乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯对再加热鱼糜凝胶冻藏特性的影响

为探究乙酰化二淀粉磷酸酯（ADSP）添加量对再加热鱼糜凝胶冻藏品质的影响,本研究以冷冻阿拉斯加狭鳕鱼糜为原料,改变二段加热的凝胶化过程,对鱼糜进行低温预凝胶-冷冻贮藏-高温再加热处理,分析冻藏期间鱼糜凝胶的微观结构、失水率、水分分布状态、质构特性和动态粘弹性。结果表明,随着冻藏时间的延长,鱼糜凝胶的孔隙变大,失水率增加,不易流动水减少,自由水增加,硬度和胶粘性先下降后上升,粘附性增大,内聚性无变化,动态粘弹性下降。在同一冻藏周期下,随着ADSP添加量的增加,鱼糜凝胶的孔隙变小,失水率降低,水分分布状态较稳定,其中5%和7%添加量的效果较好;质构特性结果显示,ADSP添加量的增加有利于提高再加热鱼糜凝胶品质,虽然添加量为5%和7%的鱼糜凝胶硬度、内聚性和胶粘性基本一致,但5%添加量的鱼糜凝胶的粘附性在冻藏期间开始增加的时间较晚且变化幅度较小;动态粘弹性结果显示,高温加热后期5%添加量的鱼糜凝胶的储能模量最高,其次是7%添加量;在损耗模量中,7%添加量的鱼糜凝胶粘性最高,其次是5%添加量。综合分析认为,添加5%ADSP能有效降低再加热鱼糜凝胶在冻藏期间的品质变化。本研究结果为冷冻鱼糜制品的...     

采用主成分分析抗冻剂对冷冻虾肉糜3D可打印性的影响

针对冷冻虾肉糜的蛋白质易发生冷冻变性而失去3D可打印性的问题,该研究以添加不同抗冻剂的虾肉糜为研究对象,对虾肉糜冷冻贮藏过程中3D打印精确性和稳定性、流变和质构特性的变化开展试验研究,采用相关性和主成分分析虾肉糜3D打印精确性和稳定性与流变和质构特性之间的关系。研究结果表明,随着冻藏天数的延长,所有处理虾肉糜的3D打印精确性和稳定性、黏性常数、流变单元之间的连接强度、硬度、弹性、黏附性、持水性等均呈下降趋势;添加抗冻剂的处理可以减缓虾肉糜这些指标的下降;3D打印精确性和稳定性与虾肉糜的黏性常数、流变单元之间的连接强度、弹性、硬度、黏附性、持水性等呈正相关。添加8%海藻糖+0.3%多聚磷酸盐（即TP处理）抑制虾肉糜肌原纤维蛋白冷冻变性的效果最好,冻藏30 d后虾肉糜仍具有较好的3D可打印性,打印精确性和稳定性分别为96.64%和97.61%,该研究结果为保障虾肉糜3D打印的原料供应提供了理论参考。     

超高压处理对大黄鱼鱼糜水分状态和蛋白质结构的影响

为了研究超高压处理大黄鱼鱼糜的凝胶特性,该文利用低场核磁共振、拉曼光谱研究了水浴加热和超高压处理鱼糜凝胶化过程中水分存在状态和蛋白质结构的变化,并分析了它们和鱼糜凝胶特性指标的相关性。结果表明,与水浴加热处理相比,超高压处理能改善鱼糜凝胶特性,使其保水率、弹性、内聚性增大（P<0.05）,硬度下降（P<0.05）。但随压力增大,鱼糜的内聚性、弹性、咀嚼性呈下降趋势（P<0.05）,保水率变化不显著（P>0.05）;低场核磁共振分析显示超高压使鱼糜自由水组分消失,不易流动水的流动性增强（P<0.05）,结合水的含量增加（P<0.05）;拉曼光谱分析显示超高压使鱼糜蛋白α-螺旋含量显著增加（P<0.05）,无规卷曲和β-转角含量显著下降（P<0.05）,三级结构也发生变化;相关性分析表明,蛋白质结构、水分状态及含量与鱼糜的质构、保水率之间存在特定相关性。说明不同处理条件下,鱼糜的蛋白质结构和水分状态发生改变,从而表现出相应的质构、保水率等凝胶特性。以上结果可为鱼糜凝胶特性的评价及改进提供检测方法及理论依据。     

