太湖翘嘴红鲌胚胎发育及胚后发育观察

对从太湖收集的野生翘嘴红鲌(Erythroculter ilishaeformis Bleeker)经人工繁殖获得子一代,并在池塘养殖条件下对其进行人工培育获得成熟亲鱼.于2005年6月,经人工催产、人工授精获得受精卵,对其胚胎及胚后发育全过程进行了系统观察.结果表明,池塘养殖条件下人工培育能获得成熟亲鱼,经人工催产所获得的翘嘴红鲌受精卵为圆球型,呈墨绿色、青灰色、黄色等3种颜色;平均卵径为0.9 mm(O.72～1.18 mm),吸水后平均卵径为1.2mm.翘嘴红鲌胚胎发育过程可分为19期,在水温23～25℃范围内,受精30 min后开始第1次卵裂,受精后9 h 20min开始形成器官,受精后约26 h仔鱼开始出膜,刚出膜的仔鱼全长为4.10-4.67 mm,胚胎发育总积温为619.82℃·h.翘嘴红鲌胚后发育过程可分为仔鱼和稚鱼2个阶段共15个发育期,在26～31℃水温下历时670 h,其中仔鱼阶段从鱼苗孵出到腹鳍形成期,稚鱼阶段从鳞片出现到鳞片形成期.对各发育时期外部形态特征进行了详细的描述.     

乌苏里江唇(鱼骨)的全人工繁育

从乌苏里江捕获野生唇(鱼骨)(Hemibarbus labo)亲鱼150余尾,经人工繁殖获得鱼苗,饲养于池塘中,研究其在人工养殖条件下的生长、繁殖和性腺发育等生物学特性.结果表明,野生亲鱼及其F1在池塘中饲养下,性腺可自然发育至成熟,繁殖季节(5-6月)雌、雄亲鱼会出现明显的副性征,注射催产激素HCG、LRH-A2和DOM的混合制剂,可促使成熟的雌性亲鱼产卵,水温22～26℃时,药物的效应时间在17～22 h,人工繁殖的催产率、受精率、孵化率和畸形率分别为87.55%、68.95%、92.5%和5.75%.唇(鱼骨)的卵为圆形、灰白色或淡绿色,遇水后产生较强的黏性,吸水膨胀卵径为(2.32±0.12)mm(n=50),体质量400～900 g的雌性亲鱼绝对怀卵量为(3.19±0.85)×104粒(n=15).水温22～24℃时,从卵授精到仔鱼孵出需要积温69.43℃·d,到仔鱼平游摄食需要积温139.25℃·d,刚出膜的仔鱼全长(6.1±0.3)mm,平游时全长达到(8.9±0.4)mm.在哈尔滨地区人工池塘养殖唇(鱼骨),1+龄鱼体质量为(17.20±2.46)g,2+龄鱼为(89.84±9.30)g,3+龄鱼为(234.94±25.94)g,4+龄鱼为(371.57±64.65)g;雄性3+、雌性4+有部分个体性腺成熟,5+龄时多数个体可发育至性成熟.唇(鱼骨)的全人工繁育成功,可初步解决苗种来源和池塘养殖问题,并为野生资源的增殖和人工规模化养殖奠定基础.     

秦岭细鳞鲑早期发育观察

研究所用性成熟秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)亲鱼为野生捕获。对其进行人工繁殖,并观察其胚胎和仔鱼发育。结果表明:在水温9.31～12.80℃,受精卵历经408 h出膜,所需积温为193.35℃.d,初孵仔鱼体长为(9.64±1.03)mm。整个胚胎发育过程可划分为6个阶段(受精卵、卵裂阶段、囊胚阶段、原肠胚阶段、神经胚阶段、器官形成阶段)、26个时期。刚出膜的仔鱼体色透明,肌节明显,无游泳能力,出膜第5天体表出现大量黑色素,12 d后卵黄囊开始消失,46 d的仔鱼各鳍条与幼鱼相似,出现幼鲑斑。通过探讨水温、溶氧和水质等对秦岭细鳞鲑早期发育的影响,建议秦岭细鳞鲑人工繁殖的水温不宜超过14℃,最适宜水温应控制在6～10℃;孵化水体DO应在6.00～8.55 mg/L,如果低于这个水平将会导致发育迟缓、坏死或是出膜幼苗畸形。本研究旨在为秦岭细鳞鲑的人工繁殖和鱼种培育提供科学指导。     

