HPLC-PDA法测定恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹和水杨酸

建立了高效液相色谱法测定恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹、水杨酸含量的方法。试验采用十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶色谱柱,以0.025 moL/L磷酸溶液-乙腈(85∶15,V/V)为流动相,流速为1.0 m L/min,二极管阵列检测器进行全扫描和232 nm波长测定。结果表明乙酰甲喹在0.5～20μg/m L范围内线性良好,R~2=1.000,平均回收率为99.62%;水杨酸在1.0～50μg/m L范围内线性良好,R~2=1.000,平均回收率为99.51%;RSD在0.07%～3.44%之间。本方法准确、可靠、重现性好,可用于恩诺沙星注射液中非法添加乙酰甲喹、水杨酸的定性和定量检测。     

HPLC法测定乙酰甲喹和喹乙醇的方法研究

建立高效液相色谱法测定恩诺沙星制剂中非法添加的乙酰甲喹与喹乙醇的检测方法.色谱柱为Atlantis(R) T3 5μm 4.6 mm×250 mm,流动相为0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液(pH4.0)-乙腈(72∶28),流速1.0 mL/min,检测波长365 nm,进样量10μL.结果表明:乙酰甲喹的线性范围为10～90 μg/mL,线性方程为Y=29 426X-11 824(r=0.999 93);喹乙醇的线性范围为10～90 μg/mL,线性方程为Y＝26 290X-7 254.3(r=0.999 94).该方法中乙酰甲喹回收率为99.00％～100.07％,相对标准偏差＜0.8％;喹乙醇回收率为99.17％ ～100.27％,相对标准偏差＜0.6％.结果表明,方法准确可靠,适用于恩诺沙星制剂中非法添加的乙酰甲喹与喹乙醇的检测.     

HPLC-DAD法检测三种兽用中药注射液中非法添加喹乙醇和乙酰甲喹方法研究

建立HPLC-DAD法测定3种兽用中药注射液中非法添加喹乙醇和乙酰甲喹的方法。以十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂、乙腈-水(13∶87)为流动相,用二极管阵列检测器进行全波长(200-400 nm)扫描,检测波长为258 nm,并采用峰纯度检查和光谱相似度检查辅助对照品比对方法对非法添加药物进行确证。结果表明,该色谱条件下喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹与其他物质峰分离良好;喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹在0.5-200μg/mL浓度范围内线性良好,回收率为93.2%~109.9%,RSD≤2.8%,喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹的检测限分别为60μg/mL和100μg/mL。本方法简便快捷、准确度和灵敏度高,能满足非法添加物检测的有关法规和要求。     

HPLC-PDA法测定兽药中非法添加的喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹检查方法

建立兽药中非法添加喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹的通用检查方法。以十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾溶液-乙腈为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为1.0 mL/min,波长扫描范围为200~400 nm,柱温30℃,采用峰纯度检查和光谱相似度检查辅助对照品比对方法,对非法添加药物进行确证。结果显示,喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹与其他物质峰分离良好;喹乙醇和乙酰甲喹在12种兽药中的平均回收率分别为96.6%~101.4%和98.0%~101.3%,RSD均小于1.4%;喹乙醇和乙酰甲喹的检测限均为1.0 g/kg(L)。该检查方法简便、准确、可靠,可用于检查兽药中非法添加的喹乙醇和乙酰甲喹。     

五种兽药中非法添加喹乙醇和乙酰甲喹的HPLC-PDA检测方法的建立

建立了高效液相色谱法测定五种制剂中非法添加喹乙醇与乙酰甲喹的方法。以十八烷基键合硅胶为填充剂,乙腈-0.01mol/L磷酸二氢钾(pH 6.0)为流动相,二极管阵列检测器进行全波长(200～400nm)扫描,检测波长为260nm,并采用峰纯度检查和光谱相似度检查辅助对照品比对方法,对非法添加药物进行确证。结果表明,该色谱条件下喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹与其他物质峰分离良好。喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹在0.5～200μg/mL浓度范围内线性良好,回收率在91.1%～105.7%之间,RSD≤3.1%,喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹的检测限分别为1.0mg/g、2.5 mg/g。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测扶正解毒散剂中非法添加物喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹

建立了扶正解毒散中非法添加喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹检测的UPLC-MS/MS方法。样品经60%乙腈提取稀释后,采用ACQUITYUPLCRBEHC18色谱柱为分离柱,质谱正离子扫描分析测定。结果显示,喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹在5~200ng/mL的范围内线性关系良好(R2=0.9984,R2=0.9995);样品检出限为25μg/mL,定量限为50μg/mL。在80、100、120μg/mL添加水平的回收率为90%~103%,批内批间变异系数均小于10%。本方法灵敏、快速、重现性好,适用于扶正解毒散中非法添加喹乙醇、乙酰甲喹的检测。     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测清肺止咳散中添加阿奇霉素含量

建立了清肺止咳散中非法添加阿奇霉素HPLC-MS/ MS检测方法。样品经乙腈提取稀释后, Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18色谱柱为分离柱,质谱正离子扫描分析测定。结果显示,在5～250 ng/mL范围内线性关系良好(R²=0.9993)；本方法检出限为25 mg/kg,定量限为50 mg/kg。在50、100、200、500 mg/kg添加水平的回收率为89.1%～98.6%,批内变异系数小于1.56%,批间变异系数小于4.14%。本方法灵敏、快速、重现性好,适用于清肺止咳散中非法添加阿奇霉素含量的检测定。     

超高效液相色谱法检测猪肉中乙酰甲喹及其主要代谢物

建立了猪肉中乙酰甲喹及其4种主要代谢物的超高效液相色谱检测方法。试样用二氯甲烷/正己烷混合溶液、超纯水、50mL/L三氯乙酸溶液提取3次,经有机溶剂提取完之后,在氮气下吹干,残渣以300mL/L甲醇水溶液溶解,之后和水相提取液合并,经Strata-X固相萃取小柱净化,用超高效液相色谱法检测猪肉中乙酰甲喹及其4种主要代谢物。选择甲醇-0.2 mL/L甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.5mL/min,在241nm波长处检测。该方法检测的乙酰甲喹及其4种代谢物均在0.05μg/g～10μg/g范围内线性良好,相关系数均大于0.999;乙酰甲喹、M1、M2、M5和M10在0.1、1、10μg/g三水平加标回收率分别为80.5%～91.3%、79.3%～88.3%、86.1%～98.3%、77.9%～88.4%和82.9%～94.2%;批间变异系数分别为9.3%～9.6%、5.4%～8.6%、7.3%～9.2%、5.3%～8.3%和6.4%～8.9%。乙酰甲喹及其4种代谢物在猪肉中的检测限均为0.01μg/g,定量限均为0.04μg/g。本研究所建立的方法灵敏、准确、高效,可用于猪肉中乙酰甲喹及其主要代谢产物残留分析。     

高效液相色谱法测定乙酰甲喹注射液含量

建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定乙酰甲喹注射液含量。色谱柱为ZORBA×SB-Aq柱(4.6×250 mm 5μm),流动相为0.01 mol/L磷酸二氢钾(p H 6.0)-乙腈(80∶20),流速1.0 m L/min,检测波长254 nm。结果显示,乙酰甲喹线性范围为2.5~250.0μg/m L(r=0.999 97),加样平均回收率为100.17%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%(n=9)。该方法简便,准确,可用于乙酰甲喹注射液的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定复方磺胺嘧啶钠注射液的含量

为建立兽药复方磺胺嘧啶钠注射液含量测定的高效液相色谱测定法。采用流动相为0.1%的磷酸溶液-乙腈(85:15,V∶V),色谱柱为C18柱,柱温为40℃,流速为1.0 mL/min,检测波长为240 nm。采用外标法进行定量。磺胺嘧啶钠的线性范围为12.5～200μg/mL,线性方程为Y=44.873X+11.999,r~2=1.000;甲氧苄啶的线性范围为2.5～40μg/mL,线性方程为Y=62.288X+4.0826,r~2=1.000,方法的线性关系良好,添加回收率均大于98%,RSD均小于2%。结果显示该方法简单、精确、可操作,可以用于测量复方磺胺嘧啶钠注射液中磺胺嘧啶钠与甲氧苄啶的含量。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.