挤压温度对大豆分离蛋白与原花青素复合物结构和功能特性的影响

为了探究不同挤压温度（40、60、80、100和120℃）对大豆分离蛋白（Soy Isolate Protein,SPI）与葡萄籽原花青素（Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Extract,GSPE）复合物功能性质及结构特性的影响。该研究以溶解度、乳化性、乳化稳定性、ζ-电位、粒度为指标,利用荧光光谱、红外光谱分析该复合体系中大豆分离蛋白功能性质及结构的变化。结果表明：相较于挤压SPI,经过挤压处理的SPI-GSPE复合物的溶解度、乳化活性指数、乳化稳定性指数、ζ-电位绝对值及持水性均显著提高（P<0.05）,其表面疏水性、持油性显著下降（P<0.05）。随着挤压温度的升高,SPI-GSPE复合物的溶解度、持油性及乳化活性均先增大后减小且在80℃达到最大值,而其表面疏水性先减小后增大且最小值在80℃,ζ-电位绝对值、乳化稳定性及持水性均随温度的升高而降低。粒径分析结果表明,挤压处理后SPI与GSPE形成了更加致密的复合物;荧光光谱及红外光谱结果表明,与GSPE的复合及挤压处理使SPI氨基酸残基所处微环境发生变化,蛋白结构发生变化。以上结果表明挤压温度为...     

不同贮藏期大豆蛋白对千页豆腐品质的影响

为了研究不同贮藏期大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）对千页豆腐品质的影响,该文首先研究了贮藏期对大豆分离蛋白结构的影响,进而探讨贮藏期对大豆蛋白制备千页豆腐的品质的影响。对不同贮藏期的大豆蛋白分别采用了凝胶质构特性、感官评价、羰基含量、大豆蛋白亚基以及巯基的测定,并采用拉曼光谱对大豆蛋白二级结构、二硫键构型以及侧链结构进行了分析,同时采用扫描电镜观察千页豆腐的微结构。结果表明：随着贮藏期的延长,千页豆腐的感官评价变差,由88分降低至44分;其凝胶网络结构逐渐疏松;大豆蛋白羰基含量逐渐上升;巯基含量逐渐下降;二级结构含量改变;凝胶硬度呈下降趋势,硬度值低于234 g时,将无法达到千页豆腐的质量要求。这表明在贮藏期内SPI发生了氧化,导致大豆蛋白质结构发生改变,使其凝胶性质下降。     

饲料原料粉体流动特性预测模型

为了研究不同贮藏期大豆分离蛋白（soy protein isolate,SPI）对千页豆腐品质的影响,该文首先研究了贮藏期对大豆分离蛋白结构的影响,进而探讨贮藏期对大豆蛋白制备千页豆腐的品质的影响。对不同贮藏期的大豆蛋白分别采用了凝胶质构特性、感官评价、羰基含量、大豆蛋白亚基以及巯基的测定,并采用拉曼光谱对大豆蛋白二级结构、二硫键构型以及侧链结构进行了分析,同时采用扫描电镜观察千页豆腐的微结构。结果表明：随着贮藏期的延长,千页豆腐的感官评价变差,由88分降低至44分;其凝胶网络结构逐渐疏松;大豆蛋白羰基含量逐渐上升;巯基含量逐渐下降;二级结构含量改变;凝胶硬度呈下降趋势,硬度值低于234 g时,将无法达到千页豆腐的质量要求。这表明在贮藏期内SPI发生了氧化,导致大豆蛋白质结构发生改变,使其凝胶性质下降。     

