Evaluation of the weathering intensity of wood-based panels under outdoor exposure

In this study, the deterioration of wood-based panels at eight sites in Japan was investigated using outdoor exposure tests. In particular, the modulus of rupture (MOR) retention and internal bond strength (IB) retention after 5-year exposures were compared among panels and sites. The deterioration of panels located in southern Japan was higher than that of panels in northern Japan. To quantify the regional differences, the deterioration rates were calculated; the values showed clear regional differences. The deterioration rate for areas that receive much rain in the summer was higher than the rates for other sites. To eliminate regional differences, we carried out an analysis in terms of the “weathering intensity,” a factor which combines weather conditions (precipitation and temperature). Panels for which deterioration progressed extensively during exposure periods showed a strong correlation between strength retention and the weathering intensity. The significance of these parameters is discussed.     

Modified method for evaluating weathering intensity using outdoor exposure tests on wood-based panels

The deterioration of wood-based panels at eight sites in Japan over 7?years of outdoor exposure was investigated. In particular, the modulus of rupture (MOR) retention and internal bond strength (IB) retention after 7?years of exposure were compared among panels and sites. The deterioration of panels was greater in southern Japan than in northern Japan. The strength retentions in northern Japan decrease linearly, while those in southern Japan decreased exponentially. To quantify regional differences, deterioration rates were calculated based on three different weather conditions (precipitation, temperature, and sunlight hours), and the significance of each of these parameters on panel deterioration was determined. We found that the correlation coefficients between both IB and MOR retention and weathering intensity were the same whether we used 10-day, monthly, or daily weathering data.     

Effects of climate change on reduction of internal bond strength of particleboard subjected to various climatic conditions in Japan

The effects of climate change on the reduction of internal bond strength (IB) of particleboard subjected to various climatic conditions in Japan were predicted. The temperature increased throughout Japan with increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, so the climate deterioration index (climate index for predicting the IB reduction of particleboard; a high index indicates a large IB reduction) also increased to decrease IB. The number of low-temperature areas decreased because of climate change. The rupture of bonding points in particleboard caused by outdoor exposure led to a IB reduction, and biodeterioration accelerated this reduction. In high-temperature areas, particleboard was found to be prone to biodeterioration, and the IB significantly reduced. An area wherein there was a significant decrease in the IB spread along the Pacific Ocean side of western Japan and the Sea of Japan in central Japan in relation to increasing GHG emissions. Particleboards are difficult to use outdoors because of climate change.     

The evaluation of long-term mechanical properties of wood-based panels by indoor exposure tests

Wood-based panels such as plywood, oriented strand board, particleboard, and medium-density fiberboard are used for roof, wall and floor sheathing materials in residential construction. However, the service life of these panels is still unknown due to the lack of long-term durability data. In this paper, test results from six different indoor exposure experiments were integrated to investigate the long-term durability of wood-based panels. The indoor exposure tests lasted for a maximum of 10 years, providing the panels with the changes in moisture content that ranged between 5 and 18%. The reduction in mechanical properties was determined to be in the range of 0–16% for the bending strength, 3–22% for the modulus of elasticity, 11–31% for the internal bond strength and 0–8% for the nail-head pull-through strength. No reduction was recognized for the lateral nail resistance. Furthermore, the concept of deterioration intensity (DI) based on the moisture content history was introduced to predict the long-term durability of the panels, and various calculation methods for DI were discussed so as to increase the correlativity of this property with the reduction in a mechanical property.     

Effects of water soaking and outdoor exposure on modulus of rupture and internal bond strength of particleboard

Phenol–formaldehyde resin-bonded particleboard (PF board) and isocyanate resin-bonded particleboard (MDI board) were soaked in water at 40, 70 and 100 °C, and the relationships between soaking conditions and board properties were analyzed. The relationships between the deterioration of board properties resulting from water soaking and those arising from outdoor exposure were also analyzed. At 100 °C, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and internal bond strength (IB) of the PF board decreased significantly within the first hour, and subsequently constant values were shown with increasing soaking time. This low constant value was defined as the lower limit. At 70 °C, both the MOR and IB decreased with increasing soaking time, and reached the lower limit. At 40 °C, however, neither decreased significantly with increasing soaking time and neither reached the lower limit. The MOR of the MDI board showed the same trend as the PF board. However, the IB of the MDI board showed a different trend to the PF board, that is, the lower limit of IB required extensive soaking, even at 100 °C. The MOR and IB of both the PF and MDI boards reached the lower limit when thickness change peaked. On the other hand, the MOR and IB for outdoor exposure were lower than those for water soaking, even at the same thickness change. The MOR and IB of water soaking decreased owing to the collapse of the bonding points caused by board swelling. On the other hand, the board properties of outdoor exposure decreased owing to the collapse of the bonding points, and biodegradation also added to the decrease.     

