2013年无锡地区H5型高致病性禽流感情况调查

为进一步掌握尤锡地区H5型高致病性禽流感免疫效果、病原分布态势，对全市部分养禽场、野鸟栖息地、养猪场进行了半年定点、定期的高致病性禽流感的情况调查，通过免疫抗体检测、非免疫抗体检测、病原学检测三方面，全面了解H5型高致病禽流感总体情况，研究其发生特点、流行规律，并通过此次调杏提升疫情预警预报能力，更好地发挥科学防控的支撑作用。     

2009年～2011年新疆雁形目野生鸟类禽流感血清流行病学调查与分析

本研究采集了新疆野鸟血清样品260份,进行了禽流感H1～H16亚型的血清学监测,结果显示,野鸭类血清样品2009年检出5个血清亚型,其中H8检出率高达15.38%,H13为9.62%;2010年检出11个血清亚型,H5亚型的阳性率最高,达14.29%;2011年检出12个血清亚型,其中H9检出率最高,达15.79%。不同品种野鸭的禽流感阳性检出率分析表明,绿头鸭禽流感抗体阳性率58.82%,赤麻鸭为68.66%,赤嘴浅鸭为34.09%,凤头浅鸭为44.44%。灰雁的血清样品检测结果表明,H13亚型的阳性率最高,为40.91%。1份天鹅血清样品检测出H13抗体阳性。对乌鸦、斑鸫、野鸽和红隼等野鸟血清样品检测,全部为阴性。本次在覆盖新疆边境的野生鸟类栖息地开展的禽流感血清学调查,掌握了新疆地区野生鸟类禽流感血清学监测数据,为新疆地区乃至全国的禽流感预警预测提供了科学依据。     

我国H5N1亚型流感病毒疫情及病原特性

2003年底,东南亚多个国家开始暴发H5N1亚型高致病性禽流感( HPAI),我国自2004年1月26日第一起疫情出现以来,相同疫情时有发生,我国青海湖于2005年5月暴发了流感史上第一起野鸟H5N1亚型HPAI,此后,随着野鸟的迁徙,该病由亚洲逐渐传播到欧洲、非洲等地.目前,全世界多个国家遭受H5N1亚型高致病力禽流感病毒(HPAIV)的侵害,不仅养禽业损失惨重,人或其它哺乳动物也有感染及死亡病例的发生,2011年8月19日,WHO报道全世界已有565人感染,331例死亡,中国有40人感染,26人不幸死亡.     

我国台湾地区H5亚型禽流感病毒遗传进化分析

2019年以来,我国台湾地区多次暴发H5亚型禽流感疫情,病原包括H5N2、H5N5、H7N7等亚型禽流感病毒。为了解台湾地区流行的H5亚型禽流感病毒的分子流行特点,下载GenBank Influenza Virus Database和GISAID中公布的台湾地区所有H5亚型禽流感病毒HA序列,对近年来公开报道的台湾地区流行的H5亚型禽流感病毒进行遗传进化分析,并与大陆地区流行的H5亚型禽流感病毒进行比较。结果显示:台湾地区同时存在欧亚谱系和美洲谱系两个分支的H5亚型禽流感病毒流行,而大陆地区流行的H5亚型病毒都是欧亚谱系。欧亚谱系中,台湾地区流行的主要是第2.3.4.4a分支病毒,而大陆地区流行的主要是2.3.4.4d分支病毒,两个地区流行的H5病毒谱系并不完全一致。由于台湾地区的禽流感生态系统与大陆地区南方相似,因此台湾地区流行的美洲谱系H5亚型禽流感病毒有通过野鸟传播传入大陆地区的潜在风险,应提高警惕,加强禽流感调查监测,严厉查处非法走私禽类及其产品的活动。本研究为我国H5亚型禽流感防控提供了信息支持。     

近期全球H5N8亚型禽流感疫情分析

近期H5N8亚型高致病性禽流感疫情相继在欧洲、亚洲和大洋洲部分地区的14个国家暴发。其中,欧洲疫情呈现出传播迅速、野禽传染家禽的特点。分析发现,此次流行的H5N8亚型禽流感病毒属于第2.3.4.4分支,与2014—2015年在全球流行的H5N8病毒属于同一个分支,但病毒已发生了较大变异;此次在欧洲开始暴发的H5N8疫情主要由野生鸟类引起,候鸟在此次禽流感病毒环球传播中起主要作用。伴随着候鸟迁徙和周边国家的疫情形势,我国家禽发生禽流感疫情的风险较大,提示应做好疫苗的免疫工作,加大对家禽和野鸟的监测力度,提高养殖场的生物安全防护水平。     