不同冷链物流过程对金枪鱼品质及组织形态的影响

为研究物流过程中温度变化对金枪鱼品质及组织形态的影响,试验模拟5种不同物流过程,测定金枪鱼肉感官、色差、持水力、质构以及肌纤维间隙。结果表明,超低温冻藏大目金枪鱼肉的品质受物流过程中温度变化影响显著,储运、销售过程始终保持在-55℃的完整冷链下能够使金枪鱼肉保持良好品质;随着储运过程中温度变化次数增多、幅度增大,鱼肉劣化显著,其中,经2次-18℃运输的金枪鱼肉在冻藏末期组织松散、肌纤维间隙达17.20μm,在4℃家用冰箱中贮藏12 h后感官评分、红度值、持水力、硬度和咀嚼性分别为-0.81、5.2、53.08%、1.128 N和58.03,其质量甚至低于物流过程始终保持在-18℃而不产生温度变化的鱼肉。若运输过程不具备超低温冷藏车,仅靠超低温贮藏并不能减缓鱼肉品质劣变,此时应适当调节贮藏温度,尽量避免储运期间的温度变化;相较于2℃冷藏销售,-18℃冷冻柜销售能够使金枪鱼肉保持较好品质。研究结果可为金枪鱼储运和销售提供参考。     

不同冻藏温度条件下速冻汤圆品质变化及其机制

为探究不同恒温冻藏条件下速冻汤圆品质的变化规律,将速冻汤圆置于-5、-15、-25℃ 3种恒定冻藏条件下,定期测量含水率、酸价、过氧化值、质构等品质指标,并结合核磁共振成像、快速黏度分析仪、扫描电子显微镜测定粉团水分迁移、糊化特性、微观结构等,揭示冻藏温度对其品质变化的影响。结果表明：冻藏温度对速冻汤圆的含水率、过氧化值、酸价、质构等均有显著性影响（P<0.05）,冻藏时间越长,冻藏温度越高,速冻汤圆含水率下降越多,过氧化值、酸价、硬度、咀嚼性增加也越大,其中在第40天,-5℃与-15、-25℃冻藏条件相比,速冻汤圆含水率率先下降至平稳点,过氧化值、酸价增长率（14%和20%）远高于其它2组,第90天,-5℃冻藏条件下速冻汤圆含水率减少11.32%,过氧化值、酸价分别上涨23%和30%,硬度、咀嚼性由392.11、66.24 g增大到511.78、90.11g,且与-25℃冻藏条件相比有显著性差异（P<0.05）。核磁共振、糊化特性、扫面电镜显示：较高温度冻藏条件下速冻汤圆水分自由度增长较大,冰晶的生长及大冰晶的形成使得淀粉颗粒受到机械损伤,破损淀粉填充糯米粉团空隙,致密的组织结构抑制蒸煮时水分进入以及热量的传递,使得速冻汤圆硬度、咀嚼性大幅上涨;破损淀粉易吸水膨胀,占有较多的空间,致使峰值黏度、崩解值、最终黏度降低,从而影响速冻汤团品质特性。以上研究结果为速冻汤圆在冻藏期间的品质保持提供理论参考。     

冷冻贮藏环境对速冻水饺皮品质特性的影响

为了保证速冻水饺的冻藏品质,掌握冻藏环境对品质影响的规律,该试验以速冻水饺皮为目标,排除饺馅的干扰,重点研究了冻藏期间温度的波动,时间的推移以及包装方式等对其理化特性、质构特性、感官特性以及微观结构等的影响。结果表明:随着冻藏时间的延长,速冻水饺皮糊化度降低,水分、直链淀粉、醇溶蛋白以及麦谷蛋白含量均呈现下降趋势,面筋蛋白显微网络结构弱化,但质构、感官特性变化不显著。采用透气性、阻湿性较好的PE塑料薄膜包装可以较好的保持速冻水饺皮的品质。冻藏期间的温度波动显著降低速冻水饺皮的外观品质和食用品质。该研究为改善速冻食品的贮藏环境提供了理论依据。     

