表达绵羊肺腺瘤病毒跨膜蛋白HepG2细胞系的建立

为深入研究绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(JSRV)与绵羊肺腺瘤病(OPA)发病关系,本研究采用PCR方法从pGEX-4T-1-TM重组质粒中扩增编码JSRV跨膜蛋白(TM)的基因序列,并引入标签多肽HA序列和限制性内切酶位点,将其重组至真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)中,构建了重组质粒pcDNA-TM-HA.通过转染HepG2细胞并用G418筛选,对稳定表达TM的阳性细胞进行纯化,获得了稳定表达JSRV tm基因的HepG2细胞系.间接免疫荧光及western blot检测结果表明,重组蛋白TM-HA在HepG2细胞中得到正确表达.JSRV TM蛋白稳定表达细胞系的建立为进一步研究该蛋白与JSRV诱导OPA发病关系提供了重要的实验平台.     

构建稳定表达JSRV受体Hyal-2小鼠肺上皮细胞系

为了构建稳定表达绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(JSRV)受体透明质酸酶-2(Hyal-2)蛋白的小鼠肺上皮细胞系,试验采用将重组质粒p DsRed-monomer-N1-Hyal-2转染小鼠肺上皮细胞后,用G418对转染后的细胞进行筛选、纯化,通过对不同培养代次的细胞系进行倒置荧光显微镜观察、RT-PCR、基因测序、Western-blot等方法加以验证。结果表明:试验成功构建了JSRV受体Hyal-2蛋白小鼠肺上皮细胞系,在传至20代后Hyal-2仍在该细胞系中稳定表达。说明该细胞系的成功建立,为研究绵羊Hyal-2对JSRV转化目的细胞能力的影响提供了一种体外试验平台。     

流行性乙型脑炎prM蛋白剪切位点突变的prM-E蛋白表达细胞系的建立

为建立稳定共表达乙型脑炎病-毒(JEV)完整M前体蛋白(prM)和E蛋白的BHK-21细胞系,本研究在prM蛋白furin蛋白酶剪切位点编码基因中引入突变,将突变后的prM基因克隆于质粒中构建重组表达质粒pCAG-JEV-prM(R89A)E.将重组质粒转染BHK-21细胞,转染48 h后细胞用含G418的选择性培养基选择培养,进一步经细胞克隆纯化制备表达剪切位点突变的JEV prM-E蛋白的稳定细胞系.经IFA和western blot鉴定表明,该细胞系能表达JEV prM与E蛋白,所表达的prM蛋白未发生剪切;细胞经多次传代后仍能够稳定地共表达prM与E蛋白.该细胞系的建立为研究prM蛋白剪切对JEV粒子形成的影响以及亚单位疫苗的制备奠定了基础.     

稳定表达乙型脑炎病毒NS1蛋白细胞系的建立

为建立稳定表达乙型脑炎病毒(JEV) NS1蛋白的真核细胞系,本研究将编码JEV NS1蛋白的人工合成基因克隆到真核表达载体pCAGG-TK-neo中,构建了重组质粒pCAGG-opti-NS1.重组质粒经脂质体转染RK-13细胞,以含G418的选择性培养基选择培养,经细胞克隆纯化,以间接免疫荧光试验(IEA)筛选表达目的基因的细胞.结果表明,转染的RK-13细胞经G418加压及IFA筛选后,获得表达JEV NS1蛋白的阳性RK-13细胞系.经RT-PCR、western blot和IFA鉴定,该细胞系在传代至第15代后仍然可以稳定表达NS1蛋白.本实验获得了能够稳定表达JEV NS1蛋白的细胞系,为进一步开展JEV相关的研究奠定了基础.     

