蒙古栎天然群体等位酶遗传多样性研究

以中国蒙古栎全分布区的8个天然群体和辽东栎1个天然群体为研究对象,进行了水平淀粉凝胶电泳技术的同工酶分析,共分析了13种酶系统产生22个位点。结果表明：(1)蒙古栎在种和群体水平的遗传变异水平较低,多态位点百分率P分别为52．38％、28．976％,期望杂合度He分别为0．099、0．085,观测杂合度H0分别为0．092、0．088;(2)蒙古栎群体间遗传分化程度较高,分化度Gst为0．107,遗传多样性中的遗传变异量89．27％存在于群体内;蒙古栎群体水平的基因流Nm比值为2．080。(3)蒙古栎群体间的平均遗传距离D较低,为0．0121,各群体之间的遗传一致度I为0．097-1．00;(4)东灵山辽东栎群体的遗传多样性较低,多态位点百分率P为36.36%,期望杂合度He为0．083,观测杂合度H0为0．070;(5)利用群体间遗传距离进行的UPGMA聚类结果表明,蒙古栎自然分布区的东北部的4个群体和西南部的2个群体分别聚为一亚类,这与其地理分布格局大致吻合,但群体间遗传距离与地理距离无明显的相关性。(6)长期的砍伐和破坏,造成有效群体较小,而且经受繁殖瓶颈效应,是蒙古栎遗传多样性下降的主要原因。     

乐昌含笑种群遗传多样性的研究

基于随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法分析了珍稀木兰科植物乐昌含笑6个种群的遗传多样性及分化程度。19条随机引物扩增出111个可分析位点,多态位点百分比为81．98％,经POPGENE分析发现,乐昌含笑的Nei’s基因多样度(Hc)为0．3255,Shannon表型指数(I)为0．4751,与其它植物比较具有较高水平的遗传多样性。6个乐昌含笑群体间基因分化系数(Gst)值为0．2226。群体内的遗传变异大于群体问的遗传变异。按照遗传距离将乐昌含笑6个群体划分为两类：第1类有广西三江、湖南宜章、湖南双牌和湖南资兴的群体,第2类包括江西官山和湖南醴陵的群体;研究表明：第2类种群的遗传多样性指数高于第1类种群的遗传多样性指数。     

美国山核桃群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析

运用随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）标记技术，采用Operon公司的10种随机引物，以采自美国东南部、北部、西部和我国江苏、浙江、湖北、湖南、云南等地的9个美国山核桃栽培群体45个单株的种子为材料，检测出多态位点42个。以这些多态位点为依据，计算了估测了多态性位点百分比、Shannon表型多样度指数、Virk群体内遗传距离和Nei氏群体间遗传距离，并用它们作为参数进行群体遗传多样性的RAPD分析。结果表明，参试的美国山核桃品种群体遗传变异明显，且群体间差异大于群体内差异，我国引种的群体遗传差异大于原产地美国的群体遗传差异。     

撑篙竹遗传变异的RAPD分析

采用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)方法对6个群体30丛撑篙竹个体进行了遗传变异的研究。28个随机引物共检测到173个位点,其中85个是多态位点,平均每个引物提供6．18个RAPD信息量,扩增出的DNA片段大小一般在200～2000bp范围之间;用POPGENE1．31版软件进行遗传多样性分析：平均Nei’s基因多样性为0．2114,Shannon’s信息指数为0．3277,基因分化系数0．1853,表明群体间有一定的分化;各群体平均遗传距离0．0350,表明群体亲缘关系较近;试用UPGMA方法对不同产地的撑篙竹群体作聚类分析,初步可将6个群体聚为3类。     

不同种源印楝遗传多样性的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术对印楝进行遗传多样性分析,用9条引物进行扩增,共检测出81条清晰的位点,其中79条具有多态性,多态位点百分率为97．53％,Nei＇s基因多样性指数为0．3803,Shannon信息指数为0．5537,表明印楝遗传多样性很丰富。种源间遗传分化系数为0．4702,Shannon’s居群分化系数为0．4677,表明印楝种源内的遗传分化大于种源间的分化。聚类分析将13个种源分为2大类,来自缅甸的11个种源聚成一类,来自澳大利亚和印度的种源聚成另外一类。结果表明,ISSR分子标记技术适合于印楝的遗传多样性分析。     

