拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对棉铃虫雌蛾化学通讯系统的影响

用低致死剂量（LD30）氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯胸部点滴处理棉铃虫3龄幼虫后，研究拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对存活雌蛾化学通讯系统的影响。结果表明，杀虫剂对雌蛾的求偶行为不产生明显影响，对照组和杀虫剂处理组雌蛾的求偶高峰均为第3个暗期的8-8．5h，求偶率均可达73％-82％。氰戊菊酯处理组中雌蛾性信息素各组分滴度和总量与对照无显著性差异，但溴氰菊酯处理组中雌蛾性信息素的主组分Z11-16：Ald和次要组分Z9-16：Ald、Z7-16：Ald的滴度及信息素总量均显著高于对照组，并且两个活性组分Z11-16：Ald和Z9-16：Ald的比例与对照组雌蛾有显著差异。     

杀虫剂对蛾类昆虫生殖行为影响的研究进展

综述了近年来国内外关于杀虫剂对蛾类昆虫求偶、性信息素合成及释放、定向行为、交配和产卵等生殖行为影响的研究进展。经杀虫剂处理后,许多雌蛾的求偶行为受到抑制、性信息素含量降低,雄蛾对性信息素的反应和交配成功率下降,但药剂对产卵量和卵孵化率没有明显影响。而部分药剂可增强雄蛾对性信息素的反应,刺激雌蛾信息素含量异常增高和使活性组的比例发生漂移。     

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对昆虫性信息素通讯系统影响的研究进展

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对昆虫生理和行为的影响日益受到人们的关注.亚致死剂量杀虫剂影响雄虫嗅觉感受能力,使其不能准确识别性信息素信号,导致对信号的错误整合;对雌虫则影响性信息素各组分的滴度、比例及求偶和交配行为.短期作用可降低两性间的交配率及下一代种群发生量,长期作用则可能使性信息素通讯系统发生漂移.作者综述了菊酯和有机磷两类杀虫剂在这方面的研究进展,并对一些值得深入研究的问题进行了讨论.     

高剂量性信息素环境对草地贪夜蛾求偶和交配行为的影响

本文在风洞中模拟形成高浓度性信息素Z7-12:Ac、Z9-14:Ac和 Z11-16:Ac 环境,研究草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)的求偶和交配行为,为进一步开发交配干扰技术提供技术参数和依据。研究结果表明,在高剂量性信息素环境下,草地贪夜蛾雄蛾的暗期活动时间延后,而雌蛾的活动节律则没有变化,雌雄蛾之间产生了活动节律的时间差。同时,雌雄交配率和交配持续时间显著下降,交配日龄则显著延迟2 d。由于交配日龄延迟,产卵量及其孵化率也相应降低。性信息素喷射时间间隔对草地贪夜蛾性信息素释放滴度有显著影响,当间隔时间为5、10、20 min时,雌蛾释放的性信息素滴度显著下降,以5 min为最低。因此,高剂量性信息素环境不仅影响雄蛾对性信息素的定向,对雌雄蛾间化学通讯和交配也有显著影响。     

外源注射PBAN对甜菜夜蛾求偶、交配与产卵作用初步研究

在光期对甜菜夜蛾雌蛾注射人工合成的小分子性信息素合成激活肽PBAN,并观察其求偶、交配与产卵行为。结果表明,人工合成甜菜夜蛾PBAN适宜的注射浓度为3.5 pmol/μL。与注射蒸馏水对照相比,注射PBAN能够有效促进雌蛾提前发生求偶行为,且持续交配时间显著延长,单雌产卵量也显著增加。但与空白对照(未注射)相比,尽管注射PBAN的雌蛾求偶行为有所提前,但交配率和产卵量均明显低于对照组。初步说明外源注射PBAN对甜菜夜蛾求偶、交配与产卵行为均有重要的影响作用,特别是引起雌蛾求偶行为明显提前,甚至在光期观察到注射PBAN的雌蛾出现求偶行为。这为验证甜菜夜蛾PBAN的功能提供了依据,也为遗传改造PBAN基因干扰成虫交配达到无公害防治开拓了思路。     