大鳞鲃的人工繁殖、胚胎发育和耐盐碱测定

2008-2010年进行大鳞鲃的人工繁殖和胚胎发育观察,并测定了胚胎、仔鱼的耐盐碱能力。结果表明,大鳞鲃是产漂流性卵的鱼类,繁殖性周期为1年产卵1次类型。水温19～23℃时,催产药物的效应时间在21～26 h,1.4～2.3 kg的雌性亲鱼产卵量在8×105～1.4×106粒,人工繁殖的催产率、受精率和孵化率平均为63.9%、81.5%、86.6%。大鳞鲃的卵为灰白色,直径约1.5 mm,遇水后卵膜会迅速吸水膨胀,1 h后达到最大为4.5 mm。水温20～23℃时,从卵授精到仔鱼孵出需要的积温为49.82℃.d,到仔鱼平游摄食需要积温125.14℃.d,刚出膜的仔鱼全长(6.07±0.18)mm,当达到(8.30±0.47)mm开始平游摄食。在耐盐碱实验中,测得大鳞鲃的胚胎72 h在盐度3.2以下、碱度14.32 mmol/L以下的水体中对成活率无影响;仔鱼96 h在盐度5.1以下、碱度14.32 mmol/L以下的水体对成活率无影响。     

安氏高原鳅胚胎和仔鱼发育的观察

通过人工授精获得受精卵,利用显微镜进行连续观察,并用数码相机拍照记录,对安氏高原鳅胚胎及仔鱼的发育特征进行了详细描述,并确定了到达各发育期所需的时间.成熟卵直径为0.87～1.05 mm,受精卵卵膜径为1.24～1.41 mm,微粘性.水温16.3～18.1 ℃,受精卵历时119 h 44 min孵出,所需积温为2083.4 ℃·h.受精卵发育的理论起始温度为4 ℃,发育所需的理论有效积温为1610.4 ℃·h.胚胎发育过程可划分为6个阶段,35个发育期.初孵仔鱼平均全长约为4.58 mm,仔鱼期历时28 d.     

人工条件下日本鳗鲡胚胎及早期仔鱼发育的生物学特征

在多年对日本鳗鲡人工育苗技术研究的基础上,通过采用对胚胎和早期仔鱼的活体观察、计算机图文分析以及组织切片等方法,系统研究了鳗鲡胚胎及孵化后19d前仔鱼的生物学特性。研究结果表明,在水温(23±0.5)℃条件下,日本鳗鲡从受精卵到仔鱼出膜需约38h30min,总积温为885.50℃·h。其特征与一般硬骨鱼类胚胎发育基本相同,鳗鲡胚胎发育可分为14期,为典型的盘状卵裂,原肠作用通过细胞的下包和内卷完成。但日本鳗鲡早期仔鱼与一般硬骨鱼类的仔鱼存在较大差异,表现为无色透明的血细胞和S形心管;开放型的口腔,发达且不能闭合的上下颌和3对颌齿;孵化后3～9d在身体两侧出现由神经细胞和支持细胞构成发达的感觉丘,其数目为6～9对不等;以及形态不断变化的尾垂体等生物学特性。分析认为这些生物学特性决定了日本鳗鲡仔鱼的孵化环境可能相对较稳定,以及仔鱼摄食方式可能为触碰后咬食的方式。     

