花生非生物胁迫响应转录因子研究进展

花生生育期易遭受干旱、低温、高盐等非生物胁迫,影响其出苗、开花、营养物质积累等过程,从而造成花生产量和品质的下降。在作物遭受非生物胁迫时,通过转录因子调控下游功能基因的表达,是植物应对胁迫的一 种重要调控模式。本文对非生物胁迫相关的转录因子NAC、AP2/ERF、bZIP、MYB等基因家族的结构、功能及相关基因在花生抗逆反应中的研究进展进行了综述,为花生抗逆分子育种提供参考。     

DREB转录因子在植物抗逆胁迫中的作用机理及应用研究进展

干旱、高盐和低温等非生物胁迫严重影响植物的生长发育和作物产量。转录因子在调节植物生长发育以及对外界环境胁迫的响应方面起着重要作用。DREB转录因子含有一个保守的AP2/EREBP结构域,参与外界环境胁迫的应答响应,通过结合DRE(Dehydration responsive element)顺式作用元件,调控下游胁迫相关基因的转录表达,改良植物的抗性。本文在前人研究的基础上,综述了DREB转录因子的结构特征、介导的信号传递途径、对非生物胁迫的响应以及转基因的研究进展,旨在为作物的抗逆育种提供理论依据。     

大豆干旱响应GRAS基因筛选及GmGRAS27的生物信息学和逆境表达分析

GRAS转录因子在植物抵抗非生物胁迫过程中发挥了重要作用,为了研究大豆GRAS基因在干旱胁迫中的响应,以挖掘大豆GRAS转录因子在干旱等非生物胁迫响应中的功能和分子机制提供分子基础,本研究利用基因表达综合数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)筛选响应干旱胁迫的大豆GRAS基因,利用PlantC...     

植物抗旱相关基因研究进展

干旱是限制植物生长和产量的重要因素之一.目前,随着现代分子生物学的发展,从分子水平上初步揭示了干旱胁迫信号应答、信号传导及基因表达调控遗传机理.植物抗旱相关基因根据功能可分成两类,一类是参与干旱胁迫的信号转导或基因表达调控,主要是传递信号因子和调控基因表达的转录因子;另一类是功能蛋白基因,在植物抗旱性中直接起保护作用.本文综述了近几年植物(含麦类作物)在逆境胁迫信号网络中的抗旱相关功能基因、转录因子以及信号因子等方面的研究进展以及它们在植物抗旱基因工程中的应用状况.     

高粱抗旱性数量性状位点基因定位研究进展

干旱是作物生产的一个主要限制因子。研究作物对干旱胁迫反应的遗传因素,可以为改良作物的抗旱性提供可靠的理论依据。高粱对干旱有广泛的适应性，是禾本科作物中研究抗旱性的优良模式作物。高粱对干旱抗性分为开花前抗旱性和开花后抗旱性。花前干旱影响穗子大小、稳粒数及籽粒产量；花后干旱会造成叶片、植株的死亡，导致炭腐病和倒伏发生并影响籽粒的饱满度，二者均能造成严重的产量损失。持绿是高粱的一种抗旱机制，具持绿性状的基因型，在开花后遇水分胁迫时抗旱抗植株过早衰老，籽粒正常灌浆。采用不同遗传背景的重组近交系(RIL)群体和近等基因系(NIL)，并结合分子遗传学手段研究持绿数量性状位点(QTL)，发现了多个基因组区段控制对开花前和开花后水分胁迫的抗性，找到了多个在不同环境中持续表达的持绿QTL。持绿QTL的分子遗传分析为进一步理解高粱及其它禾本科作物抗旱性的生理机制奠定了基础。     

植物非生物胁迫应答的分子机制

非生物胁迫因子是制约植物生长发育、影响作物产量和质量的关键因子。这些非生物胁迫的共同点是它们都会导致植物细胞缺水，使细胞的水分平衡紊乱，还可以引起蛋白质等大分子变性，破坏植物细胞内的膜结构等。为了生存，植物在遇到非生物胁迫时不得不在形态和生理生化代谢上进行一些调整，以适应或忍耐环境胁迫。揭示植物胁迫应答分子机理是人们长期以来探索的重大课题。非生物胁迫引起的应答非常复杂并且常常相互关联，干旱、高盐、低温等胁迫可以引起相似的应答反映，如积累大量的渗透调节剂、重建细胞内离子动态平衡、修复被破坏的膜系统、清除活性氧自由基等等。近年来，胁迫应答的分子机理研究成果颇丰，结合笔者等的研究，本文简要进行了综述。     