湘鄂西地区珙桐天然群体遗传结构的研究

以珙桐叶为材料,对湘西和鄂西两天然珙桐群体的60个样品进行RAPD分析.结果表明,9个随机多态引物,获得24个多态标记位点,平均每个引物产生2.67个多态位点;湘西和鄂西两群体之间的遗传多样性差异不明显,Shannon指数分别为0.427 4和0.448 1;种内平均遗传多样性为0.326 9,群体内平均遗传多样性为0.297 6,群体间的遗传多样性为0.029 3,基因分化系数为0.089 6,基因流为5.079 2.两个天然珙桐群体的遗传相似性非常高,达到0.923 3,遗传距离为0.079 8;湘西群体的多态百分位率略高于鄂西.这表明,湘西和鄂西两群体间存在着非常频繁的基因流.     

白皮松天然群体遗传多样性的EST-SSR分析

为探讨白皮松群体间遗传变异规律,使用7对EST-SSR引物对分布区内21个白皮松天然群体的遗传多样性及遗传分化水平进行了研究。结果表明:7对引物在21个白皮松天然群体的663个单株中共检测到14个多态性位点。各群体间有效等位基因数(Ne)、Shannon’s信息指数(I)、观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(He)、Nei’s期望杂合度(Nei’s)分别为1.156 5 1.601 9、0.133 5 0.492 5、0.138 4 0.397 3、0.0860 0.342 8、0.084 6 0.337 4。白皮松群体间遗传分化系数(Fst)平均为0.215 2,基因流(Nm)值平均为0.911 9,群体间基因交流总体较少,遗传分化较大。白皮松多样性水平在分布区内呈规律性变化,多样性分布的中心区域主要在西部、南部,具有从西向东,从南向北依次减少的趋势。     

不同盐度梯度下一年蓬的遗传多样性和遗传分化

利用RAPD技术对3个不同盐度梯度下入侵杂草一年蓬的遗传多样性和遗传分化进行了研究。结果表明,12个随机引物在90株个体中共检测到187个可重复位点,其中多态位点158个,总多态位点百分率为84.49%,3个种群平均多态位点百分率为70.77%。采用Shannon信息指数计算的3个种群总的遗传多样性为0.4522,平均为0.4027;采用Nei指数计算的3个种群总的基因多样性为0.3042,平均为0.2746。3个种群的多态位点百分率、Shannon信息指数、Nei指数大小顺序均为P2>P1>P3。AMOVA分子变异显示,88.54%变异来源于种群内,11.46%变异来源于种群间。一年蓬高的遗传多样性与低的遗传分化与其生物学特性有关,是其广泛入侵的重要原因。     

花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性的ISSR分析

[目的]研究花吊丝竹居群遗传多样性和遗传结构,为种质资源有效利用和良种选育提供理论指导。[方法]利用12条ISSR引物对48份种质(共3个居群)花吊丝竹居群进行遗传多样性和遗传距离分析。[结果]共检测到124个位点,其中,多态性位点为102个,种质和居群水平上的多态位点百分比(PPB)分别为82. 26%和50. 27%,Ne’基因多样性指数(He)分别为0. 220 4和0. 206 6,Shannon’s信息指数(I)分别为0. 349 4和0. 300 5,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在中等水平的遗传变异。根据Nei’s遗传多样性计算出不同居群间分化水平(Gst)=0. 163 3,表明16. 33%的遗传变异存在于居群间,居群内的遗传变异为83. 67%。居群间的基因流Nm为2. 562 1,表明花吊丝竹居群间存在较大基因流,很大程度减少居群间遗传差异。基于遗传距离的UPGMA聚类结果表明,48份种质可分为3组,3个居群可分为2组,居群间地理距离与亲缘关系无显著相关性。[结论]虽然花吊丝竹主要靠营养生殖来繁衍后代,其居群遗传多样性较丰富,且居群内遗传多样性大于居群间。此外,福建居群遗传多样性明显高于广西和广东地区居群。     

运用AFLP技术分析筇竹种群遗传多样性

利用AFLP分子标记技术对筇竹2个种群的遗传多样性进行了分析,筛选出10对多态性和清晰度较高的引物组合,共获得680个AFLP位点,其中多态性位点662个,平均多态性检出率为97.20%,并用PopGen32软件对AFLP多态性数据进行分析,结果表明,供试2个筇竹种群均具有丰富的遗传多样性,多态位点百分率分别为89.86％和91.95％,等位基因数分别为1.898 6和1.919 5,有效等位基因数分别为1.585 0和1.568 3,种群内遗传多样性为0.332 1,种群水平平均Nei’s 遗传多样性为0.394 9,Shannon信息指数为0.575 4,基因流为2.900 9,遗传一致度为0.821 9,遗传距离平均值为0.196 1。并根据遗传距离进行了UPGMA聚类分析。     

