Effect of Water Stress at Various Growth Stages on Some Quality Characteristics of Winter Wheat

A field experiment was carried out in Erzurum (Turkey) on winter wheat to analyse the effect of water stress at different growth stages – fully irrigated (FI), rainfed (R), early water stress (EWS), late water stress (LWS) and continuous water stress (CWS), on some quality characteristics – in the 1995–96 and 1996–97 cropping seasons. Water stress had a substantial effect on most of the quality characteristics. As averages of cropping seasons, CWS, EWS, R and LWS treatments decreased grain yields by 65.5, 40.6, 30.5 and 24.0 %, respectively, compared with the FI treatment. CWS increased grain protein content by 18.1 %, sedimentation volume by 16.5 %, wet gluten content by 21.9 % and decreased 1000‐kernel weight by 7.5 g compared with FI treatment. LWS caused an increase of 8.3 % in grain protein content, 8.7 % in sedimentation volume, 10.8 % in wet gluten content and a reduction of 3.8 g in 1000‐kernel weight compared with FI. EWS and R increased sedimentation volume and wet gluten content, but decreased 1000‐kernel weight compared with FI. The effect of LWS on grain quality was more significant than that of EWS. The results suggest that soil moisture conditions increase grain yield and kernel weight of winter wheat but decrease its quality.     

不同施肥处理对冬小麦产量、蛋白组分和加工品质的影响

试验在中国农业科学研究作物科学研究所试验基地进行，供试品种为强筋面包小麦品种中优9701，试验地土质为壤土。试验设不同肥料组合处理，研究对面包小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明，在施肥量相同条件下，氮肥底施和追施各半的处理产量最高，与氮肥全部底施和70%底施的处理相比产量差异达到显著水平。各施肥处理产量均比对     

四川小麦主栽品种的品质性状表现及其稳定性

2006—2008连续3年,在5个生态点考察了7个四川省代表性小麦品种在两种氮水平下的品质状况及其稳定性,以期为四川小麦品质定位、品质改良和生产指导提供依据。结果表明,3年均值,籽粒容重777 g L^-1,籽粒蛋白质含量12.3%,湿面筋含量25.1%,Zeleny沉降值32.9 mL,降落值326 s,面粉吸水率56.5%,面团形成时间3.0 min、稳定时间4.5 min,面条评分78.5分、面包评分62.2分。几乎所有品质性状均存在显著的基因型、环境及其互作效应。籽粒容重、沉降值、降落值、面粉吸水率和面条评分的年份效应大于地点效应,而籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间和面包评分则地点效应大于年份效应。增施氮肥对籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、面团形成时间、稳定时间和面包评分都有显著的增效作用,但对降落值、面粉吸水率和面条评分无明显影响。品种品质的稳定性因品质性状不同而异,川麦39面包评分高而稳定,川麦37面条总评分高而稳定,二者可被用于四川小麦品质改良。     

北方冬麦区新育成优质品种的面包和馒头品质性状

本研究旨在了解近年北方冬麦区育成优质小麦品种的品质状况, 为优质小麦新品种选育和推广提供重要信息。2013—2014和2014—2015年度将52份国内及6份国外代表性优质品种种植于河北高邑和山东济宁, 测定粉质仪和拉伸仪参数及面包和馒头品质性状, 并分析蛋白质组分含量对面团流变学特性及面包和馒头成品品质的影响。结果表明, 大部分参试品种的粉质仪稳定时间在7 min以上, 品种间面筋强度、面包和馒头成品品质均存在显著差异。CA0493、师栾02-1、12品404、新麦26和Karl 5个品种面包品质好, 其中师栾02-1和Karl的馒头品质也较好, 可以作为兼用型品种在品质育种中应用。拉伸仪品质特性是反映强筋品种面包品质的重要指标, 建议在进行面包品质改良时, 重视拉伸特性。不溶性谷蛋白聚合体含量与面筋强度和面包品质呈显著正相关, 可作为品质育种的选种指标。     

冬小麦品种籽粒物理品质性状及面粉品质性状的研究

以13个冬小麦品种(系)为材料，对其籽粒物理品质性状(包括千粒重、容重)和面粉品质性状(包括沉淀值、干、湿面筋含量)进行测定，并对各性状指标进行了相关分析和聚类分析，结果表明：容重与千粒重之间呈极显著正相关；干面筋与湿面筋间呈极显著正相关；沉淀值与干面筋呈极显著负相关；其他各指标间均无相关性。供试品种(系)大多数属于高容重、中千粒重、高沉淀值、中等面筋含量的品种。旨在为今后有计划的进行冬小麦品质改良提供信息和依据。     

Interactive Effect of Sulphur and Nitrogen on the Oil and Protein Contents and on the Fatty Acid Profiles of Oil in the Seeds of Rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss.)