池养镜泊湖蒙古鲌的人工繁殖及胚胎发育和胚后发育观察

研究了池塘养殖条件下镜泊湖蒙古鲌的人工繁殖及胚胎和胚后发育。试验结果显示,池养蒙古鲌人工催产的适宜时间为6月上旬,水温为23~26℃。混合激素400IU/kg绒毛膜促性腺激素+4g/kg绒毛膜促性腺激素A2+2mg/kg地欧酮,催产率达80%以上。镜泊湖蒙古鲌成熟卵呈圆球形,淡黄色,半透明,属沉黏性卵;平均卵径为(1.10±0.03)mm,吸水膨胀后的卵径为(1.42±0.05)mm。水温23~25℃时,受精卵至破膜需38h,积温926.3℃·h。镜泊湖蒙古鲌的胚胎发育时序和特征符合鲌属鱼类胚胎发育的一般规律,可分为胚盘、卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚和器官形成6个发育阶段,进一步细分应为21个发育时期,初孵仔鱼全长(4.32±0.31)mm,当达到(5.70±0.47)mm时开始平游摄食。     

细鳞裂腹鱼胚胎和卵黄囊仔鱼的发育

对人工繁殖的细鳞裂腹鱼(Schizothorax chongi)胚胎和卵黄囊仔鱼的发育过程进行了连续观察。在水温(17±1)℃下,胚胎发育历时124h后孵出仔鱼,孵出9d后仔鱼鳔充气并开始平游;从受精卵到孵化出膜所需要的平均积温为2108.00h℃。根据对细鳞裂腹鱼胚胎发育外部形态及典型特征的观察与分析,将其胚胎发育分为受精卵期、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期和器官形成期6个阶段,共25个发育时期,描述了各发育时期的特征。分析发现,在裂腹鱼亚科中,细鳞裂腹胚胎和仔鱼发育速度较快,特别是在肌肉效应期以后更加明显;心跳频率并不是简单的由慢到快的线性增长,而是一个快慢相间的曲线变化的过程;胚胎发育的各个时期对环境的敏感性不同,原肠期对外界环境变化最为敏感。     

江鳕胚胎发育的研究

观察了人工繁殖江鳕(Lota lota)的胚胎发育的全过程.根据对江鳕胚胎发育的观察与分析,将其胚胎发育分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠期、神经胚期、器官形成期6个阶段,共20个发育时期,同时描述了各个发育时期的特征.在0～3℃下,胚胎历时998 h后孵出仔鱼,从受精卵至孵化出膜需要积温887～1023 h·℃.     

雅砻江鲈鲤的人工繁殖、胚胎及卵黄囊仔鱼发育

采用不同配伍的外源激素对培育成熟的野生鲈鲤进行人工催产,并对其胚胎和1-10日龄卵黄囊仔鱼的发育进程进行详细的观察和描述。注射促黄体素释放激素类似物A2、地欧酮和绒毛膜促性腺激素的鲈鲤亲鱼组的催产效果明显好于注射鲤鱼脑垂体和促黄体素释放激素类似物A2的亲鱼组,效应时间为58h,平均受精率和平均孵化率分别为87.33%和90.75%。在水温(16±2)℃条件下,鲈鲤胚胎发育历时117.83h,所需积温为1855.33℃·h,出膜10d后仔鱼开始平游。鲈鲤胚胎发育分为受精卵、卵裂期、囊胚期、原肠胚期、神经胚期、器官形成期和出膜期7个阶段,共26个时期。分析发现,在人工催产配伍激素中添加适量的绒毛膜促性腺激素,有助于鲈鲤亲本顺利排卵;鲈鲤卵黄囊仔鱼在孵化出膜后的前5d处于内营养阶段,第6d起转入混合营养阶段,为仔鱼培育的第一危险时期。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.     

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响_

温度与盐度对老年低额蚤和蚤状蚤生长及生殖的影响王丹丽，李明云，杨天勇，胡章（宁波大学，３１５０１０）关键词老年低额　，蚤状　，温度，盐度，生长，生殖ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＴＥＭＰＥＲＡＴＵＲＥＡＮＤＳＡＬＩＮＩＴＹＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＡＮＤＲＥＰＲＯＤＵＣＴ...