栎属植物数量分类初探

本文根据栋属植物形态特征,木材解剖特征和脂肪酸特征,对栋属植物进行聚类分析,其结果表明:栎属(Quercus L.)植物和青冈属(Cyclobalanopsis)是一个自然种群,应归为1属,建议栎属分为3个亚属,即青冈亚属(Subg.Cyclobalonopsis)高山栎亚属(Subg.suber)和落叶栎亚属(Subg.Quercus).这3个类群无论是在主要特征,还是在次要特征上,都表现出明显的区别,而高山栎亚属和青冈亚属的亲缘关系较近,落叶栎的分化程度较高,进化程度较高。     

Germinaiton and Growth Response of Oaks to Soils Under Quercus ilexL．Coppices

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木本淀粉能源植物栓皮栎与麻栎的资源调查以及分布规律

为了更好地开发和利用我国的栎类资源,对我国栓皮栎与麻栎进行了全面系统的调查,确定了具体分布范围,并根据分布区内林分的集中程度和类型进行了分布区划,其结论如下:1)栓皮栎与麻栎在我国各省、自治区、直辖市以及两个特别行政区均有资源分布,栓皮栎分布区跨冷温带、暖温带、北亚热带和热带4个气候带,麻栎分布区跨暖温带、北亚热带和热带3个气候带;2)栓皮栎与麻栎在我国的水平分布总体上呈东北、西南走向为直线,东部、南部为沿海岸线的"D"字形分布;3)栓皮栎和麻栎分布区海拔的上、下限与地理纬度相关性较低(R2值分别为0.162 5,0.019 1和0.259 4,0.060 6),而与地理经度间的相关性较高(R2值分别为0.708 5,0.494 1和0.763 5,0.705 0),均随着地理经度的增加其分布区海拔的上、下限均呈现出逐渐下降的趋势;4)栓皮栎集中分布区与麻栎次集中分布区为秦巴山地与陇南山地东部、伏牛山山地、桐柏山与大别山山地北部,以上地区是开发利用这两种栎类资源的理想地区。     

Germination and seedling growth of Quercus (section Erythrobalanus) across openings in a mixed-deciduous forest of southern New England, USA

In this study three species of the genus Quercus section Erythrobalanus (Quercus coccinea, Quercus rubra, Quercus velutina) were investigated. All occur together as canopy trees in forests of southern New England. Acorns of each Quercus species were planted in plots located in five zones that represent a range of forest gap/canopy conditions that can occur within a southern New England forest. These five zones were demarcated adjacent to and across large openings of two physiographic sites—valley and ridgetop. Experiments were designed to monitor germination and initial growth of seedlings for the first three growing seasons. During the start of the first growing season germination was monitored. At the end of the first growing season measurements of height and number of flushes were taken and destructive samples of seedlings made for dry mass of root, stem and leaves. At the end of the third growing season height was recorded for surviving seedlings. Comparisons were made of germination and growth of seedlings located in the different gap/canopy conditions.

Results demonstrated clear differences in patterns of germination and early growth among species and among gap/canopy conditions of the sites. All species showed an increased lag in germination with reduced amounts of light. Highest growth and flushing rate were in the center conditions of the openings for all species during the first growing season. Quercus rubra had the greatest height growth the first growing season but a lower number of flushes than Q. velutina and Q. coccinea. In comparison with the other species, Q. rubra had the greatest total dry mass in most gap/canopy conditions after the first growing season. However, Q. velutina had the greatest total dry mass in the center of the ridgetop opening. In almost all gap/canopy conditions Q. velutina had greater proportions of dry mass allocated to roots compared with the other species.

After 3 years, greatest height growth in any of the gap/canopy conditions was recorded for all three species in the center of the valley site. Under this condition Q. rubra had significantly greater growth than Q. velutina and Q. coccinea. Quercus rubra also had significantly greater height growth and survival beneath the canopy conditions of the valley site than the other species. On the ridgetop site regeneration failed to establish beneath canopy conditions that provided low amounts of light. Quercus velutina showed greatest height growth after three years in the center and edge conditions of the ridgetop opening compared with the other species. Environmental influences that determine species germination and growth performance are suggested.     