In long-term field experiments on loamy sand and sandy loam, legumes (pea and lupine) stimulated microbial activity in the rhizosphere more than cereals (winter rye, winter wheat and spring barley), maize and oil flax. In the rhizosphere of winter wheat and maize, microbial activity and the bacteria species Pseudomonas , Agrobacterium and Xanthomonas were more stimulated by organic manuring than by mineral fertilization. A positive correlation between the stimulated bacteria species and the growth of young plants was found. Various mineral nitrogen applications had no influence on the rhizosphere microflora. The leghemoglobin content of pea nodules – an indicator of nitrogen fixation activity – was reduced by high nitrogen application in crop rotation.     

Morphological and physiological differences in the response of cereals to zinc deficiency

Greenhouse and growth chamber experiments were carried out using seven bread wheat (Triticum aestivum), three durum wheat (T. durum), two rye (Secale cereale), three barley (Hordeum vulgare), two triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) and one oat (Avena sativa) cultivars to study response to zinc (Zn) deficiency and Zn fertilisation in nutrient solution and in a severely Zn deficient calcareous soil. Visual Zn deficiency symptoms, such as whitish-brown necrotic patches on leaf blades, developed rapidly and severely in the durum wheat and oat cultivars. Bread wheat showed great genotypic differences in sensitivity to Zn deficiency. In triticale and rye, visual deficiency symptoms were either absent or appeared only slightly, while barley showed a moderate sensitivity. When grown in soil, average decreases in shoot dry matter production due to Zn deficiency were 15% for rye, 25% for triticale, 34% for barley, 42% for bread wheat, 63% for oat and 65% for durum wheat. Differential Zn efficiency among and within cereal species was better related to the total amount of Zn per shoot, but not to the Zn concentration in the shoot dry matter. However, in leaves of Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars, the activity of Zn-containing superoxide dismutase was greater than in Zn inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars, suggesting higher amounts of physiologically active Zn in leaf tissue of efficient genotypes. When grown in nutrient solution, there was a poor relationship between Zn efficiency and release rate of Zn-chelating phytosiderophores from roots, but uptake of labelled Zn (⁶⁵Zn) and its translocation to the shoot was higher in the Zn efficient rye and bread wheat cultivars than in inefficient bread and durum wheat cultivars. The results demonstrate that susceptibility of cereals to Zn deficiency decline in the order durum wheat > oat > bread wheat > barley > triticale > rye. The results also show that expression of high Zn efficiency in cereals was causally related to enhanced capability of genotypes to take up Zn from soils and use it efficiently in tissues. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

宽幅条播冬小麦水分利用与干物质积累、品质的关系及播种密度的调控研究

为明确冬小麦采用宽幅条播技术的增产及优质机理,于2017-2018年在黄淮海流域西部开展不同播种密度对宽幅条播冬小麦植株干物质积累量、水分利用效率及品质影响的研究。结果表明,播种密度为480万株/hm²时,提高了植株各阶段干物质积累量,增加了花前作物耗水量及生育期总耗水,显著提高了小麦产量,增幅达3.5%~16.2%,提高水分利用效率1.3%~11.8%;显著提高了籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量,总蛋白提高2.5%~11.8%,提高了谷/醇值;显著提高了淀粉、湿面筋和干面筋含量;提高了淀粉糊化特性,其中峰值黏度、保持黏度、最终黏度和糊化温度均达显著水平。较其他播种密度处理,小麦吸水率和面团形成时间以播种密度为240万株/hm²时最高;240万和480万株/hm²处理的面团稳定时间和粉质质量数高于其他处理;弱化度以360万株/hm²处理最高。宽幅条播冬小麦不同播种密度条件下,拔节―开花阶段耗水量与产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、谷/醇值、淀粉含量、湿面筋含量、干面筋含量和面筋指数均呈显著正相关。总之,宽幅条播冬小麦采用480万株/hm²播种密度有利于提高植株干物质积累量,增加花前作物耗水,提高产量、水分利用效率、籽粒营养品质和面粉加工品质,实现了冬小麦优质增产增效。     