Improvement of dimensional stability and weatherability of composite board made from water-vapor-exploded wood elements by liquefied wood resin impregnation

High-density and high-resin-content boards were produced by phenolic resin impregnation into board materials prepared by the water-vapor-explosion process (WVE) to develop high-durability wood composite boards for exterior use. Wet-dry cyclic tests and accelerated weathering tests were conducted, and the fundamental properties were determined to examine the effect of resin impregnation on board qualities. Bending and internal bond strength of resin-impregnated boards (I-board) satisfied the criterion for 18-type particleboard described in JIS A 5908. Thickness swelling (TS) after 24-h water immersion was approximately 2%. Resin impregnation improved the dimensional stability of the boards. In wet—dry cyclic testing, TS of I-board was the same as that of plywood. The retention ratio of modulus of rupture of I-board was large; thus, I-board had high bond durability. Color change of I-board was less than that of ordinary particleboard after a 500-h accelerated weathering test. I-Board had lower surface roughness than boards produced by a spray application method (S-board) and higher water repellency, although the difference in resin contents of the face layer was small. Thus, it is suggested that the surface properties and weatherability of I-board were improved by impregnation of phenolic resin. High-density and resin-impregnated boards made from the WVE elements are expected to withstand actual exterior use. Part of this report was presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Sapporo, August 2004     

烟秆制备刨花板的力学性能研究

烟秆为烟草采摘烟口t-后的废弃物,为了更好的利用这种原料,利用不同含水率（9％、6％、3％、0％）和烟秆不同部位（上部、中部和下部）的刨花制成刨花板,测定刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量和静曲强度,分析含水率和烟秆部位对刨花板力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着含水率从0增加至9％,刨花板的内结合强度从0．35MPa增加至0．58MPa,其弹性模量和静曲强度呈先增后减趋势,当含水率在6％时,烟秆刨花板的弹性模量和静曲强度最大。不同部位的烟秆刨花对刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度有显著影响,其中,利用中部烟秆刨花制备的刨花板的内结合强度、弹性模量、静曲强度最小。利用烟秆刨花制备的刨花板其力学性能能达到国家标准的要求,因此利用烟秆制备刨花板是可行的。     

Effect of board density on bending properties and dimensional stabilities of MDF-reinforced corrugated particleboard

We investigated the bending properties of composite boards produced by reinforcing both sides of corrugated particleboard with medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Thickness swelling and linear expansion (LE) were measured to assess the dimensional stabilities of the composite board. Although the apparent density of the composite board was 0.48g/cm³, its strength was found to be equivalent to that of 18-type particleboard as described in JIS A 5908. The boards parallel/perpendicular anisotropy in strength was 0.9. The modulus of rupture (MOR) of the composite board increased with board density only up to a certain density, beyond which the MOR was constant. On the other hand, the thickness swelling of both corrugated particleboard and the composite board was smaller than that of flat-type particleboard, satisfying the JIS A 5908 standard of 12%. Linear expansion (soaking in water of ordinary temperature for 24h) of corrugated particleboard was 0.7%–0.9% in the parallel direction and 2.1%–3.1% in the perpendicular direction; hence, anisotropy in linear expansion existed in the corrugated particleboard. The linear expansion of the composite board was 0.6%–0.9% in the parallel direction and 1.8%–2.5% in the perpendicular direction. Although the LE of the composite board was lower than that of corrugated particleboard, it is necessary to improve the LE of composite board for practical use.     

喷蒸热压法棉秆无胶碎料板的研制

以棉秆为原料,采用喷蒸热压法研制无胶碎料板,探讨板的密度、蒸汽压力及喷蒸时间对棉秆无胶碎料板的物理力学性能的影响.结果表明:在试验范围内,随着板密度增大,无胶碎料板的静曲强度、弹性模量与内结合强度明显提高;提高蒸汽压力及延长喷蒸时间,能明显降低无胶碎料板的吸水厚度膨胀率.     

Evaluating the durability of wood-based panels using internal bond strength results from accelerated aging treatments

In this study, the durability of wood-based panels was evaluated by comparing the internal bond (IB) strength retention after five different laboratory-based accelerated aging tests with the IB retention after 5 years of outdoor exposure in Shizuoka City. In each accelerated aging test, the IB retention of MDI-bonded panels showed high retention compared to other panels. Outdoor exposure in Shizuoka City resulted in an IB retention value for particleboard (PF) and oriented strandboard (aspen) of less than 10% after the 5-year exposure period. Medium-density fiberboards maintained their initial IB strength over the same period. Calculation of the mean IB retention for all board types allowed comparison of the severity of aging between the accelerated test methods and outdoor exposure. The ASTM six-cycle test method was the most severe among the standard treatment cycles applied.     

