中华鳖穿孔病的血液病理研究

中华鳖穿孔病是由细菌感染引起,其主要症状是体壁溃烂穿孔。本试验分别测定了患穿孔病中华鳖和健康中华鳖血清的谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、球蛋白、白蛋白、肌酣、尿素氮、葡萄糖、钠、氯、钙等10项指标。测试结果表明,病鳖血清谷草转氨酶、葡萄糖、钙的含量都非常显著高于健康鳘,而尿素氮、钠、氯都显著低于健康鳖。这些血清特性变化表明,病鳖的肝、肾、心等发生了严重的病变．揭示了中华鳖穿孔病血清病理变化规律。     

患肌肉溃烂病中华倒刺鲃血清生化指标变化

采集嘉陵江网箱养殖中华倒刺鲃(Spinibarbus sinensis Bleeker)病鱼和健康鱼,测定二者血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、胆固醇(CHOL)、甘油三酯(TG)、血糖(GLU)、肌酐(CREA)、尿素(UREA)、总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、血清氯(Cl-)、血清钙(Ca2+)等指标并进行对比。结果显示,相对于健康鱼,病鱼ALT、AST、Cl-和Ca2+显著升高(P<0.05);AKP、TP、ALB显著降低(P<0.05);TG、GLU、CREA和UREA虽未体现显著差异(P>0.05),但两组间有较大差别。整体而言,肌肉溃烂病引起中华倒刺鲃肌肉、肝、肾等多种重要组织器官病变,相应血清指标出现明显变化。     

两种疾病发生对养殖半滑舌鳎肠道菌群结构的影响分析

为研究疾病发生情况下鱼类肠道菌群的结构变化,运用高通量测序方法分别对感染腹水病和皮肤溃疡病的工厂化养殖半滑舌鳎病鱼及同一养殖系统中健康鱼的肠道菌群结构进行了对比分析。结果发现,养殖半滑舌鳎肠道中的细菌种类要明显少于环境中的细菌种类,仅为养殖池进水和颗粒饲料中细菌种类总数的14.3%~44.7%。在疾病发生后,病鱼肠道中的细菌种类数量仅是同一养殖系统中健康鱼肠道细菌种类数量的45.8%和64.5%,病鱼肠道中细菌多样性下降非常明显。进一步分析肠道菌群结构的组成发现,虽然发病鱼和健康鱼肠道中超过60%的细菌种类不相同,但优势菌群的结构组成差异不明显,丰度最高的前10种细菌种类基本相同,其比例超过肠道相对总菌量的80%。不同疾病的发生对半滑舌鳎肠道菌群结构的影响也不同,腹水病会造成肠道中优势菌株的种类和相对丰度都发生比较明显的改变,而皮肤溃疡病发生前后肠道菌群结构组成几乎没有变化。研究表明,养殖半滑舌鳎的肠道菌群结构相对比较保守,而且并不是所有的疾病种类都会引起肠道菌群结构发生改变。     

两种免疫增强剂对黄颡鱼生长、消化及免疫性能的影响

将180尾黄颡鱼随机分成3组,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组,每组3重复,Ⅰ组为对照组,投喂基础日粮,Ⅱ、Ⅲ为试验组,分别在投喂基础日粮中添加0.01%的芽孢杆菌与0.01%低聚糖复合制剂(Ⅱ)和1%中草药免疫增强剂(Ⅲ),连续投喂60天,测定了黄颡鱼增重率,成活率及胃肠消化酶,肝胰,血清免疫酶活性。结果显示:与对照组相比,Ⅱ,Ⅲ组均显著提高了黄颡鱼的增重率,成活率(P<0.05)。Ⅱ组胃消化酶,肠蛋白酶和和Ⅲ组胃消化酶活性与对照相比提高显著(P<0.05),但Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组肠淀粉酶活性有所下降。与对照组相比,试验组肝胰ACP,肝胰AKP,肝胰SOD,血清ACP,血清AKP活性均不同程度提高。结果表明:在饲料中添加免疫增强剂,能够提高黄颡鱼的生产性能及消化免疫能力。     

大口鲶出血病组织病理研究

大口鲶出血病是一种广泛流行,危害严重的鱼病。其组织病理变化主要表现为全身性小血管损伤和各脏器的广泛病变,其中肝,脾,肾的病变尤为明显。肝细胞发生大量坏死,甚至解体,脾小体坏死,解体;肾小管上皮细胞肿胀,变性或坏死。此外,血液病理变化结果显示,病鱼血液中的红细胞,白细胞及血红蛋白含量均显著低于健康鱼。     