外源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒囊膜蛋白激活MAPK信号通路的分析

旨在深入探究外源性绵羊肺腺瘤病毒(exJSRV)囊膜蛋白(Env)的致病机制,通过组织病理学观察和免疫组织化学染色,检测病肺的病理特征以及Env、EGFR和MAPK信号通路中p-Erk1/2和p-p38的阳性表达区,通过Western blot检测Erk1/2和p38在病肺中的磷酸化水平。转染重组表达质粒pcDNA 4/myc-His/exJSRV-env到A549细胞中,通过Western blot检测Erk1/2和p38的磷酸化水平。通过CCK-8法检测转染重组表达质粒的A549细胞的增殖活力。免疫组化结果显示:JSRV Env蛋白主要表达于病肺组织的肺泡上皮细胞和肿瘤细胞,EGFR在病肺组织中过表达于肺泡上皮细胞,脱落的肿瘤细胞及间质细胞中,而在健康绵羊肺中只是少量表达于肺泡上皮细胞和支气管上皮细胞中,p-Erk1/2和p-p38在病肺组织中主要表达于肺泡上皮细胞和肿瘤细胞,EGFR、p-Erk1/2和p-p38的阳性表达区均与Env蛋白的阳性表达区一致。Western blot结果显示:病肺中p-Erk1/2和p-p38的磷酸化水平均极显著高于健康肺组织,转染重组表达质粒pcDNA4/myc-His/exJSRV-env的A549细胞中p-Erk1/2和p-p38的表达量均极显著高于对照组细胞,说明exJSRV-env确实激活了A549细胞的MAPK通路。而CCK8结果显示:转染重组表达质粒pcDNA4/myc-His/exJSRV-env的A549细胞增殖活力显著高于对照组细胞,说明exJSRV-env可能是通过激活的EGFR/MAPK通路促进A549细胞的恶性增殖,进而促使肿瘤的发生。本研究为进一步探索绵羊肺腺瘤病毒囊膜蛋白的致病机制奠定了基础。     

JSRV Env通过Akt/mTOR信号通路调控绵羊绒毛膜滋养层细胞增殖

利用已构建的JSRV Env慢病毒载体转染绵羊绒毛膜滋养层细胞(STCs),探讨Akt/mTOR信号通路的激活及其对细胞增殖的影响。以STCs为空白组,空病毒载体转染STCs为对照组,JSRV Env慢病毒载体转染STCs为试验组,通过Western blot检测Akt、p-Akt、mTOR和p-mTOR蛋白的表达,并在JSRV Env转化细胞中加入mTOR抑制剂雷帕霉素(rapamycin),利用噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法比较分析细胞增殖情况。激光共聚焦观察显示JSRV Env慢病毒转染STCs 72 h后,因稳定表达了Env蛋白而出现大量红色荧光信号;Western blot结果显示,与空白组和对照组相比,试验组有p-Akt和p-mTOR的显著表达(P0.05);MTT比色法分析结果显示,与空白组和对照组相比,试验组的细胞增殖能力显著上调(P0.05)。JSRV Env转化细胞中加入雷帕霉素后,MTT比色法分析结果显示,与JSRV Env慢病毒转染STCs组相比,细胞增殖能力显著下调(P0.05);Western blot结果显示,雷帕霉素作用72 h后mTOR表达显著下调(P0.05)。综上可知,JSRV Env慢病毒激活了STCs中的Akt/mTOR信号通路,参与调控细胞增殖。研究结果为进一步探究JSRV Env诱导细胞转化、参与细胞增殖等生物学作用的探讨提供了基础的参考资料。     

泛素化激酶Cbl蛋白对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒早期复制的抑制作用

为研究Cbl蛋白(Casitas b-lineage lymphoma)对H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)复制的影响,采用PCR技术扩增Cbl基因片段并连接到FLAG-N载体中,Western blot技术验证FLAG-Cbl重组载体表达及病毒NP蛋白的表达情况,并采用荧光定量PCR技术检测病毒的血凝素(HA)、核蛋白(NP)和非结构蛋白(NS)基因水平;采用RNAi技术检测Cbl对病毒HA基因表达水平的影响。结果显示:EcoRⅠ、HindⅢ双酶切鉴定及测序分析发现,成功构建真核表达重组载体FLAG-Cbl; Western blot结果证实H9N2亚型AIV感染FLAG-Cbl重组载体转染的A549细胞6 h时,病毒NP蛋白表达降低;荧光定量PCR结果证实病毒NP、NS及HA基因在AIV感染FLAG-cbl重组载体转染的A549细胞的6和12 h时表达水平均明显降低;RNAi敲低A549细胞内源性Cbl蛋白后,H9N2亚型AIV的HA基因表达水平在病毒感染12、24和36 h明显升高。结果表明:Cbl蛋白能在早期抑制H9N2亚型AIV在A549细胞上的复制,为深入研究Cbl蛋白抗病毒复制的机制提供了重要的试验依据,同时为开展抗AIV的药物研发提供了参考。     