不同土壤水分对强、弱筋小麦烘焙品质的影响

以强筋小麦济麦20和弱筋小麦宁麦9为材料,在防雨池栽条件下研究了不同土壤水分对强、弱筋小麦烘焙品质的影响。结果表明:随着土壤水分减少,强、弱筋小麦籽粒蛋白质含量显著增加。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量及沉降值与小麦烘焙品质指标均呈显著相关,可以作为衡量小麦烘焙品质的参考指标。2个供试品种中,强筋小麦(济麦20)烘焙品质受土壤水分影响较大,在土壤相对含水量55%~60%条件下烘焙品质最好;而弱筋小麦(宁麦9)烘焙品质受土壤水分影响不明显。     

2005–2019年江苏省冬小麦品种的性状分析

进一步了解江苏省冬小麦产量及主要农艺性状的演变规律,为江苏省冬小麦育种和生产提供借鉴。本研究对2005—2019年江苏省审定的109个小麦品种进行产量、品质与抗病性分析。结果表明,江苏省审定的小麦品种平均产量呈逐年递增趋势,年增产量为134.43 kg/hm²;穗数、穗粒数和千粒重呈逐年增长趋势,但增长幅度较小。主要农艺性状与产量的相关程度为穗数>千粒重,呈正相关;株高>穗粒数,呈负相关;产量三要素之间的偏相关均为正值,偏相关程度表现为穗数>穗粒数>千粒重;审定品种中有27个品种的容重、蛋白质和湿面筋含量达到中筋小麦品质标准,有15个小麦品种达到强筋标准,有54.12%的小麦品种的湿面筋含量低于中筋小麦品质标准,下一步应把提高湿面筋含量作为提高小麦品质育种的主攻方向。在审定的小麦品种中,没有可以兼抗赤霉病、纹枯病和白粉病3种病害的品种,兼抗赤霉病和白粉病的品种为‘淮麦21’、‘宁麦17’、‘镇麦9号’、‘宁麦18’、‘扬麦21’和‘扬江麦586’。江苏省小麦品种产量的提高应在保持适宜穗粒数的基础上,增加穗数,提高千粒重,同时进一步引进新的抗病、优质种质资源,以培育高产、优质、多抗的小麦新品种。     

土壤扩蓄增容肥对小麦产量及品质的影响

2012—2013年在陕西三原县（水地）和永寿县（旱地）进行土壤扩蓄增容肥应用效果试验,研究了土壤扩蓄增容肥对小麦产量、产量构成因素和品质的影响。结果表明,土壤扩蓄增容肥对冬小麦有极显著的增产作用。水地较对照净增产1304.06 kg/hm²,增产幅度为16.8%;旱地较对照增产224.70 kg/hm²,增产幅度为8.6%。同时,土壤扩蓄增容肥处理的水地小麦多个品质指标较对照显著降低,其中蛋白质含量降低4.2%,硬度降低2.2%,湿面筋含量降低4.6%,沉降值降低11.6%,面团流变学特性中除吸水率外均显著减少;但土壤扩蓄增容肥对旱地小麦品质指标无显著影响。     

Introduction of high molecular weight glutenin subunits 5 + 10 for the improvement of the bread-making quality of hexaploid triticale

