoot color, lack of disease symptoms) but having these disease organisms on their root systems perform as well as non-infected seedlings.