河北的麻栎林

山海关林场保存了解放前和中华人民共和国成立以来营造的麻栎人工林,年龄为50年、20～30年不等。多长在海拔100～500m的阳坡上。50年生人工林,生长好者,平均高可达18m、平均胸径22cm。 还有些麻栎与栓皮栎、麻栎与油松、麻栎与槲树等的混交林。重点研究了林分的结构。麻栎对土壤水分的反应极为敏感,生长在山坡下部和沟谷上的麻栎,明显优于生长在山坡上部者。麻栎不如栓皮栎更耐干旱瘠薄的土壤。     

中国硬叶常绿高山栎类植物的起源与演化

硬叶常绿高山栎类植物是指壳斗科栎亚属中的高山栎组(Quercus subgenus Quercus sect. B rachylepides)的8种植物和1个存疑种植物,以及巴东栎组(Quercus subgenus Quercus sect. Engleriana)的7种植物。本文依据已有的文献,综述了中国硬叶常绿高山栎类植物系统演化、化石历史和现代分布等,讨论了中国硬叶常绿高山栎类植物的起源、演化和扩展途径,为进一步系统研究和解释这类植物对高山环境的适应机制提供基础资料。     

The dehesa system of southern Spain and Portugal as a natural ecosystem mimic

The dehesas of the southwestern Iberian Peninsula are 'man-made' ecosystems characterised by a savannah-like physiognomy. The trees are viewed as an integrated part of the system, and as a result are planted, managed, and regularly pruned. Palynological and historical evidence of the manipulation of initial ecosystems by man to obtain a savannah-like ecosystem is presented. The ecological functions of the tree are detailed using results obtained at two complementary scales. At the local scale, strong soil structural differences and functional differences in water budget and patterns of water use are observed under and outside the tree canopy. Using the concept of ecosystem mimicry, the two coexistent components of dehesas can be compared to two distant stages of a secondary succession characterised by very different behaviours. At the regional scale, evidence of relationships between tree density and mean annual precipitation over more than 5000 km² suggests that the structure of these man-made agroecosystems have adjusted over the long-term and correspond to an optimal functional equilibrium based on the hydrological equilibrium hypothesis. Finally, the future of dehesas in the face of contemporary exogenous threats of economic and global environmental origin is discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Intrapopulation and Interpopulation Genetic Variation of Quercus in Denmark

Native Danish oak stands are fragmented and decreasing because of the extensive use of foreign seed sources. Therefore, the population structure of natural Danish oak stands was analysed by means of six polymorphic enzyme loci. A total of 17 stands of Quercus robur L. (including an ''outgroup'' sample from The Netherlands), seven Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl. and two putative hybrid stands were included in the study. The average genetic diversity was similar for the two species as well as for the putative hybrid stands: 0.25 for Q. robur, 0.27 for Q. petraea and 0.26 for the hybrid stands. The genotypic proportions at two (Pgm and Mnr) of the six loci showed many significant deviations from Hardy-Weinberg expectations, always with an excess of homozygotes, whereas the remaining four loci accorded to Hardy-Weinberg proportions, suggesting a low level of inbreeding. The differentiation of the Q. petraea and Q. robur populations was quantified with Wright's F-statistics. The within-species component was low, 0.022, reflecting the wind-pollinated reproductive mode of the two species. The betweenspecies component was 10-fold higher, 0.235, indicating two separate groups. A phylogenetic tree estimated from allele frequencies also supported the presence of these two groups. Despite the two well-separated groups in the tree, it was not possible to assign all individuals to the species to which they supposedly belonged. In total, 10% of the Q. robur individuals and 14% of the Q. petraea individuals were assigned to the other species, suggesting a limited amount of introgression between the two species.     

不同柳叶栎种源生长性状的测定与分析

对从美国引进的6 a生柳叶栎9个种源的生长性状进行测定分析,结果表明不同种源的树高、胸径、分枝数、分枝角和枝下高均存在显著差异,而冠幅并未达到显著差异水平.生长最好的19号种源的平均树高、胸径和冠幅分剐为2.4 m、6 cm、1.64 m,是最差的22号种源的1.14倍、1.3倍和1.12倍.依据多性状选择指数,初步筛选出19号、18号和23号等3个生长表现优良的种源.