Deterioration of wood-based boards subjected to outdoor exposure in Tsukuba

Various types of wood-based boards were analyzed for deterioration after being exposed to an outdoor environment for 5 years in Tsukuba, Japan. In phenol–formaldehyde resin bonded particleboard (PB(PF)) and aspen oriented strand board (OSB(aspen)), longer exposure caused a greater reduction in the modulus of rupture and internal bond strength, an increase in the coefficients of variation, and a decrease in 95 % lower tolerance limit at the 75 % confidence level (95TL). Nail-head pull-through and lateral nail resistance were also reduced by outdoor exposure, but their coefficients of variation and 95TL were not significantly affected. In contrast, methylene diphenyl diisocyanate bonded medium density fiberboard (MDF(MDI)) only showed a slight deterioration of these properties even after 5-year exposure, and the coefficients of variation and 95TL hardly changed. After 5-year exposure, the retention of shear load in one-plane at relative displacement of 1.0 mm was high in MDF(MDI) and OSB(aspen) at 93.5 and 78.5 %, respectively, but low in PB(PF) at 41.1 %. As with PB(PF), OSB(aspen) also showed a sharp decrease in the modulus of rupture and internal bond strength, but only slightly reduced shear load in one-plane.     

秸秆刨花板性能分析

对普通木质刨花板、麦秸刨花板及稻草刨花板进行了密度、含水率、吸水厚度膨胀率、静曲强度和弹性模量、内结合强度、表面结合强度及握钉力的测试,结果表明,麦秸刨花板在强度方面不及木质刨花板,稻草刨花板在抗弯性能上也无法满足要求,两种秸秆板的握钉力都较差。产生上述差距的关键原因是板坯的密度,另外,与原料形态、加工工艺、机械设备等也有关系。     

石膏刨花板研究综述

石膏板具有优异的抗火性能,在轻型木结构中主要用作楼板和墙板的抗火覆面板。通过在石膏基体中复合木材刨花等植物纤维制备石膏刨花板,可不改变板材原有的生产制备工艺而提高其力学性能。生产石膏刨花板的石膏原料主要来源于工业石膏,刨花主要为农业或工业副产品,兼顾变废为宝和材料成本可控等优势,因此具有广泛的应用前景。文中综述了石膏刨花板中不同缓凝剂的作用机理、不同植物纤维类型的增强效果、后处理方式和外加剂对板材性能改善的机理等板材制备工艺,以及石膏刨花板的物理力学性能和抗火性能等研究现状,指出目前土木工程用石膏刨花板存在的不足及需进一步研究的方向,可为石膏刨花板的进一步系统研究以及工程应用提供参考。     

树脂型甲醛捕捉剂对脲醛树脂性能的影响

在实验室制备得到树脂型甲醛捕捉剂,考察了甲醛捕捉剂与不同F/U摩尔比脲醛树脂混合使用后制备得到的刨花板力学性能及甲醛释放量。研究结果表明,甲醛捕捉剂的添加能有效降低刨花板的甲醛释放量,但对混合树脂的最终力学强度性能不利。混合树脂的摩尔比F/U是决定相关刨花板力学性能及甲醛释放量的主要因素。当与摩尔比F/U=1的脲醛树脂混合使用时,添加占总施胶量5%甲醛捕捉剂的刨花板甲醛释放量可达到E1级,同时,内结合强度值满足室内级国家标准要求。与摩尔比F/U=1.2的脲醛树脂混合使用,当甲醛捕捉剂的添加量为20%时,刨花板性能达标。     

Development of an air-injection press for preventing blowout of particleboard IV: effects of air-injection conditions on board performance and formaldehyde emission

An air-injection press, which has holes punched in the heating plates, injects high-pressure air through the holes of one plate into particleboard and discharges the air through the other plate during press heating. The press can manufacture particleboard from high-moisture particles by controlling blowout of the boards. In this study, the optimum diameter and spacing of the air-injection holes and the effects of pre- and post-pressing were investigated. An optimum hole diameter was not found for the modulus of rupture and thickness swelling for a spacing of either 25 or 50 mm. In terms of internal bond strength, the optimum diameter of the holes arranged at a spacing of 25 mm was 1 mm, but the internal bond strength was not changed by the diameter of holes spaced 50 mm apart. Air injection under all hole conditions reduced the formaldehyde emission from the board. Pre-pressing was tested for further increase in the modulus of rupture and internal bond strength, but was found to have no effect. More efficient use of the air-injection press was achieved by injecting air from the early stages of pressing.     