异育银鲫溶血性腹水病的组织显微病理研究

本文报导了1986年以来，在上海郊县及江苏等省市引起异育银鲫大量死亡的疾病、目前在国内外尚未见有报导，是一种新的暴发性鱼病。为此我们进行了病鱼组织显微病理变化的观察。现将该病暂定名为异育银鲫溶血性腹水病。病鱼体表充血、出血，病情严重时肛门红肿，眼球突出，腹部膨大，腹腔内有淡黄色或红色腹水，肠壁充血发炎；有的病鱼骨骼肌也充血，鳞片竖起。各组织器官都发生病变，其中尤以肝、脾、肾为严重；肝脏肿大，质地极度柔软，呈弥漫性坏死，肝细胞的胞浆内有被苏木素深染的丝状物；脾脏大片坏死解体成淡红色一片；肾小体坏死，以至解体，肾小管及造血细胞也多数发生病变，并有细胞管型．     

常见病害防治方法

病名：泰国笋壳鱼白鳃白肝综合症 病因：暂不清楚。 症状：病鱼于塘边浮游，活动无力，拒食且病鱼体表鳞片脱落、出血发炎，尤其是鱼的尾部两侧最为明显；鳃丝末端糜烂，鳃丝浮肿沾有污泥，肝脏白色或土黄色、易碎，有腹水。     

柱形病对黄颡鱼血液生化指标的影响

为探究柱形病对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)生理机能的影响,随机选取患病和健康黄颡鱼各10尾,采集其血液,静置后离心分离血清以测定血液生化指标如皮质醇、乳酸(LD)含量,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,葡萄糖、白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、尿素氮(BUN)、总胆固醇(TCHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDLC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDLC)含量,谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性。结果显示:患病黄颡鱼血清皮质醇浓度和LDH、AST活性均极显著高于健康鱼,LD含量和ALT活性显著高于健康鱼。与健康鱼相比,患病黄颡鱼血清葡萄糖含量极显著降低,而HDLC、LDLC、TCHO、ALB、TP、BUN浓度和ALP活性无显著差异。健康鱼肝细胞呈近圆形,形状较规则,细胞界线清晰,细胞核多位于细胞中央,呈圆形或椭圆形,肝细胞以中央静脉为中心形成放射状排列。患病鱼肝细胞出现局部坏死、空泡化,形成坏死灶,伴有大量中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞浸润。结果表明:柱状黄杆菌感染可引起黄颡鱼鱼体显著的应激反应,并引起鱼体肝脏损伤。     

鲤鱼棘头虫病的病理及预防

本文报导了病鱼的组织(肠、肝、胰、肾)病理变化,及血液(血清的钠、钾、氯化物、肌酐、尿素氮、谷草转氨酶总活力及谷草转氨酶同工酶。白细胞血式)病理变化,从而阐明了引起病鱼慢性死亡,而累计死亡率又高达60％的机理。查明了病原(崇明长棘吻虫)的中间寄主是模糊裸腹溞,找到了用生石灰或漂白粉清塘、在发病地区用鱼种池培育的鲤鱼鱼种的有效预防方法。     

牙鲆鱼养殖疾病防治方法

随着养殖牙鲆鱼集约化的快速发展,其养殖中的病害也在频频地发生,从而成为牙鲆鱼养殖的重要障碍。笔者将几年来我地区养殖牙鲆鱼中出现的几种疾病所采取的治疗方法介绍给养殖用户,并与各位同仁探讨。一、腹水症一、腹水症1郾症状:病鱼腹部膨胀,肛门红肿,有肠道从肛门脱出,鳍发红,吻端发红,眼球白浊突出,颈部、背鳍下部隆起,体色黑,摄食减少到不摄食,解剖观察有出血性腹水,肝脏、肾脏发生脓肿性出血或肿大贫血,也有的出现肝脏坏死等症状。显微镜下观察,在肾脏等脏器上及腹水中有活动短杆菌。2郾流行情况:从几厘米的稚鱼到成鱼均可发生此病,在…     