冷藏和冻藏对牦牛瘤胃平滑肌氧化稳定性及加工品质的影响

为探明4℃冷藏和-18℃冻藏对牦牛瘤胃平滑肌脂肪和蛋白质氧化及其加工特性的影响,以PE薄膜和PE真空包装的牦牛瘤胃为研究对象,分别测定其在贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化(硫代巴比妥酸)、蛋白质氧化(羰基值、总巯基、表面疏水性)和加工品质(失水率、蒸煮损失率、剪切力、质构特性)的变化。结果表明,不同贮藏温度和包装方式下的瘤胃均发生了不同程度的脂肪和蛋白质氧化,与薄膜包装相比,真空包装可延缓牦牛瘤胃脂肪和蛋白质氧化的发生,且-18℃冻藏下更为显著。此外,冷(冻)藏条件下不同包装牦牛瘤胃的失水率和蒸煮损失率均显著增大(P<0.05),剪切力值显著降低(P<0.05),硬度先减小后增大,且薄膜包装在冷藏0~5 d和冻藏0~28 d时,其加工特性均优于真空包装。综上表明,2种包装下的牦牛瘤胃在冷(冻)藏过程中均发生了脂肪和蛋白质氧化,但真空包装可以有效地延缓氧化反应的发生。此外,在冷藏0~5 d和冻藏0~28 d时,薄膜包装更有利于改善瘤胃的加工特性,增加其嫩度和弹性,但长时间贮藏会导致瘤胃加工特性下降,冷藏条件下薄膜包装瘤胃的变化表现最为显著。本研究可为瘤胃贮藏过程中食用品质的控制提供参考。     

Mechanical and water-holding properties and microstructures of soy protein isolate emulsion gels induced by CaCl2, glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), and transglutaminase: influence of thermal treatments before and/or after emulsification

The mechanical properties, water-holding capacities (WHC), and microstructures of emulsion gels, induced by glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), CaCl(2), and microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) from unheated and heated soy protein isolate (SPI)-stabilized emulsions (at protein concentration 5%, w/v; oil volume fraction, 20%, w/v), were investigated and compared. The influence of thermal pretreatments (at 90 °C for 5 min) before and/or after emulsification was evaluated. Considerable differences in mechanical, water-holding, and microstructural properties were observed among various emulsion gels. The thermal pretreatment after emulsification increased the strength of the emulsion gels induced by GDL and CaCl(2), whereas in the case of MTGase, thermal pretreatments before and/or after emulsification on the contrary greatly inhibited gel network formation. The application of the enzyme coagulant exhibited much higher potential to form SPI-stabilized emulsion gels with higher mechanical strength than that of the other two coagulants. The WHC of the emulsion gels seemed to be not directly related to their gel network strength. Confocal laser scanning microscope analyses indicated that the network microstructure of the formed emulsion gels, mainly composed of aggregated protein-stabilized oil droplets and protein aggregate clumps, varied with the type of applied coagulants and emulsions. The differences in microstructure were basically consistent with the differences in mechanical properties of the gels. These results could provide valuable information for the formation of cold-set soy protein-stabilized emulsion gels.     

高场强超声-加热联用增强大豆分离蛋白冷凝胶凝胶特性

为探究高场强超声技术对大豆分离蛋白葡萄糖酸内酯冷凝胶性的影响,该研究将高场强超声技术与加热处理联用,对大豆蛋白进行预处理后形成冷凝胶。采用质构仪、圆二色谱、荧光色谱、扫描电镜、电泳、粒度仪等多种表征手段,比较了2种高场强超声-加热联用工艺对大豆分离蛋白冷凝胶凝胶性的影响,并推测其作用机理。研究发现:与传统加热预处理相比,2种高场强超声-加热联用预处理都能够显著(P0.05)增强大豆分离蛋白冷凝胶的持水性和凝胶强度。工艺一(20 k Hz,400 W下先超声0、2、4、10 min后加热20 min)制备的冷凝胶的凝胶强度与持水性随超声时间的增加逐步增加(凝胶强度由(5.83±0.31)g增加到(46.37±1.15)g;持水性由42.04%±1.59%增加到81.74%±6.22%),而工艺二(先加热20 min后超声0、2、4、10 min)制备的冷凝胶的凝胶强度与持水性在较短超声时间内(4 min内)迅速增加(凝胶强度由(5.83±0.31)g增加到(37.57±2.57)g;持水性由42.03%±1.85%增加到79.31%±3.00%)。与工艺一相比,工艺二能够在较短超声时间内增强大豆分离蛋白冷凝胶性的机理可能在于:工艺二的处理方式,大豆蛋白经过热处理后充分展开、变性,使超声作用能在较短的时间内对大豆分离蛋白的二级结构和三级结构明显改变,暴露更多疏水基团,增加疏水环境和表面疏水性,增强蛋白在溶液中的溶解性,并增强大豆蛋白分子间的静电相互作用,从而形成致密、均一的微观凝胶结构,增加凝胶的持水性和凝胶强度。研究结果可为高场强超声-加热联用技术在大豆加工领域中的应用提供参考。     

