凡纳滨对虾7个引进群体的生长性能评估

为了对凡纳滨对虾7个引进群体的生长性能进行评估,通过巢式交配和人工授精的方式,用201 1年源自不同国家和地区的7个凡纳滨对虾群体建立了130个全同胞家系,包括17个杂交组合(正反交合并)和7个自交组合.各家系的仔虾、幼虾经中间暂养和标记后混合,在河北黄骅(HBHH)和青岛鳌山(QDAS)两个养殖场养殖,测定了153日龄虾体质量性状.用混合线性模型估计不同群体和家系体质量最小二乘均值,计算不同杂交组合杂种优势率,评估不同群体和杂交组合的生长性能.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾各群体体质量变异系数变化范围为13％～26％;UA5、UA4和SIN三个群体为亲本的153日龄虾体质量最小二乘均值均较高,分别比群体均值高5.34％、2.51％和1.67％,是体质量性状育种的优良亲本;杂交组合均值(18.14 g)比自交组合(17.17 g)高5.65％,杂交组合UA4×UA5体质量最小二乘均值最高(19.52 g),比杂交组合均值高7.61％;组合杂种优势率在-1.77％～ 11.72％,均值为5.45％,大部分杂交组合(＞75％)存在正向杂种优势,UA1×UA2杂交组合杂种优势率最高.研究结果有助于提高凡纳滨对虾生长性能遗传选择的准确性,并为实现良种选育奠定基础.     

凡纳滨对虾3 个引进群体及其杂交子代的生长性能评估

以3个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)引进群体为亲本,按照Griffing I方法进行双列杂交,对子代杂交组合体质量进行长期跟踪测量,分析幼虾阶段、成虾阶段、留种阶段的特定生长率和杂种优势率。研究结果表明,9个交配组合群体3个生长发育阶段体质量最小二乘均值的变化范围分别为5.86~12.15 g、14.79~28.82 g和38.25~54.74 g,其中各生长发育阶段杂交组均值均比自交组高。各阶段的特定生长率分别为3.40~5.70%/d、1.11~2.56%/d和0.33~0.68%/d。杂种优势分析结果显示,凡纳滨对虾各杂交组合体质量存在较明显的杂种优势,幼虾阶段、成虾阶段、留种阶段表现为递减趋势,其中迈阿密SIS的M群体母本与夏威夷的H群体父本杂交组合(M-H)杂种优势率最高。M群体作为父本亦或母本其子代体质量的最小二乘均值均较高,且不同生长阶段双亲均值均高于3个群体的均值,属于相对优良的亲本,M-H和M-T杂交组合属于优选杂交组合。该研究为进一步家系选育基础群体的建立提供了技术参数和理论依据。     

凡纳滨对虾群体自交与杂交子代幼体对低温、低盐抗逆性与生长比较

为提高凡纳滨对虾种苗质量,探索群体选择育种和杂交育种方法在凡纳滨对虾大规模人工育苗生产中的应用,对1个经过人工选择的凡纳滨对虾群体A的自交和杂交子代的抗逆性和生长性状进行了比较。群体A是2008年来自美国种虾的子一代,并经过2个世代的人工选择和自交传代。群体B为2010年来自广东的繁育群体。A群体自交,及其与B群体的正、反杂交,产生3组不同交配组合的子代。对3个组合后代仔虾幼体的抗低温、低盐能力及养成期的生长性状进行比较分析,结果表明,以A群体为母本的杂交组AB抗逆性最强,以B群体为母本的杂交组BA抗逆性次之,而A群体自交组抗逆性最弱。在低温(13.0±0.9) ℃和低盐4.7条件下,AB组存活率分别比AA组高27.6%和64.4%。3个组合养成期的体质量生长速度为AB组(253±55) mg/d、 BA组(208±52) mg/d、AA组(219±36) mg/d,AB组比BA组快21.6%,比AA组快15.5%。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾的杂交优势与亲本的提纯、选优密切相关。     

抗逆快长凡纳滨对虾设计育种与新品种培育技术

<正>本研究针对凡纳滨对虾的生长速度和抗逆性这两个性状进行探讨,通过选取自交传代的凡纳滨对虾群体和与另一个群体的杂交子代的仔虾幼体,然后对比这几个群体的仔虾幼体的耐低盐、低氧能力以及生长速度,旨在设计和培育抗逆快长凡纳滨对虾新品种,增加凡纳滨对虾的生长速度,提高凡纳滨对虾的存活率,从而提高养殖者     