大豆GmDof4和GmDof11基因的非生物胁迫诱导表达及启动子分析

Dof家族是典型的植物特异性锌指转录因子家族,在植物中可以对非生物胁迫产生应答.为初步研究大豆Dof家族主要转录因子编码基因GmDof4和GmDof11在大豆抗非生物胁迫过程中的作用及调控原理,本研究通过实时荧光定量PCR检测大豆幼苗中GmDof4和GmDof11基因在非生物胁迫下的表达情况,并使用PlantCARE在线数据库分析两个基因上游启动子的作用元件.结果显示:GmDof4在干旱、高盐、高温和低温胁迫下表达量升高;GmDof11在干旱、高盐和低温胁迫下表达量升高,在高温胁迫下表达量下降.启动子顺式作用元件预测结果显示,GmDof4启动子中含有1个厌氧诱导元件、1个低温响应元件和1个MYB转录因子结合位点;GmDof11启动子中含有3个厌氧诱导元件、2个低温响应元件、1个防御和胁迫响应元件和1个MYB转录因子结合位点.此外,它们的启动子序列中还含有脱落酸响应元件、茉莉酸甲酯响应元件、赤霉素响应元件以及生长素响应元件.结果说明GmDof4和GmDof11的启动子区域含有逆境相关顺式作用元件,能够参与大豆对非生物胁迫的应答.     

利用基因工程技术提高非生物胁迫下水稻产量的研究进展

干旱、盐、低温、高温等非生物胁迫严重影响水稻的生长发育及产量，提高非生物胁迫下水稻产量对保障国家粮食安全具有重要的现实意义。利用基因工程技术提高非生物胁迫下水稻产量是优于传统育种的有效途径。目前，已证实的可提高非生物胁迫下水稻产量的基因主要有调节基因和功能基因。文章综述了这些基因提高干旱、盐、低温、高温等单一胁迫及复合胁迫条件下水稻产量的研究进展，并分析了存在的问题，以期为水稻抗逆、高产育种提供参考。     

大豆GmWRKY35基因的克隆及其增强烟草耐旱能力研究

大豆易遭受干旱、盐、低温等非生物胁迫,严重导致产量下降。利用分子生物学技术提高作物抗性是作物育种的有效途径。锌指蛋白是植物中常见的重要转录因子,能够调控多种胁迫诱导基因的表达,有效提高综合抗性。在这项研究中,利用RT-PCR方法克隆大豆(Glycine max L.)GmWRKY35基因。其cDNA为1 500 bp,编码一个499个氨基酸的蛋白质,预测其分子量为54.89 kD,等电点(p I)为6.74。亚细胞定位分析表明,GmWRKY35定位于细胞核。实时荧光定量PCR分析显示,GmWRKY35转录能被干旱诱导。把GmWRKY35基因通过农杆菌介导转化烟草(Nicotiana tabacum L.)中。在干旱胁迫下,与野生型烟草相比,转基因烟草植株表现出主根较长,叶子萎焉少,POD和SOD活性较高,MDA含量和电解质渗漏率较少。主要功能验证表明,GmWRKY35基因在烟草中表达增强了干旱胁迫耐受性。这项研究表明大豆RING-H2型锌指蛋白在植物逆境中有重要作用,同时也为大豆抗性育种提供一个优良的候选基因。     

糖料作物对干旱胁迫的形态、生理及基因响应研究进展

在糖料作物的生长发育过程中,干旱缺水会对其正常生长造成一定的影响。在干旱条件下,糖料作物会产生相应的形态特征与生理生化特性的变化,此外,干旱胁迫还会诱导特定基因的表达,这些形态特征与生理生化特性的变化以及相关基因的表达减轻了糖料作物在干旱胁迫条件下所受到的伤害。本文对糖料作物在干旱胁迫下形态特征与生理生化特性的响应以及耐旱调节基因的相关研究进展方面进行了阐述,综述文献表明,目前发现的调控糖料作物干旱胁迫的主要基因类型有：钙依赖蛋白激酶(CDPK)基因、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(MAPK)基因、AVP1基因及DREB、NAC、WRKY等转录因子基因。可为提高糖料作物耐旱性研究提供参考。     

野生大豆芽期耐盐性状的关联分析

盐渍化是危害大豆生产的主要非生物胁迫因素之一。目前大豆耐盐性研究主要集中在栽培大豆的苗期耐盐性,而芽期耐盐性状的研究相对较少。野生大豆蕴含丰富的耐逆基因,是栽培大豆遗传改良的重要资源。为了研究野生大豆芽期耐盐性状的遗传机制,以113份野生大豆为试验材料,进行芽期耐盐性状的鉴定,结合群体的分子标记对包括2年平均值在内的3个环境下的3个耐盐指数进行全基因组关联分析,共检测到与野生大豆芽期耐盐相关的位点26个,6个SSR标记Satt521、Satt022、Satt239、Satt516、Satt251和Satt285在2个或3个环境下均被检测到,4个SSR标记Satt516、Satt251、Satt285和GMES4990与2个或3个耐盐指数显著相关。对这些SSR标记进行分析,挖掘了最优的等位基因及其载体材料。以上这些结果对于阐明野生大豆芽期耐盐性状的遗传机制,进一步发掘新的耐盐基因具有重要意义。同时也为栽培大豆遗传基础的拓宽、大豆耐盐分子标记辅助选择和分子设计育种等后续研究提供重要依据。     

Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large backcross breeding program

Low and unstable rice productivity in many areas of Asia is associated with many abiotic and biotic stresses such as drought, salinity, anaerobic conditions during germination, submergence, phosphorus and zinc deficiency, etc. To develop rice varieties with tolerance to these stresses, we undertook a large backcross (BC) breeding effort for the last 6 years, using three recurrent elite rice lines and 203 diverse donors, which represent a significant portion of the genetic diversity in the primary gene pool of rice. Significant progress has been made in the BC breeding program, which resulted in development of large numbers of introgression lines with improved tolerance to these stresses. Promising lines have been developed with excellent tolerances (extreme phenotypes) to salinity, submergence and zinc deficiency; resistance to brown plant hopper, ability to germinate under the anaerobic condition and low temperature. Our results indicated that there exist tremendous amounts of ‘hidden’ diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene pool of rice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that despite the complex genetics and diverse physiological mechanisms underlying the abiotic stress tolerances, introgression of genes from a diverse source of donors into elite genetic backgrounds through BC breeding and efficient selection (careful screening under severe stress) is a powerful way to exploit this hidden diversity for improving abiotic stress tolerances of rice. We have developed three large sets of introgression lines, which not only provide an unique platform of breeding materials for developing new rice cultivars with superior yield and stability by trait/gene pyramiding, but also represent unique genetic stocks for a large-scale discovery of genes/alleles underlying the abiotic and biotic stress tolerances of rice using genomic tools.     

大豆耐盐相关基因研究进展

大豆（Glycine max（L.）Merill）是植物蛋白质和油脂的重要来源。盐胁迫是造成大豆产量损失的主要非 生物胁迫因素。耐盐基因的挖掘对培育大豆耐盐品种至关重要。本文一方面总结了通过正向遗传学获得的大豆 耐盐相关数量性状位点或基因，如萌发期耐盐性主效基因GmCDF1（Glyma.08g102000）、2个出苗期QTL（分别位于6 号和14号染色体）；苗期耐盐性主效基因GmSALT3（Glyma03g32900）以及位于G连锁群的QTL。随着对大豆耐盐性 研究的不断深入，目前认为大豆萌发期、出苗期、苗期的耐盐性无直接相关性。另一方面总结了通过反向遗传学途 径获得的参与离子运输、转录调控等耐盐性基因，以及通过生物工程技术转入外源基因提高大豆耐盐性的研究进 展，期望为解析大豆耐盐分子机制和耐盐育种提供参考。     

Use of Major Quantitative Trait Loci to Improve Grain Yield of Rice

Further improvement of rice productivity remains a challenge. Breeding is perceived as an important option to increase rice yield. However, the genetic progress of grain yield in most rice breeding programs was slow in the last decades. Although great progress in rice genomics and molecular biology has been achieved, the effect of such technological innovations on rice breeding is far small. Marker-assisted selection （MAS） for a few target quantitative trait loci （QTLs） has significant effects in improving qualitative traits, such as disease resistance. The success of MAS has therefore motivated breeders to identify and use major QTLs for yield and yield component traits. In this review, we summarized the recent methods in QTL identification, including novel statistical methods for linkage and association mapping, special population types, and whole-genome sequencing. We reviewed the successful application of marker-assisted gene introgression and gene pyramiding to improve grain yield and discussed the design of efficient MAS schemes to further increase the success rate of breeding programs. The use of well-characterized major QTLs through introgression and gene pyramiding is proven effective in improving grain yield, particularly yield under abiotic stress. Major QTLs that are stable across genetic background and growing environments are often found in less adapted germplasms, such as landraces and wild relatives. Advanced backcross QTL analysis and introgression lines, which integrate QTL discovery and utilization, are important methods for exploiting major QTLs contained in such germplasms. Next-generation sequencing substantially increases mapping resolution and accelerates the identification of casual genes underlying major QTLs. Practical guidelines derived from theoretical and empirical studies are given to guide the design of efficient marker-assisted gene introgression and pyramiding schemes.     