畜禽养殖场未分离到H7N9禽流感病毒

H7N9禽流感疫情发生后,农业部高度重视,各地畜牧兽医部门按照农业部《动物H7N9禽流感紧急监测方案》,积极开展H7N9禽流感病毒监测和疫情排查工作。截至目前,只在活禽交易市场的样品和野鸽样品中分离到H7N9禽流感病毒,在畜禽养殖场、野鸟栖息地和屠宰场采集的样品中均未分离到H7N9禽流感病毒,各地家禽养殖场排查未见异常情况。     

2009年7-8月全球重大动物疫情综述

2009年7-8月全球通报发生的重大动物疫情主要有禽流感、口蹄疫、裂谷热、水泡性口炎、蓝耳病、猪H1N1流感、布氏杆菌病、炭疽、传染性马子宫炎等。蒙古国再次发现野鸟感染H5型高致病性禽流感病毒死亡,埃及人禽流感病例继续增加,美国在家禽中再次监测到H7N9亚型低致病性禽流感病毒,全球禽流感疫情形势虽保持平稳态势,但复发风险依然存     

H5亚型禽流感病毒的危害与疫苗研究进展

H5亚型禽流感病毒（AIV）在全球范围内的广泛传播，对禽类养殖业健康发展与公共卫生安全都造成了巨大威胁。本文阐明了以H5N1、H5N6、H5N8亚型为代表的H5亚型AIV引发的国内外多起家禽和野鸟疫情，使家禽养殖业蒙受严重损失，且H5亚型AIV易变异和重组的特点，增加了疫情防控难度，同时也极易引发跨越物种屏障向人传播事件，危害公共卫生安全等问题；系统阐述了灭活疫苗等不同种类AIV疫苗的研发进展，强调了当前灭活疫苗应用最为广泛，但亚单位疫苗、DNA疫苗、多肽疫苗等新型疫苗正日益获得关注。本文以期为禽流感疫情暴发预警，“同一健康”理念宣贯，以及疫苗研发提供理论支持。     

山东省青岛市2015年禽流感监测分析

[目的]调查青岛市家禽高致病性禽流感免疫水平,测定该地区的禽流感流行率,分析流行的风险因素。[方法]在全市家禽养殖场（户）、农贸市场、屠宰场和野鸟栖息地随机抽样,采用血凝抑制方法测抗体,采用荧光定量RT-PCR方法检测禽流感病原,同时开展禽流感血清学和病原学检测。利用GIS、EXCEL软件,分析青岛市禽流感检测样品的空间分布、免疫抗体水平、病原流行率及分布。[结果]青岛市家禽H5N1禽流感（Re-6）免疫抗体场户合格率为76.3%,个体合格率为74.8%;H5N1禽流感（Re-7）免疫抗体场户合格率为72.5%,个体合格率为71.4%;H5亚型禽流感病原学检测全部阴性;H9亚型禽流感个体流行率为1.18%,全部来源于农贸市场和屠宰场。[结论]青岛市家禽高致病性禽流感的免疫状况良好,在所有家禽和野禽活动场点未发现高致病性禽流感病毒,表明青岛市高致病性禽流感防控效果较好。     

盘锦地区候鸟禽流感调查研究

候鸟是禽流感病毒的自然宿主,对流感病毒的储存和蔓延起重要作用。本研究对辽河口湿地的迁徙候鸟进行了禽流感流行病学分析,在2012~2017年间,从双台子河口自然保护区内采集了各种野生水鸟,共采集野鸟样品棉拭384份、野鸟尸体脏器39份、环境水样500份、野鸟粪便3 355份,通过荧光定量RT-PCR方法进行检测(通用型、H5、H7和H9亚型),结果在多种候鸟粪便样品中检测到H5、H9亚型流感病毒。     

山东半岛珍稀鸟类的研究

山东半岛位于太平洋西岸中部、我国东部沿海，地处温带，一面连陆，三面环海。境内生态环境多样，动植物资源丰富，是我国东部、东亚及环太平洋西海岸地区候鸟迁徙的必经之地和部分鸟类繁殖、越冬区域，鸟类资源十分丰富。有鸟类389种和亚种，其中属国际濒危种类63种；国家重点保护种类68种；有中、日候鸟保护协定所列种类198种；有中、澳双方保护鸟类61种；有候乌344种，占我国候乌60％；有部分特殊分布和大量繁殖、越冬的种群。     

Comparison of commercial and locally developed layers’ performance and egg size prediction using regression tree method