凡纳滨对虾高氨氮和低溶氧抗逆性状的杂交配合力分析

该研究利用3个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)引进群体,采用完全双列杂交交配设计,建立9个自繁和杂交组合F1代,比较幼虾对高氨氮和低溶解氧的耐受性,分析各交配组合杂种优势,采用线性模型均数加权二乘分析法估算凡纳滨对虾高氨氮和低溶氧抗逆性状的配合力,评估亲本及子代的耐受性能。结果表明,9个群体对氨氮(NH3-N)和溶解氧(DO)胁迫的耐受性均存在显著差异,杂交子代耐高氨氮和耐低溶氧性状的中亲优势和超亲优势范围分别为14.09~42.57和1.860~26.18、-52.48~31.39和-54.34~24.66;杂交后代耐受性的表现受到父本、母本一般配合力以及杂交组合特殊配合力共同影响,美国夏威夷SIS群体(UH)耐高氨氮和低溶氧性状的一般配合力较高,分别为0.144 2和0.089 9;特殊配合力分析表明,美国迈阿密SIS群体(UM)和美国夏威夷SIS群体的杂交组合(UM×UH)为强优势组合,存在较强的抗逆非加性效应,杂交优势明显,可为进一步家系选育提供候选材料。     

凡纳滨对虾在氯化物型盐碱水养殖环境下不同家系间生长、存活性能分析

本研究以凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)61个家系为材料,开展了为期50 d的氯化物型盐碱水混合养殖测试,分析了各个家系的生长和存活性能。研究结果显示,凡纳滨对虾家系在氯化物型盐碱水养殖环境下的体重和存活率均存在显著差异,且家系间体重和存活率差异较大,变异系数分别高达36.26%和46.82%;凡纳滨对虾家系的绝对增重率均值和特定增重率均值分别为0.09g/d和1.82%/d,绝对增重最快的家系比绝对增重率均值高7.54个百分点,比增重最慢家系高12.95个百分点;凡纳滨对虾家系存活率范围为1.00%~63.33%,家系平均存活率为26.61%,家系最高存活率比家系最低存活率高了62.33个百分点,比家系存活率均值高了36.72个百分点。本研究结果表明:凡纳滨对虾家系在氯化物型盐碱水养殖条件下生长、存活存在较大差异,具有较大的遗传改良空间和选育潜力,本研究结果可为下一步的凡纳滨对虾盐碱水选育工作提供数据支持。     

2个凡纳滨对虾群体仔虾的生长比较

以凡纳滨对虾二代群体自交、选育家系(♀)×引进SPF(♂)群体杂交,通过自然交配和人工培育获得2个仔虾群体,待仔虾长至体长0.8～1.0 cm时,随机选取60万尾放养于3口0.133 hm2的对虾养殖高位塘中,密度150万尾/hm2,其中二代仔虾2口塘,杂交仔虾1口塘.投喂"恒兴"牌饲料,相同的养殖环境和管理措施,养殖30 d后,每隔10 d进行一次生长测定.结果表明,杂交仔虾的生长速度和成活率高于二代仔虾,体质量和体长的总生长率高于二代仔虾,抗应激能力强于二代仔虾,较二代仔虾均匀;在40 d的观测期内杂交仔虾体长的绝对增长量为4.49 cm,二代仔虾为3.66 cm,提高22.68%,杂交仔虾体质量的绝对增长量为3.73 g,二代仔虾为2.20 g,提高69.55%,杂交仔虾生长优势明显.     

凡纳滨对虾野生群体F1与近交群体杂交和自交子代的抗逆、生长性状比较

为了探究野生群体的引入对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)近交群体子代性状的影响,利用源自厄瓜多尔海区的野生群体群选F_1(EC)与自建的全同胞兄妹近交群体(ZG)双列杂交,构建了EC♂×EC♀(EE)、ZG♂×ZG♀(GG)、EC♂×ZG♀(EG)、ZG♂×EC♀(GE) 4个子代群体,并对4个群体的仔虾进行了急性低盐度、亚硝酸盐暴露下的存活率和急性微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)暴露下的抗氧化酶活性分析,同时进行了养殖生长性状测试。结果显示:4个群体仔虾急性低盐度暴露下的存活率、急性MC-LR暴露下的抗逆性和生长性状都表现为EEGEEGGG,急性亚硝酸盐暴露下的存活率GEEEEGGG;杂交群体GE在急性低盐度、亚硝酸盐暴露和生长性状的杂种优势率分别为31.83%、77.01%和2.77%;而EG群体的杂种优势率分别为-19.21%、-8.01%和-8.14%,性状弱于双亲中值。4个群体的抗逆、生长性状总体表现为EEGEEGGG。研究发现:凡纳滨对虾杂交群体的性状以母本遗传占主导优势,近交群体的性状衰退可能是导致以其为母本的杂交子代性状退化的主因;凡纳滨对虾选育工作可能需要每年补充外源基础群体,才能保持选育群体的优势性状。     

凡纳滨对虾选育群体子代仔虾幼体耐低盐能力比较研究

为研究凡纳滨对虾选育性状,在实验水温25.0～29.3℃、实验时间48 h条件下,本研究对A、B、C、D四个凡纳滨对虾选育群体的自交和杂交不同交配组合子代的仔虾幼体(发育期P_(11)～P_(12),体长6.09～7.54 mm)进行了耐低盐能力的比较实验,以48 h的存活率和体长为指标综合评价不同种源子代仔虾幼体的耐低盐能力。结果显示,当盐度为3时,在17个实验组中,低存活率的6个组(存活率17.69%～57.37%)和高存活率的11个组(存活率68.72%～96.10%)存在显著差异(P0.05);耐低盐能力最强的2个实验组分别是A群种虾和D群种虾的正、反杂交子代,而耐低盐能力最弱的2个实验组分别是D群种虾和C群种虾的自交子代。实验结果表明凡纳滨对虾不同种源、不同交配组合繁育的子代仔虾,其耐低盐能力存在差异,研究结果可为对虾选育研究提供参考。     