亚致死剂量溴氰菊酯对亚洲玉米螟雄蛾性信息素通讯行为的影响

用亚致死剂量溴氰菊酯处理亚洲玉米螟雄蛾后,存活雄蛾对信息素定向行为反应受到较大的影响。雄蛾的起飞潜伏期延长,不应率增加,到达诱芯率大幅度下降。反应下降程度与剂量的相关性显著。以雄蛾的行为反应率机率值(Z)对药剂处理剂量对数(X)和处理天数(Y)进行二元回归分析,回归方程分别为:起飞:Z=6.979-6.559X 0.162Y;定向:Z=5.258-2.611X-0.039Y;逆飞:Z=4.982-2.457X-0.061Y;到达:Z=3.399-1.011X 0.168Y。     

新型信息素诱剂对新疆梨园蛾类害虫的诱捕效果评价

利用性诱剂干扰交配或诱杀钻蛀性蛾类害虫是果园害虫生物防治的重要途径之一，研发既诱雄蛾也诱雌蛾的新型诱剂近年来颇受关注。本研究在苹果蠹蛾性信息素基础上，加入寄主植物挥发物——梨酯、苯乙酮、香叶醇、冬青油和苯乙醇等制成若干配方，在南疆两地（库尔勒与阿克苏地区）梨园中于蛾类害虫发生的早期和中期进行诱捕试验。对苹果蠹蛾诱集结果表明，虽然与仅含性信息素配方相比，添加植物挥发物的配方可诱集到雌蛾，但诱集虫量较少。对梨小食心虫的诱集结果表明，在库尔勒，大部分配方诱到的虫量多于商品诱剂（对照），其中，在性信息素中添加少量植物挥发性物质的配方诱集的虫量总体较多；在阿克苏，所有配方诱集的虫量均多于对照，在性信息素中是否添加植物挥发物质对诱集效果总体上没有影响。对优斑螟的诱集结果表明，仅含2种性信息素物质的配方诱集的虫量最大，与加入少量梨脂的配方接近。果园诱集试验结果说明，在苹果蠹蛾性信息素中添加梨脂等多种寄主植物挥发物的供试配方诱集雌蛾效果不理想，但对多种混合发生的夜蛾害虫雄性具有较好诱集效果。     

玫烟色拟青霉亚致死浓度对小菜蛾取食和成虫生殖的影响

在室内测定了玫烟色拟青霉菌株SCAU-PFCF01的亚致死剂量对小菜蛾幼虫取食量、蛹重、化蛹、羽化、成虫寿命和雌蛾产卵量的影响。结果表明,用玫烟色拟青霉1×102和1×103孢子/ml处理小菜蛾2龄幼虫后,其幼虫期的总取食量较对照相比分别降低29.3%和54.1%。处理4龄幼虫后,玫烟色拟青霉导致其化蛹率、蛹重、羽化率、成虫寿命及成虫产卵量显著下降,1×103孢子/ml处理4龄幼虫后小菜蛾的平均蛹重、雌成虫寿命、雄成虫寿命、成虫的产卵量分别为4.3mg、15.3d、17.2d和135.1粒/雌,显著低于对照。     

硒对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和生殖行为的影响

为探讨硒(selenium)对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的营养作用及其生长发育、生殖行为的影响,选用添加不同浓度硒的人工饲料饲喂3龄幼虫,观察了蛹、成虫的生长发育及成虫生殖行为情况。结果表明,不同浓度的硒对蛹和成虫的发育影响差异较大,其中硒浓度为0.75 mg/kg时生长发育最好,化蛹率、雄蛹体重和雄蛾寿命显著高于对照,分别提高了7.4%、12.7%和19.1%;硒浓度为5.00 mg/kg时生长发育最差,化蛹率和羽化率最低,雌、雄蛹重最小,成虫寿命最短。当硒浓度为0.75 mg/kg时,雌蛾求偶百分率和求偶持续时间均有所降低,且求偶高峰期推迟1~2 h。以正常雌蛾为诱源时,硒雄蛾的定向能力显著低于对照,而以硒雌蛾为诱源时,硒雄蛾的定向能力显著高于对照雄蛾;硒雌蛾的产卵量和卵孵化率显著提高,硒雌蛾×硒雄蛾组合提高最多,分别为28.9粒和9.3%。研究表明,适量硒可以促进亚洲玉米螟生长发育,并能显著影响成虫的生殖行为。     