In an earlier study, chromosome 1D of the hexaploid breadwheat cultivar ‘Chinese Spring’ was introduced into hexaploid triticale to improve its bread‐making quality. That specific chromosome, 1D, carried the a allele at the Glu‐D1 locus coding for high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits 2 + 12, and since subunits 2 + 12 are associated with poor bread‐making quality in wheat, in the present study hexaploid 1D substitution triticale was crossed with octoploid triticale with the d allele at the Glu‐D1 locus encoding HMW glutenin subunits 5 + 10. Following backcrosses to different triticale varieties, 1D substitution lines were established that had Glu‐D1 allele a or d in an otherwise genetically similar background, and the influence of these two different alleles on bread‐making quality of hexaploid triticale was compared. The agronomic performance of 76 selected lines was evaluated in a field trial. The Zeleny sedimentation value was determined as a parameter for bread‐making quality, and related to the presence of chromosome 1D, the different glutenin alleles and the nature of the substitution. The presence of chromosome 1D had a significant and positive effect on the Zeleny sedimentation value, but the difference between the two glutenin alleles 2 + 12 and 5 + 10 was not as obvious as in wheat. Owing to its high cytological stability and minimal effect on agronomic performance, substitution 1D(1A) appears to be the most desirable one to use in triticale breeding.     

不同试点氮肥水平对强筋小麦加工品质性状及其稳定性的影响

用7个强筋小麦品种,分别在6个省试验,研究氮肥及生态环境对其加工品质及其稳定性的影响。结果表明,在施氮0~300 kg/hm2范围内,湿面筋、沉降值、吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、延伸性、面包体积均随施氮量增加逐渐提高,其中形成时间、稳定时间、湿面筋、沉降值的变异系数较大,表明这些性状对氮肥反应敏感,吸水率对氮肥反应迟钝,稳定性较好。稳定时间在不同试验点的变异系数最大,吸水率的变异系数最小。稳定时间、形成时间、拉伸面积在不同品种间变异系数差别较大,而其他品质指标的变异系数差别较小。把施氮处理和试验点统一作为环境因素,把不同品种作为基因型因素,利用AMMI模型对主要加工品质指标进行分析,其中湿面筋、形成时间、延伸性、面包体积和面包评分的环境效应大于基因型效应;而沉降值、吸水率、稳定时间、拉伸面积的基因型效应大于环境效应;基因型与环境（G´E）的交互作用对各项品质性状均有极显著影响。     

花后灌水对小麦籽粒品质性状及产量的影响

在池栽防雨条件下,研究了小麦花后不同灌水时期、不同灌水次数对籽粒产量及品质性状的影响。结果表明,在花前限量灌水条件下（135 mm）,花后灌水（45～90 mm）可显著提高小麦籽粒产量及蛋白质产量;虽然多数品质性状在花后不灌水（CK）条件下获得最大值,但灌1水未引起品质性状的明显变化;随灌水次数增加,各品质性状变劣     

氮素分期优化管理对冬小麦产量和籽粒品质的影响

采用田间试验,对氮素分期优化管理方法对小麦籽粒品质的影响进行了研究,以期为高产、优质、资源高效、环境保护等多重目标并重的养分资源优化管理提供理论依据.结果表明:氮素供应量最优的处理(冬小麦返青期氮素供应量即0～60 cm土壤Nmin+肥料氮为90 kg/hm2,拔节期追氮量即施用肥料氮30 kg/hm2)的冬小麦籽粒产量和其他氮素供应量处理没有显著差异;氮素供应量最优的处理冬小麦籽粒的粗蛋白和面筋含量显著低于在返青期和拔节期供氮量都高的处理(冬小麦返青期氮素供应量即0～60 cm土壤Nmin+肥料氮为150kg/hm2、拔节期追氮量即施用肥料氮90kg/hm2),但与其他处理相比差异不显著;以高产、资源高效和环境保护为前提的冬小麦氮肥分期优化施用量获得了最高产量的同时兼具较好的小麦籽粒品质.     

Reaction of triticale,wheat and rye accessions to graminaceous Fusarium spp. infection at the seedling and adult plant growth stages