alpha-Casein improves the gel properties of dried egg white

The effects of addition of alpha-casein (alpha-CN) to dried egg white (DEW) were investigated by measuring transparency, hardness, and water-holding capacity (WHC) of the heat-induced gels. A DEW concentration of 8% (w/w) was required for formation of a self-supporting gel following heating at 80 degrees C for 20 min at pH 7. Solutions of alpha-CN, even up to a protein concentration of 12% (w/w), did not gel under the same conditions. The addition of alpha-CN (0.5-4%) to 8% DEW caused the increase in gel hardness gels, as compared with DEW gels alone at a total amount of protein concentrations, and the mixed gels became transparent with the increase of added alpha-CN concentrations. The 10% mixed protein solutions of alpha-CN (3-6%) and DEW (4-7%) formed transparent gels, although each protein did not gel individually at their protein concentrations. Mixture with 2:8 mixing ratio of alpha-CN to DEW at a total protein concentration of 10% showed synergistic effects in improving DEW gel properties above pH 7 and below 25 mM NaCl. The improvements (hardness, transparency, and WHC) of DEW gel by alpha-CN seem to be caused mainly by the inhibition of alpha-CN against heat coagulation of DEW protein.     

Tyrosinase-aided protein cross-linking: effects on gel formation of chicken breast myofibrils and texture and water-holding of chicken breast meat homogenate gels

The effects of Trichoderma reesei tyrosinase-catalyzed cross-linking of isolated chicken breast myofibril proteins as a simplified model system were studied with special emphasis on the thermal stability and gel formation of myofibrillar proteins. In addition, tyrosinase-catalyzed cross-linking was utilized to modify the firmness, water-holding capacity (WHC), and microstructure of cooked chicken breast meat homogenate gels. According to SDS-PAGE, the myosin heavy chain (MHC) and troponin T were the most sensitive proteins to the action of tyrosinase, whereas actin was not affected to the same extent. Calorimetric enthalpy (DeltaH) of the major thermal transition associated with myosin denaturation was reduced and with actin denaturation increased in the presence of tyrosinase. Low-amplitude viscoelastic measurements at constant temperatures of 25 degrees C and 40 degrees C showed that tyrosinase substantially increased the storage modulus (G') of the 4% myofibrillar protein suspension in the 0.35 M NaCl concentration. The effect was the most pronounced with high-enzyme dosages and at 40 degrees C. Without tyrosinase, the G' increase was low. Tyrosinase increased the firmness of the cooked phosphate-free and low-meat chicken breast meat homogenate gels compared to the corresponding controls. Tyrosinase maintained gel firmness at the control level of the low-salt homogenate gel and weakened it when both salt and phosphate levels were low. Tyrosinase improved the WHC of the low-meat and low-salt homogenate gels and maintained it at the level of the corresponding controls of phosphate-free and low-salt/low-phosphate homogenate gels. Microstructural characterization showed that a collagen network was formed in the presence of tyrosinase. Keywords: Chicken myofibrillar proteins; protein modification; cross-linking; tyrosinase; gelation; thermal stability; texture; water-holding capacity; microstructure.     