肠道气泡堆积对银鲳组织抗氧化能力与溶菌酶活力的影响#br#

为研究肠道气泡堆积对银鲳(Pampus argenteus)组织抗氧化能力及溶菌酶活力的影响,采集了15尾肠道气泡堆积的银鲳为病鱼组,15尾健康银鲳为对照组,分别采集各组样品的肝脏、肾脏、肌肉和鳃组织,并对这4种组织的超氧化物歧化酶活力、过氧化氢酶活力、丙二醛含量、总抗氧化能力以及两种组织(鳃和肾脏)溶菌酶活力进行测定和比较。结果显示,相比对照组,病鱼组肝脏、鳃和肾脏的总抗氧化能力都有下降,其中肝脏和肾脏显著下降(P<0.05);而肌肉中总抗氧化能力病鱼组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。对照组肝脏和肌肉的超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活力显著高于病鱼组(P<0.05);丙二醛含量对照组肝脏和肌肉中显著低于病鱼组(P<0.05),但鳃和肾脏显著高于病鱼组(P<0.05);溶菌酶活力病鱼组鳃显著高于对照组(P<0.05),但肾脏与对照组间无显著性差异。结果表明,肠道气泡堆积对银鲳组织抗氧化能力及其溶菌酶活力影响较大,导致肝脏与肌肉中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶活力显著降低,鳃溶菌酶活力显著升高。     

Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in healthy and Vibrio alginolyticus-infected large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea)

The present study was designed to explore pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin in healthy and Vibrio alginolyticus-infected large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) after a single 10 mg/kg oral dose. Concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in serum, liver, kidney, muscle and skin of fish were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed based on classical compartmental model analysis. The overall changes in enrofloxacin concentration–time curves in serum and tissues of diseased fish were similar to those of healthy fish. However, the peak concentration and peak time of enrofloxacin in serum and tissues were different in healthy and diseased fish. A delay of enrofloxacin peak time in serum and all tissues appeared in the diseased fish. The peak concentrations in serum and tissues of the diseased fish were lower than those of healthy fish. In healthy fish, the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) was in the order serum >liver > kidney >muscle > skin, while AUC was serum >live > muscle >kidney > skin in the diseased fish. The peak concentrations of ciprofloxacin in the liver, serum, kidney, muscle and skin of healthy fish were 0.93 μg/g, 0.55 μg/ml, 0.36 μg/g, 0.37 μg/g and 0.12 μg/g respectively. T_max of ciprofloxacin in the corresponding tissues was 8, 24, 12, 12 and 16 h respectively. In the diseased fish, the peak concentrations of ciprofloxacin in the corresponding tissues were 0.52 μg/g, 0.52 μg/ml, 0.41 μg/g, 0.27 μg/g and 0.13 μg/g respectively. T_max in the corresponding tissues were 0.5, 8, 12, 16 and 48 h respectively. These data indicate that the health status of fish affects drug absorption and metabolism.     

异育银鲫咽碘泡虫病组织病理与病理生理

咽碘泡虫(Myxobolus pharynae)病是近几年发生在江苏省盐城地区的大丰、射阳和滨海以及周边地区,引起养殖异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)大批死亡的一种黏孢子虫病,咽碘泡虫只特异地寄生在异育银鲫的咽部组织内,为了阐明该病对鱼体的损伤作用,我们对不同患病时期的异育银鲫的组织病理和疾病中期的病理生理进行研究。组织病理结果表明:疾病初期病鱼咽部略有轻度充血,咽碘泡虫以营养体阶段寄生在咽部黏膜下层的组织中,并开始形成由成纤维细胞包裹的小孢囊,其他组织器官无病理损伤现象;疾病中期由于小孢囊数量增加和囊内营养体分裂增殖并逐步发育为成熟孢子后体积增大,构成的大孢囊使咽部显著膨大,包裹小孢囊的结缔组织囊壁充血,逐步萎缩而变薄,成纤维细胞核固缩坏死,咽部黏膜层中的上皮细胞淡染、核固缩坏死,味蕾失去应有的结构,鳃组织细胞在鳃小片间严重增生,肾部分区域出现细胞坏死,肾小球肿胀,肾小管上皮细胞出现滴状玻璃样变性,肝、脾、肠和前肾无病理变化现象;疾病后期小孢囊囊壁、黏膜下层和黏膜层组织细胞进一步坏死崩解,出现孔洞,成熟孢子、坏死组织和血液一并流出孔洞,病鱼肠腔中有许多来自坏死的咽部组织细胞和成熟孢子,其他组织器官病理变化与疾病中期相似。疾病中期病鱼的病理生理分析结果表明:病鱼红细胞数量和大小、血红蛋白浓度、血栓细胞数量、血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白、血糖、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶都分别极显著低于健康鱼(P0.01),出现贫血;病鱼红细胞脆性、白细胞数、嗜中性粒细胞数、单核细胞数、总胆红素、肌酐、尿素和乳酸脱氢酶分别都极显著高于健康鱼(P0.01);淋巴细胞数和嗜酸性粒细胞数与健康鱼相比,无显著差异(P0.05)。由于咽碘泡虫的寄生部位鱼咽部严重膨大堵塞口咽腔并引发鳃组织增生、肾的损伤和贫血等变化,进一步发展为咽部组织坏死破裂出现孔洞流血,导致病鱼无法摄食和呼吸困难等功能障碍而死亡。     