构建稳定转化的BmN细胞表达人白介素-28A及表达产物的体外抗肿瘤活性

为建立能表达人白介素-28A(hIL-28A)基因的稳定转化家蚕卵巢细胞(BmN)系,构建了重组表达载体pIZT/V5-His-hIL-28A并转染BmN细胞,采用终浓度为300～400μg/mL的博莱霉素(zeocin)筛选2个月后,获得了稳定转化BmN细胞系。SDS-PAGE和Western blotting检测显示在稳定转化BmN细胞中表达的重组hIL-28A蛋白分子质量约为26kD;用ELISA试剂盒测定hIL-28A的表达水平约为2.035×10-5ng/个细胞。用噻唑蓝法(MTT法)检测hIL-28A的体外抗肿瘤活性,结果显示其对肺癌细胞A549、急性早幼粒细胞白血病细胞HL60、肝癌细胞BEL-7402和乳腺癌细胞M231的半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为3.21、2.84、6.29和9.32ng/mL。研究结果表明hIL-28A可在稳定转化BmN细胞中表达,表达产物具有体外抗肿瘤活性。     

稳定表达犬瘟热病毒基质蛋白的细胞系Vero-SLAM-M的构建

为了建立稳定表达犬瘟热病毒基质蛋白(M)的细胞系,从犬瘟热病毒狐狸源分离毒株SD16F中扩增出M基因,将其克隆至真核表达质粒pCI-neo的Xho I/Not I位点处。重组质粒经PCR、Xho I/Not I双酶切及测序鉴定后转染Vero-SLAM细胞,利用G418抗性压力筛选阳性细胞,并采用RT-PCR及间接免疫荧光试验(IFA)鉴定转染细胞中M蛋白的表达情况。结果表明,成功构建了重组质粒pCI-neo-M,瞬时及稳定转染Vero-SLAM细胞后,RT-PCR和IFA能够检测到M基因的转录和表达,且G418筛选后细胞与其亲本Vero-SLAM细胞生长特性基本一致,表明获得1株能稳定表达M蛋白的细胞系,命名为Vero-SLAM-M。     

可诱导表达小反刍兽疫病毒P蛋白细胞系的建立

为研究小反刍兽疫病毒(PPRV)磷蛋白(P)的生化功能,本研究通过PCR将PPRV p全长基因扩增后克隆至真核表达载体pcDNA4/TO中,构建了重组质粒pcDNA4/TO-PPRVP。将该质粒转染至已稳定转入pcDNA6/TR质粒的T-REx293细胞中,并用博来霉素和稻瘟菌素筛选存活克隆。将强力霉素添加至存活细胞克隆中诱导P蛋白表达,Western blot及间接免疫荧光试验鉴定出可诱导表达P蛋白的细胞克隆,扩增阳性克隆获得能够稳定表达P蛋白的细胞系。Western blot显示该细胞系表达的P蛋白能够与山羊PPRV阳性血清反应,并能够有效抑制聚肌胞苷酸诱导的STAT1磷酸化,表明该细胞系表达的重组PPRV P蛋白具有与野生型P蛋白类似的生物活性。本研究利用Tet on系统建立了表达PPRV P蛋白的真核细胞系,为深入研究PPRV的致病机制奠定了基础。     

The morphology and morphogenesis of jaagsiekte retrovirus (JSRV)

Jaagsiekte retrovirus ( JSRV ) was recently shown to be the aetiological agent of jaasiekte (ovine pulmonary adenomatosis). The morphogenesis of JSRV was studied in jaagsiekte tumour tissue. Intracytoplasmic particles, often associated with centrioles, were found in tumour cells. JSRV budded from tumour cells with a complete core which appeared to mature during the budding process. Extracellular particles were found in the alveolar lumen. Immature extracellular particles were rare. Mature extracellular JSRV was membrane-bound and had a slightly eccentric nucleoid with an electron-dense perinucleoidal space. In negatively stained preparations of JSRV the envelope was covered with spikes. JSRV is morphologically distinct from all known retroviruses.     