水稻耐盐基因定位与克隆及品种耐盐性分子标记辅助选择改良研究进展

土壤盐渍化严重制约水稻生产发展,提高耐盐性已成为水稻育种的重要目标之一。挖掘水稻耐盐新基因,解析其分子作用机制可以为水稻耐盐性遗传改良奠定基础。本文从定位群体、耐盐性鉴定时期和鉴定方法、耐盐性评价指标、鉴定到的耐盐QTL、耐盐QTL的精细定位和图位克隆等方面,总结了近年来水稻耐盐QTL定位研究中所取得的进展;介绍了水稻耐盐/盐敏感突变体筛选和基因克隆以及耐盐性关联分析的研究近况;并对水稻耐盐性分子标记辅助选择改良的现状作了概述。     

花生基因组资源的开发及应用

花生是世界主要的油料作物,但由于花生本身的遗传特性,导致其基因组资源的开发和利用存在较大难度。花生的高度闭花授粉、初级基因库遗传基础狭窄以及栽培种与二倍体近缘野生种之间的杂交不亲和性,导致花生栽培种的分子遗传多样性偏低,成为花生分子遗传改良的主要瓶颈。然而,近五年来,花生基因组资源开发迅速,分子标记的开发、遗传和物理图谱的构建、表达序列标签（ESTs）的产生、突变体资源的创建和功能基因组学平台的构建促进了QTL的鉴定以及与农艺性状相关的耐/抗生物和非生物胁迫基因的挖掘。本文概述了当前花生基因组资源的研究现状,并对下一步的发展方向进行了展望。     

Enhancing Salt Tolerance in Crops Through Molecular Breeding: A New Strategy

SUMMARY

Salinity limits crop production in many rainfed ecosystems and is an increasing problem in irrigated areas. Developing and developed countries alike need more efficient methods of enhancing salt tolerance in crops. The traditional breeding approach consists of (i) screening germplasm collections for donors of salt tolerance, (ii) crossing a donor with an elite line and advancing the F₁ hybrid to about the F₇ or F₈ generation while selecting for elite traits, and concurrently (iii) selecting for salt tolerance starting at about the F₄ generation. The low efficiency of this pedigree approach is due principally to the difficulty of recovering elite genotypes with salt tolerance traits, the genetic complexity of salt tolerance, and the strength of genotype × environment interactions (GEI). Advances in genomics are making possible an alternative approach in which a pre-breeding phase is used to pyramid several known genes and finely mapped major QTLs for complementary aspects of salt tolerance. The known genes can include transgenes modified by deliberate mutation or promoter switching. DNA-based selection protocols that are used to pyramid these genes are again employed during the breeding phase to transfer the entire set of genes for salt tolerance into any elite line by backcrossing. Breeding efficiency is increased because (i) elite traits are more easily recovered by backcrossing than by the pedigree approach, (ii) the genetic complexity of salt tolerance is reduced to a small set of well-defined genes and loci of large effect, (iii) the confounding effects of GEI are eliminated from the breeding phase, and (iv) the investment in gene discovery and QTL mapping can be recouped by transferring the same set of genes to a range of recipient lines that require salt tolerance. Efficiency will increase over time as more genes are added to the gene set and as QTL are replaced by the corresponding gene. Here we summarize the scientific advances underlying this new strategy, which should be applicable to other complex traits such as drought tolerance, durable resistance to pests and diseases, yield potential and product quality.     

水稻抗旱研究进展与展望

水稻是我国主要粮食作物之一,整个生长阶段对水分的需求远远大于其它作物。然而随着极端气候以及水资源短缺的影响,干旱已经成为造成农作物产量损失最大的非生物胁迫。全面详细地了解水稻抗旱研究相关内容,有助于抗旱水稻品种的培育。本综述从水稻抗旱筛选方法、筛选指标、干旱胁迫条件下产量及其产量相关性状QTL发掘以及抗旱基因的克隆和应用进行论述,并对水稻抗旱品种的培育进行展望。      

Saline-Alkali Tolerance in Rice: Physiological Response,Molecular Mechanism,and QTL Identification and Application to Breeding

Salinity-alkalinity is incipient abiotic stress that impairs plant growth and development. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a major food crop greatly affected by soil salinity and alkalinity, requiring tolerant varieties in the saline-alkali prone areas. Understanding the molecular and physiological mechanisms of saline-alkali tolerance paves the base for improving saline-alkali tolerance in rice and leads to progress in breeding. This review illustrated the physiological consequences, and molecular mechanisms especially signaling and function of regulating genes for saline-alkali tolerance in rice plants. We also discussed QTLs regarding saline-alkali tolerance accordingly and ways of deployment for improvement. More efforts are needed to identify and utilize the identified QTLs for saline-alkali tolerance in rice.