亚致死浓度氯虫苯甲酰胺对小菜蛾生物学特性的影响

探讨亚致死剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的亚致死效应,为氯虫苯甲酰胺的合理使用提供依据。采用叶片药膜法测定亚致死剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺对小菜蛾3龄幼虫生物学特性的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,亚致死浓度的氯虫苯甲酰胺处理后,小菜蛾4龄龄期和蛹期明显延长,化蛹率、羽化率、单雌产卵量明显降低。另外蛹重也明显低于对照。这表明亚致死剂量氯虫苯甲酰胺对小菜蛾种群增长有一定抑制作用,对小菜蛾综合防治策略的制定有积极意义。     

Sublethal effects of larval treatment with deltamethrin on moth sex pheromone communication system of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis

The first, third, and fifth instar larvae of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were treated with a lethal dose 30% of deltamethrin to determine its sublethal effects on chemical communication of the adult survivors. The capability of all males surviving deltamethrin to contact the pheromone source in a wind tunnel was significantly reduced, but those treated as the first and third instars also exhibited lower percentages of `orientation,' `up-wind flight,' and `approaching' behaviors than the control males. Female moths from the deltamethrin treatment exhibited similar calling periodicity and percentages to the control moths during 10-h scotophase. However, approximately 20% of the females that survived the pyrethroid in the first and third instars contained significantly higher amounts of sex pheromone and wider coefficients of variation of the ratio of E12-tetradecenyl acetate to its Z isomer in those female survivors. There was no significant difference in the pheromone titers and coefficients of variation in control females and the females treated in the fifth instars. The present study indicates that the Asian corn borer may possess a compensation system by which the males that survived treatment at larval stage present a lower response to the pheromone, while the female survivors produce and release more pheromone.     

Sublethal effects of larval exposure to indoxacarb on reproductive activities of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)

Sublethal effects of larval exposure to indoxacarb on reproductive activities of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) were studied. The third instar male and female larvae of the diamondback moth were fed with collard leaves dipped with a lethal dose of 20% mortality of indoxacarb in order to determine its impact on reproductive activities of adult survivors. Females from indoxacarb treatment had similar peak calling percentage (100%) and mean calling hours (5.83 ± 0.47 h) compared to control females (92% of peak calling, 5.05 ± 0.55 h of mean calling hours) at the first scotophase, but had slightly lower peak calling percentages and shorter calling hours at the subsequent scotophases. The sex pheromone blend or single component from the blend for P. xylostella elicited similar electroantennography responses compared with those from control males and indoxacarb-treated male survivors. Indoxacarb did not alter the number of eggs produced per female and female longevity. However, larval treatment of males with indoxacarb showed a decreased copulation success rate, and this effect was not observed in identically treated female survivors.     

Effects of sublethal concentrations of deltamethrin on fitness of white-backed planthopper,Sogatella furcifera (Horváth)

Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) is one of the most important migratory pests of rice in Asia. When normal concentrations of deltamethrin are applied to control lepidopteran pests of rice in the field, it is likely that S. furcifera will be exposed to sublethal concentrations of this chemical. Therefore, we examined the sublethal effects of deltamethrin on the development and reproduction of S. furcifera using the rice stem dipping method. The results showed that exposure of 3rd instar S. furcifera to LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ deltamethrin significantly increased the emergence rates compared with the F₀ generation control group, but there was no significant difference in the nymphal stage duration, adult longevity and female fecundity. Nymphal duration of the F₁ generation was significantly prolonged under both treatments. Female fecundity also increased in this generation, with a significant difference between the LC₂₅ treatment group and controls. The relative fitness of the LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ treatment groups was 0.84 and 0.80, respectively. The results showed that sublethal concentrations of deltamethrin stimulate the reproduction of S. furcifera, but decrease the relative fitness of the population. These results provided a reference point for the application of insecticides to control S. furcifera.     