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus found in milk macrophages but not in milk lymphocytes or mammary gland epithelia of naturally infected sheep

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) causes ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. JSRV can be transmitted via infected colostrum or milk, which contain somatic cells (SCs) harboring JSRV provirus. Nevertheless, the cell types involved in this form of transmission and the involvement of the mammary gland remain unknown. We separated adherent cells (macrophages and monocytes) by plastic adherence, and lymphocytes (CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells) by flow cytometry, from SCs in milk samples from 12 naturally infected, PCR blood test JSRV–positive, subclinical ewes. These cell populations were tested by PCR to detect JSRV provirus. The ewes were euthanized, and mammary gland samples were analyzed immunohistochemically to detect JSRV surface protein. We did not detect JSRV provirus in any milk lymphocyte population, but milk adherent cells were positive in 3 of 12 sheep, suggesting a potential major role of this population in the lactogenic transmission of JSRV. Immunohistochemistry did not reveal positive results in mammary epithelial cells, pointing to a lack of participation of the mammary gland in the biological cycle of JSRV and reducing the probability of excretion of free viral particles in colostrum or milk.     

Cells infected with Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus are detected in the bone marrow of asymptomatic sheep

Ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA) is a transmissible lung cancer caused by Jaggsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV). It is difficult to identify animals infected with JSRV but are clinically healthy. The virus does not induce a specific antibody response and, although proviral DNA sequences of JSRV can be found in mononuclear blood cells, the detection is inconsistent. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of JSRV in the bone marrow of infected sheep and develop a more consistent screening method. Immunohistochemical examination of bone marrow samples from 8 asymptomatic JSRV-infected sheep revealed the presence of positively labelled cells. However, JSRV could not be detected by a highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in bone marrow aspirates periodically collected from these animals. Results suggest that JSRV-infected cells may be present in the bone marrow of symptomless animals, but the number is below the detectable level for PCR. Therefore, this technique does not seem to be helpful for preclinical diagnosis of OPA.     

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma not related to jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in a goat

A spontaneous lung tumor in a 5-year-old goat of the Murciano-Granadina breed is described in this paper. Clinical signs of cachexia and tachypnoea were evident, and a considerable amount of white mucous foamy fluid was discharged from the nostrils when the animal's head was lowered. A lung tumor with the characteristics of bronchioloalveolar carcinoma was detected during histopathologic examination. The tumor cells were positive for surfactant proteins C and B, confirming that alveolar type II cells were the origin of the neoplasia. Tumor samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunohistochemistry for the presence of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV), another retrovirus very closely related to JSRV, but all tests were negative. Therefore, this is the first reported case of spontaneous bronchioloalveolar carcinoma not related to JSRV or ENTV infection in a goat.     

The effects of the Recombinant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis CFP10 Protein on the TLR Signal-mediated Inflammatory Responses in A549 Cells

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of recombinant 10 kDa culture filtrate protein (CFP10) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis on the inflammatory responses mediated by Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling in A549 cells. The recombinant plasmid pCzn1-CFP10 was obtained by amplifying the cfp10 gene fragment using PCR and cloning it into the prokaryotic expression vector pCzn1. The obtained recombinant plasmid pCzn1-CFP10 was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and induced by IPTG to express the recombinant protein CFP10 (rCFP10). The purified rCFP10 protein was preserved after endotoxin was removed and desalted before use. The effect of rCFP10 treatment on the survival rate of A549 cells was detected by MTT assay. A549 cells were treated with rCFP10 to detect changes of key molecules of TLR signaling pathway and downstream inflammatory factors in A549 cells by qRT-PCR,Western blot and ELISA. The results showed that the recombinant expression vector pCzn1-CFP10 was successfully constructed and the high-purity rCFP10 protein was expressed and purified in this study. MTT assay showed that rCFP10 could inhibit the survival rate of A549 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. In addition, rCFP10 could significantly (P<0.05) up-regulate the key molecules of TLR pathways TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6, NF-κBp65 and downstream inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in A549 cells as compared to the control group. The recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis protein CFP10 could promote the secretion of cytokines by activating TLR receptor signaling pathway in A549 cells, which will provide a theoretical basis for further understanding of the pathogenesis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.     

Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV): from virus to lung cancer in sheep

Jaagsiekte Sheep Retrovirus (JSRV) is a betaretrovirus infecting sheep. This virus is responsible for a pulmonary adenocarcinoma, by transformation of epithelial cells from the bronchioli and alveoli. This animal cancer is similar to human bronchioloalveolar cancer (BAC), a specific form of human lung cancer for which a viral aetiology has not yet been identified. JSRV interacts with target cells through the membrane receptor Hyal2. The JSRV genome is simple and contains no recognised oncogene. It is now well established that the viral envelope protein is oncogenic by itself, via the cytoplasmic domain of the transmembrane glycoprotein and some domains of the surface glycoprotein. Activation of the PI3K/Akt and MAPK pathways participates in the envelope-induced transformation. Tumour development is associated with telomerase activation. This review will focus on the induction of cancer by JSRV.     

重组结核分枝杆菌CFP10蛋白对A549细胞TLR信号途径介导的炎症反应的影响

本研究旨在检测重组结核分枝杆菌10 ku培养滤液蛋白（culture filtrate protein 10,CFP10）对肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞系A549细胞Toll样受体（TLRs）信号途径及其介导的炎症反应的影响。PCR扩增cfp10目的基因片段,构建重组质粒载体pCzn1-CFP10。将重组质粒pCzn1-CFP10转入BL21（DE3）大肠杆菌感受态细胞,IPTG诱导表达重组蛋白CFP10（rCFP10）并鉴定,纯化rCFP10,去除内毒素及脱盐备用。设置对照组,利用MTT检测rCFP10对A549细胞的存活率的影响;通过qRT-PCR、Western blot及ELISA等技术,分别在转录和翻译水平检测rCFP10对A549细胞TLRs信号途径关键分子及其下游炎症因子表达的影响。结果显示,成功构建重组表达载体pCzn1-CFP10并表达纯化出高纯度的rCFP10。MTT结果显示,随着rCFP10浓度增加和处理时间延长,A549细胞存活率显著降低。与空白对照组相比,rCFP10分别从转录和翻译水平显著（P<0.05）或极显著（P<0.01）上调A549细胞中TLRs途径关键分子TLR2、TLR4、MyD88、TRAF6和NF-κB p65及下游炎症因子IL-6、TNF-α的表达水平。rCFP10蛋白可以通过激活A549细胞TLRs受体信号途径促进细胞炎症因子的分泌,这将为进一步加深理解结核病发病机制提供理论依据。     

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus is present at high concentration in lung fluid produced by ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma-affected sheep and can survive for several weeks at ambient temperatures

Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) causes a fatal lung cancer of sheep known as ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma (OPA). OPA is a significant disease in many sheep-rearing countries and there is no effective method of control. A unique feature of OPA is the overproduction of fluid in the lung of affected animals. This lung fluid contains JSRV and provides a means of transmission through the inhalation of virus. In this study we demonstrated that lung fluid from different OPA cases contained between 10⁷ and 10¹⁰ copies of JSRV RNA per ml. Examination of JSRV RNA survival under conditions that mimic natural conditions suggested that intact JSRV virions may persist for several weeks in the environment. These are the first quantitative data on JSRV in lung fluid and provide valuable information for implementing appropriate biosecurity measures to control the spread of JSRV in the field.     

Surveillance of Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus in sheep in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan

Surveillance of jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) infection was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood DNA samples collected from 40 sheep and goats in 10 different flocks in Hokkaido, the northern island of Japan. No exogenous (oncogenic) JSRV sequence was detected by PCR in these samples, while the ovine endogenous retrovirus sequence was successfully amplified in all samples. Our paper is the first demonstration of JSRV surveillance in Japan and shows no evidence of oncogenic JSRV infection in sheep and goats in Hokkaido.