农药质量的简易判别方法

农药质量的好坏主要受2个方面因素的影响。一是农药有效成分的品质和含量;二是农药加工技术的水平,即农药制剂的理化性能。目前,市场上经常出现伪劣农药产品,这些产品往往达不到商标上所规定的药效。主要原因是,有效成分含量不足;有效成分质量差,如含有某些杂质,不但会影响药效,有时还会造成药害;没有标签上所规定的有效成分;农药中实际所含有效成分并不是标签上所注明的成分,即用价格便宜的农药冒充价格昂贵的农药;销售过期失效的农药,无法保证药效;制剂加工水平低,没有达到标签上所注明的剂型的要求。     

农药发展新特点

农药是防止农作物免受病虫草鼠等有害生物侵害的重要农业生产资料,在保证农作物高产丰收方面具有十分重要的作用。但是,长期大量地使用农药也给人类带来了许多负面影响:农药本身对人类或其他生物有毒性;有害生物对农药产生抗药性;农药残留造成对环境的污染等。 农药对环境造成的污染在很大程度上与其种类有关,制剂的质量也直接影响农药的使用效率。农药残留主要决定于农药制剂的理化性能,也与农药质量有关,如果吸附能力弱,湿润和展布不好,就会造成大量农药流失浪费,并由此残留在植物上或土壤中,被雨水冲入河流或渗入地下造成污染。由于农药剂型固有的缺点也会造成对环境的污染,如粉状制剂在制造、包装、使用过程中的粉尘飘移对环境和操作人员的污染;液剂在喷雾时雾滴飘移的污染;     

河南省家蚕农药中毒发生原因和特征及防治对策

分析了桑园间套种作物和桑园周边大田作物使用农药、农林业使用农药防治害虫、桑园使用成份混杂农药、盲目使用新型农药、土壤中农药残留的污染以及蚕农防毒意识薄弱等造成家蚕农药中毒的主要原因。介绍了有机磷农药、沙蚕毒素类农药、拟除虫菊酯类农药引起家蚕农药中毒的症状。提出了合理调整桑园布局、设立桑园保护区、普及农药知识、正确使用农药、严防农药二次污染等预防家蚕农药中毒的对策。同时,提出了家蚕农药中毒的防治方法:勤观察、早发现,正确诊断;查明中毒原因,切断毒源;做好中毒后的处理工作,降低因农药中毒造成的损失;增强家蚕体质,提高家蚕对农药的抵抗力。以期确保蚕桑产业生产安全,把家蚕因农药中毒所造成的损失程度降到最低。     

禽业信息

农业部对高毒农药的管理采取新措施制止高毒农药的生产和流通,我们必须从源头上控制它,不许再生产了。对高毒农药的管理,一是源头要管住;二是要加大对高毒农药的检查力度。专项整治以来,收缴了甲胺磷等高毒农药479吨;     

农药残留检测的方法

<正>随着农药的大量生产和广泛使用,农药残留问题日益严重。农药残留(Pesticide residues)是指农药使用后,一段时间内没有被分解,而残留于收获物、土壤、水体、大气中的微量农药原体、有毒代谢物、降解物和杂质的总称。施用于作物上的农药,其中一部分会附着于上,残留农药直接通过植物果实到达人、畜体内,会对人类健康和环境产生严重威胁,所以农药残留检测技术就显得尤为重要。一般要通过样品的采集和保存,农药残留的提取和浓缩,净化及定性     

其他

<正>联合国粮农组织发布农药管理新准则11月26日消息,联合国粮农组织(FAO)11月25日发布新的农药管理准则,呼吁各国及时更新农药监管框架。联合国粮农组织官网发布消息称,新准则详细论述了完善的国家农药法律框架所包含的要素,各国政府在起草、审查、更新现有农药立法时可作为参考。     

我国畜禽产品农药残留量标准现状

<正>农药残留是指农药使用后残存于生物体、农副产品和环境中的微量农药原体、有毒代谢物、降解物和杂质的总称。我国的畜禽产品屡有农药残留超标的报道,影响了消费者健康,食品安全的成了社会关注焦点。1国际组织的农药残留限量标准制定情况在20世纪60年代初,农药残留问题就引起了国际社会的高     

农药标签应包括哪些内容

农药标签上的内容应告诉使用包装内农药名称,准确无误地反映出包装内产品的特点和用途以及如何使用该农药,如何储存和处理剩余农药,生产厂家的名称及地址等;农药标签应根据我国农药登记管理部门的规定和要求进行设计和印制。合格的农药标签应包括以下内容：     

高毒农药实名购 让“菜篮子”更放心

<正>前不久,农业部下发了《关于进一步加强农药管理工作的意见》,首次提出"蔬菜优势区域重点县要推行高毒农药定点经营制度,严格核定高毒农药经营单位,实行实名购药,建立高毒农药销售流向记录"。实名购买高毒农药是我国加强农药监管的重要举措,既有利于保障农产品质量安全,增强农产品的市场竞争力,又有利于保护人民的生命健康安全,保护自然环境。     

农药的保管及失效的辨别

<正>1农药的保管农户家中尽量不要存放农药,剩余农药应该存放在一起以便保管。农药的存放不当,会降低杀虫效果,甚至产生药害,在保管过程中要注意以下几点。一些农药易挥发失效,给空气造成污染,保管时一定要把瓶盖拧紧,实行密封,如敌敌畏、"乐果"(硫代磷酸脂)等一些易挥发失效的农药。保存好农药的标签及使用说明书,对已破损的瓶、袋等包装要更换,可湿性粉剂要注意密封,以防吸湿后结块失     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.