凡纳滨对虾幼虾耐高温性状的遗传力评估

为探明高温对凡纳滨对虾幼虾遗传变异的影响,自2018年由国外引进的4个凡纳滨对虾种群(EGDB、PRMA、API、SIS)构建的育种群中随机选取40个全同胞家系,每个家系随机取100尾个体,分成2份放入指定的试验桶中,共计4000尾仔虾,采用水浴加热法,对试验桶进行升温并记录其相应的存活时间及温度,用单性状动物模型对其耐高温性状进行遗传参数的评估。结果显示：凡纳滨对虾仔虾各家系的耐热性为782.64～2074.33℃?h,表明凡纳滨对虾仔虾家系间的耐热性存在显著性差异;家系间耐热性值的变异系数为10%～68%;当水温由28℃升至40℃时,各家系的累计存活率为58%～99%;利用单性状动物模型结合系谱信息,获得凡纳滨对虾幼虾耐高温性状的遗传力估计值0.22±0.05,属于中等遗传力。试验结果表明,凡纳滨对虾幼虾耐高温性状具有较高的遗传变异水平,遗传改良的潜力较大。本试验结果可为凡纳滨对虾夏季高温养殖和耐高温品系的选育提供数据参考。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Involvement of gonadal steroids in final oocyte maturation of white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops): in vivo and in vitro studies

Plasma estradiol-17 (E₂), testosterone (T), 17,20-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) and 17,20,21-tri-hydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (20-S) levels were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) in white perch (Morone americana) and white bass (M. chrysops) that were induced to undergo final oocyte maturation (FOM) with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Plasma DHP levels increased in females of both species in association with oocyte germinal vesicle migration (GVM) and germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and decreased thereafter. Plasma 20-S levels also increased with oocyte GVM in white bass, but were several-fold lower than DHP levels. Circulating E₂ and T levels were greatest during GVM and GVBD in both species and decreased to low levels during oocyte hydration and ovulation. Follicles from white perch and white bass which received a priming injection of hCG in vivo, produced both DHP and 20-S in vitro after exposure to hCG and their oocytes underwent GVBD. Ovarian incubates from unprimed fish of either species produced only E₂ and T and their oocytes did not complete GVBD. Oocytes from unprimed bass, but not perch, matured when follicles were exposed to hCG in vitro. Both trilostane and cycloheximide blocked in vitro production of DHP and 20-S and oocyte GVBD by white perch follices. DHP and 20-S were equipotent inducers of FOM in the GVBD bioassay. None of several other structurally-related steroids tested were effective within a physiological range of concentrations. These results indicate a role for DHP and 20-S in the control of FOM in white perch and white bass.     

Cardiac,ventilatory and metabolic responses of two ecologically dissimilar species of fish to waterborne cyanide

Changes in heart rate, ventilatory activity and oxygen consumption were determined in trout (Salmo gairdneri) and brown bullhead catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus) during exposure to a steadily increasing concentration of waterborne cyanide selected to produce death in 8–9 hours for each species. The lethal cyanide concentration for the bullheads was an order of magnitude higher than for trout. Trout developed an immediate and gradually increasing bradycardia throughout the exposure period. Cyanide produced tachycardia in the bullhead followed by a gradual onset of bradycardia as the concentration of cyanide was raised. Pericardial injection of atropine (a muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) indicated that bradycardia in the trout was due initially to increased vagal tone but later due to the direct effect of cyanide on the heart. Hyperventilation in the trout persisted throughout the exposure period, although the rate and amplitude fluctuated and was variable between individual fish. During the last hour of exposure (highest cyanide concentration), ventilation was characterized by rapid, shallow breaths followed by a sudden respiratory arrest. The bullheads exhibited hyperventilation during the first 3 hours of exposure followed by a gradual, linear drop in ventilation rate and amplitude until death occurred. Cardiac and ventilatory responses in both species were attributed to stimulation of central and peripheral chemoreceptors by cyanide. Evidence is presented which suggests the initial response in the bullheads was due, at least in part, to gustatory stimulation by the cyanide. Oxygen consumption of the trout remained above pre-exposure levels for the majority of the test period. Oxygen consumption in the bullhead paralleled the changes in heart and ventilatory rates. Whole-body lactate levels of fingerlings of both species during cyanide exposure were measured to estimate the extent of anaerobiosis. Whole-body lactate levels were much greater in the bullheads than the trout, indicating a higher capacity for anaerobiosis, possibly due to a greater fuel supply. Overall, the trout responded to cyanide in a manner similar to that produced by environmental hypoxia whereas the bullheads experienced a gustatory stimulus which masked the hypoxia-like response.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.