Impact of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on the pheromone-communication systems of insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant obliquebanded leafrollers Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The effects of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on pheromone production, calling, female attractiveness and the ability of males to locate sources of natural and synthetic pheromone were compared in azinphos-methyl-susceptible (susceptible) and azinphos-methyl-resistant (resistant) obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). The amount of pheromone in susceptible females was reduced by 29-33% after exposure to azinphos-methyl; this treatment did not affect the pheromone content of resistant females. Azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females contained 39-43% less pheromone than azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females. Resistant females that were not treated with azinphos-methyl contained 35-56% less pheromone than susceptible females that were not treated with insecticide. The incidence of calling was reduced by 67-100% in azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females; the incidence of calling by resistant females was not affected by exposure to azinphos-methyl. The incidence of calling by azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females was 58-100% lower than that of azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females. There was no difference in the incidence of calling between susceptible and resistant females that had not been treated with insecticide. In a flight tunnel, treatment with insecticide reduced the attractiveness of susceptible females by 38%; treatment with insecticide did not affect the attractiveness of resistant females. There was no difference in the proportion of males attracted to susceptible and resistant females that had, or had not been treated with insecticide. In an apple orchard, the attractiveness of susceptible and resistant females treated with azinphos-methyl was reduced by 84 and 12%, respectively. The proportion of males attracted to azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females was 58% lower than the proportion attracted to azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females, whereas, if females were not treated with insecticide, the proportion attracted to resistant females was 57% lower than the proportion attracted to susceptible females. In a flight tunnel, azinphos-methyl did not affect the ability of susceptible or resistant males to locate a source of pheromone gland extract. Likewise, in an apple orchard, the insecticide treatment had no effect on the ability of susceptible or resistant males to locate a source of synthetic pheromone. In a flight tunnel, there was no difference in the proportion of azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible and resistant males locating a source of pheromone gland extract; however, in the orchard, 39% fewer azinphos-methyl-treated resistant males located a source of synthetic pheromone than azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible males. A similar proportion of susceptible and resistant males that had not been treated with insecticide located a source of pheromone gland extract in the flight tunnel, but in the orchard, the proportion of resistant males not treated with azinphos-methyl that located the source of synthetic pheromone was 32% lower than the proportion of susceptible males not treated with this insecticide. The implications of the differences in the effect of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on the pheromone communication system of susceptible and resistant moths are discussed in relation to the theory of the development of insecticide resistance, the detection of resistance in feral populations of moths using sex pheromone-baited traps, and the control of moths using sex pheromone-mediated mating disruption.     

马拉硫磷亚致死浓度对大豆蚜虫实验种群生理特征和生命表参数的影响

大豆蚜虫是危害大豆的重要害虫,马拉硫磷作为有效防治大豆蚜虫的杀虫剂之一,不仅可以在致死浓度下直接杀死大豆蚜虫,其在亚致死浓度下还会引起大豆蚜虫生理和行为的改变。分析了马拉硫磷3个亚致死浓度(0.05、0.10和0.20 mg/L)对大豆蚜虫生理特征和生命表参数的影响。结果表明:马拉硫磷在0.20 mg/L下处理大豆蚜虫后,其若蚜的发育历期(7.48 d±0.18 d)比对照的(5.78 d±0.30 d)显著延长;同时成蚜的生殖期、寿命和全世代周期也分别比对照的缩短了4、6和4 d。在0.10 mg/L处理下,马拉硫磷可刺激大豆蚜虫生殖功能,单头产蚜总量比对照组提高24%;但当浓度增加到0.20 mg/L时,单头产蚜总量却比对照组降低37%。生命表参数结果显示:0.20 mg/L的马拉硫磷可显著降低大豆蚜虫的净增值率(R0)、内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ),但显著增加种群倍增时间(Dt);0.10 mg/L的处理情况则相反;0.05 mg/L处理的各项指标与对照间无显著差异。     

甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分的鉴定及其田间试验

采用气相色谱仪(GC)及气质联用仪(GC-MS)等技术对我国甜菜夜蛾性信息素组分的鉴定结果表明,雌蛾性信息素腺体中含有4种组分,分别为Z9,E12-14:Ac(A)、Z9-14:OH(B)、Z9-14:Ac(C)和Z9,E12-14:OH(D);田间和室内种群各组分的比例(A:B:C:D)分别为47:18:18:17和43:18:23:16,比例及滴度在两种群间未有显著差异;雄蛾田间引诱测定表明,组分A、B显示性信息素活性。几种不同配比的硅橡胶塞诱芯在田间均显示极高的诱蛾活性,以9:1的AB二元诱芯(剂量100μg)最高,其诱蛾量与黑光灯相当,两者呈显著的正相关性,表明该诱芯可替代黑光灯用于甜菜夜蛾的种群测报。利用性诱捕器进行田间种群监测显示,1999年浙江省慈溪市的甜菜夜蛾共发生6代,以第4、5代发生量最高。