The aim of this study is to compare the hen-day egg production (HDEP) (%), egg size (ES) (g), feed intake (FI) (g), bodyweight (BWT) (kg), body weight gain (BWTG) (g), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed utilization (FU), and mortality of imported and local commercial egg layers from one to 20 wk of lay, as well as to predict their egg sizes. Two-thousand-six-hundred Hy-line Silver Brown commercial layers (imported) and 2,470 Boschveld indigenous commercial layers (local) were reared from d old to 44 wk of age and fed the same diet throughout. ANOVA was used to test their effects due to the strains, and the CHAID algorithm of regression tree method was used to predict the ES. The local strain came into lay first at wk 20, while the imported came into lay at 21 wk of age. The imported layers performed better in ES, FI, HDEP, BWTG, and FCR (P < 0.05) throughout the laying period, while the local layers were better (P < 0.05) in BWT with higher mortality than the imported. Also, the imported layers performed better in FU (P < 0.05) at wk 4, 8, and 24. Among the imported, the highest ES (58.116 g) was obtained from chickens with HDEP of 13.266 < HDEP < 20.35 and FI of 137.95 < FI< 138.176, while in the local layers, the highest ES (54.802 g) was obtained from chickens with HDEP of 37.876 < HDEP < 47.802.     

浙江鸟类名录更新(英文)

相对完整的名录对于理解地区鸟类多样性及其分布现状来说是十分必要的。浙江鸟类名录的最后修订见于1990年出版的《浙江动物志·鸟类》。此后,不断有新的纪录出现,但多数没有发表。我们核查并收集了自《浙江动物志·鸟类》出版以来所有的,包括已发表的和未发表的鸟类新纪录。我们界定作为新纪录的证据为可核查证据,包括皮张标本、照片、录像、鸣声和组织标本,排除了纯粹的目击纪录。我们还根据最新的鸟类分类系统和命名原则,修订了原名录中131个拉丁学名和41个中文名。总计获得70个新纪录,其中47个新纪录为首次报道,它们多数来自近年观鸟者的照片记录。通过补充新纪录和修订名称,我们列出了更新后的浙江鸟类名录,其中包括483个物种,24个亚种。     

Comparison of learning ability and memory retention in altricial (Bengalese finch,Lonchura striata var. domestica) and precocial (blue‐breasted quail,Coturnix chinensis) birds using a color discrimination task

The present study sought to assess the potential application of avian models with different developmental modes to studies on cognition and neuroscience. Six altricial Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata var. domestica), and eight precocial blue‐breasted quails (Coturnix chinensis) were presented with color discrimination tasks to compare their respective faculties for learning and memory retention within the context of the two developmental modes. Tasks consisted of presenting birds with discriminative cues in the form of colored feeder lids, and birds were considered to have learned a task when 80% of their attempts at selecting the correctly colored lid in two consecutive blocks of 10 trials were successful. All of the finches successfully performed the required experimental tasks, whereas only half of the quails were able to execute the same tasks. In the learning test, finches required significantly fewer trials than quails to learn the task (finches: 13.5 ± 9.14 trials, quails: 45.8 ± 4.35 trials, P < 0.05), with finches scoring significantly more correct responses than quails (finches: 98.3 ± 4.08%, quails: 85.0 ± 5.77% at the peak of the learning curve). In the memory retention tests, which were conducted 45 days after the learning test, finches retained the ability to discriminate between colors correctly (95.0 ± 4.47%), whereas quails did not retain any memory of the experimental procedure and so could not be tested. These results suggested that altricial and precocial birds both possess the faculty for learning and retaining discrimination‐type tasks, but that altricial birds perform better than precocial birds in both faculties. The present findings imply that developmental mode is an important consideration for assessing the suitability of bird species for particular experiments.     

A dermoid of the eye in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot (Amazona aestiva)

A corneo-conjunctival dermoid is reported in a blue-fronted Amazon parrot ( Amazona aestiva ). After laminar keratectomy, histology showed the epidermis with feather follicles and dermal connective tissue with lymph follicles and sebaceous glands.     

Prevalence of encysted apicomplexans in muscles of raptors

An acid–pepsin digestion technique was used to examine portions of breast muscle and heart from raptors for encysted protozoans. Apicomplexan zoites were present in 52 (45.6%) of the 114 samples examined: 11 of 12 (91.7%) red-shouldered hawks (Buteo lineatus), 20 of 34 (58.8%) red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), two of seven (28.6%) Cooper's hawks (Accipiter cooperi), three of four (75%) sharp-shinned hawks (Accipiter striatus), one (100%) Mississippi kites (Ictinia misisippiensis), one of two (50%) American kestrels (Falco sparverius), one bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), one of two (50%) golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos), one of three (33%) turkey vultures (Cathartes aura), two of three (66.7%) black vultures (Coragyps atratus), three of six (50%) great-horned owls (Bubo virginianus), five of 15 (33.3%) barred owls (Strix varia), and one of 12 (8.3%) screech owls (Asio otus). Encysted protozoans were not observed in digests of tissues from three broad-winged hawks (Buteo platypterus), four ospreys (Pandion haliaetus), and five barn owls (Tyto alba). Apicomplexan cysts resembling Sarcocystis species were observed in tissue sections of muscles from 28 (37.8%) of 74 raptors.     