Effects of water soaking and outdoor exposure on nail joint properties of particleboard

Phenol-formaldehyde resin-bonded particleboard (PF board) and isocyanate resin-bonded particleboard (MDI board) were soaked in water at 40, 70 and 100 °C, and the relationships between soaking conditions and nail joint properties were analyzed. The soaking time to reach the lower limit of nail-head pull-through (NHPT) of the PF board was 2 h at 100 °C, while it took 168 h at 70 °C. The soaking time to reach the lower limit of lateral nail resistance (LNR) of the PF board was 24 h at 100 °C, but it did not take 168 h at 70 °C to reach it. The lower limits of NHPT and LNR for the MDI board were higher than those for the PF board. For the PF board, there was a high correlation between modulus of rupture, internal bond strength and nail joint properties. Based on the results of water soaking and outdoor exposure, it was shown that thickness change has a significant effect on NHPT and LNR, and that the reduction in NHPT and LNR results from the collapse of bonding points owing to swelling of the board.     

刨花形态,树皮含量及石膏质量与石膏刨花板性能的关系

对刨花形态、树皮含量及石膏粉质量与石膏刨花板性能之间关系的研究结果表明:保持一定的刨花长度有利于提高石膏刨花板的静曲强度;石膏刨花板的静曲强度随着木刨花中树皮含量的增加而下降,但把树皮作为填料加入石密刨花板能使板子强度得以提高,不同产地的石膏粉制成的石膏刨花板性能差异很大,按建筑石膏粉标准测定的性能指标及相组成与石膏刨花板的性能之间无显著的相关关系。     

Manufacture of composite board using wood prunings and waste porcelain stone

The objective of this study was to develop a method for the effective use of both pruned wood and porcelain stone scrap. Thus, we manufactured a wood-porcelain stone composite board, which has excellent waterproof property and incombustibility properties. In addition, we examined the conditions needed to manufacture the wood-porcelain stone composite board as a construction material and evaluated the physical and mechanical properties of this board based on the Japanese Industrial Standard. The main results obtained were as follows: the wood-porcelain stone composite board made from pruned wood and porcelain stone scrap had excellent thickness swelling performance and the board had incombustibility properties that were better than commercial oriented strand board. In both single-layer and three-layer composite boards with weight ratios of porcelain stone particles of 40%, the internal bond strength exceeded the standard value of type 18 particleboard of JIS A 5908. However, the bending properties of the composite board were inferior to the type 18 particleboard standard. Therefore, it will be necessary to improve the bending properties of the board by changing the particle sizes of both the porcelain stone scrap and the pruned wood component. Part of this article was presented at the 57th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society at Hiroshima, August 2007     

模糊综合评判在板材气味评价中的应用

【目的】室内空气质量对人体健康影响巨大,家具板材是否环保至关重要。【方法】通过对板材气味综合评价,指导消费者对家具板材进行科学选取。以三聚氰胺贴面刨花板与中纤板及其素板为研究对象,用微池萃取仪采集气体,通过GC-MC-O嗅闻气味化合物种类及强度并分析其浓度,将模糊综合评判法应用于以上板材的气味评价。【结果】三聚氰胺贴面刨花板的模糊综合指数为2.885 0,各等级下的隶属度分别为0.208 7、0.225 6、0.207 4、0.188 6、0.169 7。刨花板素板的模糊综合指数为3.058 0,各等级下的隶属度为0.162 0、0.210 5、0.226 1、0.210 3、0.191 1。三聚氰胺贴面刨花板与三聚氰胺贴面中纤板气味评价等级为二级,质量良好,刨花板素板与中纤板素板气味评价等级为三级,质量合格。【结论】两种素板的模糊综合指数均偏高,其中含有危害性物质的释放,对板材进行贴面处理能够降低板材的危害性。本实验选用的中纤板的模糊综合指数稍高于刨花板。模糊综合评判法用科学的定量手段刻画板材气味评价中定性问题,使定性与定量分析融合。模糊综合评判在板材气味评价中考虑了多个气味化合物对板材的综合影响和各种气味化合物的毒性,它引导人们从另一角度客观评价板材质量,是一种可借鉴的好方法。     

Creep in chipboard

Summary A considerable amount of data has been collected over the past few years on the rupture life of particleboard. This information is particularly valuable at the present time because there is increasing interest in the use of particleboard as a structural material. This paper presents a conventional analysis of the time to failure of three commercially available brands of particleboard at 20°C and at three fixed levels of relative humidity. A linear relationship is assumed between the logarithm of time to failure and stress level, and an improvement is made in the usual method of analysis by including censored specimens. The regression lines are projected forward to give estimates of the stress levels that can be sustained for a particular design life. It is found that the regression lines for 30 per cent and 65 per cent rh may be combined, but the specimens at 90 per cent rh are significantly lower in strength at any given time. One of the MUF bonded boards performs significantly better than a second MUF board over the long term, and this gives added weight to the view that there are other factors in the make-up and production of the board that are at least as important as the resin type itself.