Summary Pathogenicity of 20 isolates of 12 Fusarium species recovered from triticale seed against seedlings of 14 varieties of winter cereals (triticale, wheat, and rye) was tested. The most pathogenic inoculum was a mixture of isolates (a composite isolate) of all the species. The following species were individually the most pathogenic: F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. sambucinum var. coeruleum, and F. graminearum. Winter triticale was more resistant to seedling blight than rye but more susceptible than wheat.Also reactions of 31 winter and 12 spring varieties of cereals to head inoculation with a composite isolate of 4 Fusarium spp. (F. avenaceum, F. culmorum, F. graminearum, and F. sambucinum var. coeruleum) was studied. In comparison to other cereals of similar type winter and spring wheat appeared to be the most susceptible while winter rye reaction was comparable to winter triticale. Spring and winter triticale varieties responded to head infection intermediately.There was no significant correlation between seedling and head reactions to infection with Fusarium spp. for winter rye and triticale. For winter wheat a negative trend was found. The above findings imply that screening of cereals at the seedling stage can not be used to predict the resistance to head blight. Nevertheless, resistance at the stage is highly desirable to prevent excessive damage of the crops due to the seedling blight incited by Fusarium spp..     

Glu-D1位点亚基缺失弱筋小麦新种质的创制及其品质分析

辐射诱变是一种重要的变异手段,为了丰富小麦的品质性状变异资源,通过采用60Co-?射线辐射普通小麦品种‘冀3235’幼胚愈伤组织的方法,获得辐射诱变处理的再生植株。对再生株后代种子进行麦谷蛋白亚基的SDS-PAGE分析,结果从中发现了不含Glu-D1位点编码的高分子量麦谷蛋白亚基的材料。经进一步的系谱选择,选育成了稳定遗传的7份材料。与对照‘冀3235’相比,这些株系的农艺性状无明显差异,醇溶蛋白A-PAGE电泳谱带也完全相同,仅在麦谷蛋白SDS-PAGE电泳图谱的Glu-D1位点上有差异（变异系缺少Glu-D1位点控制的亚基,对照‘冀3235’为2+12）。品质分析结果表明,Glu-D1位点缺失系的面粉品质发生了很大变化,其湿面筋没有检出,沉降值显著下降。这些变异系是培育弱筋小麦品种和评价Glu-D1位点功能的珍贵材料。     

河南省小麦馒头品种适宜品质指标的探讨

采用河南省麦区44个主推品种,对河南麦区适宜制作馒头小麦品种的主要品质指标进行了分析。结果表明:河南冬麦区适宜优质馒头的小麦主要品质指标是:面粉蛋白含量11%~12%,湿面筋30%~35.9%,沉淀值23.3~40.3 m L,峰值黏度2200~3700 cp,低谷粘度1400~2400 cp,吸水率57.2%~60.8%,稳定时间2~9.5 min,硬度、直链淀粉和膨胀势中等偏低,面筋指数中等偏高,面粉白度、亮度越高,灰分和PPO活性越低越好。     

Hardening of Some Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Rye (Secale cereals L.), Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) and Winter Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Cultivars During Autumn and the Final Winter Survival in Finland

Profound hardening is the prerequisite for survival of a cultivar over winter. In the present study, hardening abilities of 13 winter wheat, 10 rye, 3 triticale and 6 winter barley cultivars were determined in field samples collected during the autumns of 1990 and 1991 by measuring the amount of ion leakage from frost-treated leaf segments. The cultivars tested were selected from the Inter-Nordic Winterhardiness Project, in which Field Survival Indices were determined for a total of 23 winter wheat, 13 rye, 5 triticale and 11 winter barley cultivars in order to estimate winter survival potentials under Finnish conditions. The winter survival of the materials studied correlated well with their hardening ability assessed by using the electrolyte leakage method.     

2011—2015年黄淮麦区小麦品种品质分析

该试验探讨了黄淮地区不同年份之间冬小麦品质指标的波动趋势,分析结论可为该地区小麦品质提升和品种产业化应用提供理论参考。经过分析2011—2015年中国黄淮地区南、北片国家区试水地组的317个小麦品种的籽粒粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量、面团稳定时间、沉降值和最大拉伸阻力等一系列相关品质指标。结果得出：2013年黄淮地区南、北片的小麦平均粗蛋白含量、湿面筋含量高于其他年份,但是稳定时间却不是最大。综合比较不同年份小麦品质指标的变异大小,以容重最小,稳定时间最大。变异程度较为接近的是蛋白质和湿面筋含量,但是稳定时间的变异约为前两者的20倍以上。根据品质指标含量进行分类,强筋、弱筋和中筋品种分别占有比例为3.15%、0%和22.7%,其余未归类品种所占比例高达74.14%。