Structural changes in natural actomyosin and surimi from ling cod (Ophiodon elongatus) during frozen storage in the absence or presence of cryoprotectants

Surimi and natural actomyosin (NAM) from ling cod (Ophiodon elongatus) were subjected to frozen storage in the absence or presence of cryoprotectants (sorbitol, sucrose, lactitol, and Litesse, either individually or in combination). Effects of frozen storage were studied for NAM frozen at -10 degrees C for 10 days and for surimi after eight freeze-thaw cycles. A commercial blend cryoprotectant (4% sucrose and 4% sorbitol), individual cryoprotectants at 8%, and optimal blends at 4, 5.5, 6, and 8%, were effective in maintaining the gel strength of surimi and NAM gels. Surimi or NAM frozen in the absence of cryoprotectants or with only 4% individual cryoprotectants, showed increased percent alpha-helical content by Raman analysis. Increased disulfide content was also observed in the treatment without cryoprotectants by the Raman SS stretching band and by chemical determination. Tyrosine residues were in a buried environment before and after freezing for all treatments, and surface hydrophobicity measured by 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate decreased after frozen storage in the absence of cryoprotectants.     

液氮冻结软壳青蟹在冻藏期间的营养物质变化

为探讨液氮(LN)冻结拟穴青蟹软壳蟹在冻藏期间的营养物质变化,本研究采用基于核磁共振(NMR)的代谢组学技术分析了LN冻结软壳蟹可食组织代谢谱在短期(7 d)和长期(8个月)冻藏期间的变化。结果表明,-20℃冻藏和LN冻结均对短期冻藏的软壳蟹代谢谱无显著影响(P>0.05),但 -20℃ 冻藏导致软壳蟹肌肉的二甲胺和肝胰腺的肌苷水平倍增,而LN冻结能抑制这两种物质的增加。长期冻藏可导致LN冻结软壳蟹肌肉的肌苷、麦芽糖和葡萄糖以及肝胰腺的肌苷、谷氨酰胺和尿苷水平显著升高(P<0.05)。表明LN冻结可有效缓解长期冻藏软壳蟹的质量下降。本研究结果为揭示软壳蟹冻藏过程中的品质变化提供了理论参考。     

牛肉低温储藏期间质构参数分析及新鲜度指标的确定

为了寻求低温储藏期间牛肉新鲜度的快速检测指标,将牛肉置于5℃冷鲜密封储藏和-5℃冷冻密封储藏2种条件下,用挥发性盐基氮检测(total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N)、恒温干燥法与质构多面分析方法(texture profile analysis,TPA)对牛肉样品(储藏时间0、3、6、9、12、15 d)进行检测。发现-5℃冷冻条件下储藏的牛肉比5℃冷藏条件下储藏的牛肉保鲜时间更长,且随着储藏时间的增加2种储藏条件下牛肉的含水率都降低。得到0~15 d内5℃冷鲜密封储藏和-5℃冷冻密封储藏牛肉质地参数(硬度1、硬度2、回复性)的变化规律。用二因素方差分析得知储藏时间、储藏温度对回复性均有显著影响(P0.05),用相关性分析得知硬度1、硬度2、回复性与新鲜度指标显著相关(P0.05)。选取2℃条件下冷鲜密封储藏牛肉进行试验验证,测定挥发性盐基氮与回复性,对试验数据进行统计分析并线性拟合,挥发性盐基氮与回复性两者的线性函数关系具有较好拟合优度(R2=0.85311),挥发性盐基氮值与回复性呈显著相关(P0.05)。因此回复性可作为牛肉低温储藏期间新鲜度的检测指标。研究结果可为生产储运过程与日常生活中牛肉保鲜和保持质地口感提供依据。     

Effects of high hydrostatic pressure on some functional and nutritional properties of soy protein isolate for infant formula

The effects and mechanism of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on some functional and nutritional properties of soy protein isolate (SPI) for infant formula were investigated. Results indicated that solubility, water holding capacity, emulsification activity index, and foaming capacity were improved at lower pressure and time levels, whereas these properties declined at higher levels. However, the emulsification stability index dropped when the pressure increased and the foaming stability decreased with pressure and time levels rising. HHP-treated SPI gave better swallowing properties and in vitro digestibility than control. The hardness, adhesive force, and springiness of SPI gels increased with increaded pressure and elongated time, being lower than those of the control. Near UV circular dichroism spectra confirmed the alteration of tertiary and/or quaternary conformations caused by HHP. Sodiumdoecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results indicated that β-conglycinin was more pressure labile than glycinin, and high molecular weight subunits formed via disulfide linkage at higher treatment levels.