Occurrence of trypanosomiasis in net‐cage cultured groupers (Cromileptes altivelis and Epinephelus fuscoguttatus) in Nanshan port of Sanya,Hainan province,China

In the present study, reported was an unidentified trypanosome that caused massive mortalities of cultured humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis (Valenciennes, 1828) and brown‐marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forsskål, 1775) in the net‐cages in Sanya, China, and some general pathological features of E. fuscoguttatus after experimental infection of the trypanosome. Before dying in the net cages of diseased fish, listlessness and anorexia were the observable symptoms. The blood of the diseased fish was light‐coloured in comparison with that of healthy one. E. fuscoguttatus experimentally infected with this trypanosome are with different degrees of engorgement in gill lamella, liver, spleen and kidney. Tissue lesion and necrosis were observed in liver and spleen of diseased fish.     

草鱼出血病的组织病理研究

草鱼出血病是由呼肠孤病毒引起的一种急性传染病。病鱼全身出血，鱼的红细胞、白细胞及血红蛋白都明显地低于健康鱼。病毒侵袭草鱼后，小血管的内皮广泛受损，引起弥漫性血管内凝血，从而大量消耗了血液中的凝血因子，引起广泛性出血。由于循环血量减少和小血管阻塞，导致大多数组织和器官缺氧而变性和坏死；尤其是造血组织的坏死，更加速病鱼死亡。此外，还在草鱼血液中首次发现嗜碱粒细胞，查明了草鱼出血病同草鱼肠炎病的肠道组织病变之间的差异。     

Isoenzymatic changes in grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus Cuvier & Valenciennes, affected with haemorrhagic disease

Abstract. Electrophoretic analysis of six types of tissue (serum, erythrocyte, liver, kidney, muscle and eye) and seven different isoenzymes (LDH, MDH, Est, ADH, IDH, α-GPDH and SOD) from both healthy grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus Cuvier & Valenciennes, and carp affected by haemorrhagic disease was performed. It was found that: (1) Enzymes from diseased grass carp showed the most drastic changes within each tissue. The absolute activity of LDH in serum from the diseased fish increased to approximately twice that of the healthy fish; whereas the relative activity of A₄ and A₃B₁, the main components of A sub-base in both serum and erythrocytes, was accelerated. (2) The isoenzymic changes in the control groups, diseased fish, artificially infected fish and healthy fish from diseased ponds indicated that biochemical changes occurred in the tissues before pathological change.     

Systematic granulomas caused by a rickettsia-like organism in Nile tilapia, Oreochronuis niloticus (L.), from southern Taiwan

Abstract. A rickettsia-like organism was observed in diseased Nile tilapia, Oreochronuis niloticus (L.), from southern Taiwan. Most affected fish were pale and lethargic with haemorrhages and ulcers on the skin. The most significant gross pathological changes were varying degrees of ascites, and enlargement of the spleen, kidney and liver. Marked white nodules (as ring-shaped foci), varying in size, were found in these organs. A Gram-negative, rickettsia-like organism (RLO) frequently appeared as inclusions or within host cell intra-cytoplasmic vacuoles. Fibrin thrombi, perivascular necrosis, chronic inflammatory cells with hypertrophy and RLO-laden cells were characteristic of the disease. White nodules induced in experimental fish were similar to naturally infected cases and RLOs were reisolated in tissue culture using a CHSE-214 cell line. This provides evidence that the systemic granulomas in Nile tilapia were caused by RLOs.