The effects of strain and incremental improvements in feed form on d 28 to 42 male broiler performance

Feeding high-quality pellets to modern commercial broilers may maximize genetic potential; however, this typically requires an increased cost to produce feed. Therefore, it is important to determine if incremental improvements in feed form (FF) can increase performance of modern broiler strains. The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding modest improvements in feed form (50, 60, 70, or 80% intact pellets; IP) to 2 commercial broiler strains (fast-growing or high-yield) on d 28 to 42 growth performance and processing variables. A common diet was manufactured to contain 80% IP, of which a portion was ground to create a total of 4 FF treatments varying in IP to ground pellet ratios: 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; and 80:20. Fast-growing (FG) birds demonstrated improvements in body weight (BW), BW gain (BWG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) when compared to high-yield (HY) birds. For the main effect of FF, feeding 80 vs. 50% IP reduced d 28 to 42 FCR. Also, feeding birds 80% IP vs. all other FF treatments improved d 28 to 42 BWG and d 42 BW. A Strain × FF interaction established that FG broilers fed 50, 60, and 70% IP diets had higher d 43 total breast yield than HY birds fed the same FF treatments; however, both strains demonstrated similar total breast yield when 80% IP were fed, which suggests that FG broilers are less sensitive and HY broilers are more sensitive to increasing FF. These data suggest a distinct benefit for feeding improved FF from d 28 to 42 to modern broilers.     

内生真菌醉马草作为机场驱鸟草的潜力分析

鸟击事件是长期以来威胁飞行安全的一个国际性难题,目前,国际民航组织（International civil aviation organisation,ICAO）已经将鸟击灾害列为“A类航空灾难”,鸟击防范领域的研究也逐渐受到人们的重视。香柱菌（Epichloё）侵染宿主禾草后形成的共生体可产生有毒生物碱,将共生体发展为高毒驱鸟草种并应用于机场,可以减少鸟击事件的发生。醉马草（Achnatherum inebrians）自身携带甘肃香柱菌（Epichloё gansuensis）和醉马草香柱菌（Epichloё inebrians）,野外自然生长的醉马草均为醉马草内生真菌共生体。本文主要通过对比当前国内机场主要驱鸟方式,提出用含有Epichloё属内生真菌的机场驱鸟草替代现有机场草坪草,可作为一种新型驱鸟方式;回顾了当前国外驱鸟草的应用及优势;分析了内生真菌醉马草作为驱鸟草的潜力和存在问题;并对禾草内生真菌的应用及人工栽培醉马草进行展望。     

Predictors for Risk Factors for Spread of Avian Influenza Viruses by Poultry Handlers in Live bird markets in Uganda

Live bird markets (LBMs) are essential for marketing poultry, but have been linked to many outbreaks of avian influenza (AI) and its spread. In Uganda, it has been observed that demographic characteristics of poultry traders/handlers influence activities and decision‐making in LBMs. The study investigated the influence of socio‐demographic characteristics of poultry handlers: age, sex, religion, educational background, level of income, location of residence and region of operation on 20 potential risk factors for introduction and spread of AI in LBMs. Study sites included 39 LBMs in the four regions of Uganda. Data was collected using a semi‐structured questionnaire administered to 424 poultry handlers. We observed that background of education was a predictor for slaughter and processing of poultry in open sites. Location of residence was associated with slaughter of poultry from open sites and selling of other livestock species. Region influenced stacking of cages, inadequate cleaning of cages, feeders and drinkers, and provision of dirty feed and water. Specifically, bird handlers with secondary level of education (OR = 12.9, 95% CI: 2.88–57.4, P < 0.01) were more likely to be involved in open site slaughter of poultry than their counterparts without formal education. Comparatively, urbanite bird handlers were less likely to share poultry equipment (OR = 0.4, 95% CI: 0.22–0.63, P < 0.01) than rural resident handlers. Poultry handlers in Northern were 3.5 times more likely to practise insufficient cleaning of cages (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 1.52–8.09) compared to those in Central region. We demonstrated that some socio‐demographic characteristics of poultry handlers were predictors to risky practices for introduction and spread of AI viruses in LBMs in Uganda.