高剂量性信息素环境对草地贪夜蛾求偶和交配行为的影响

本文在风洞中模拟形成高浓度性信息素Z7-12:Ac、Z9-14:Ac和 Z11-16:Ac 环境,研究草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith)的求偶和交配行为,为进一步开发交配干扰技术提供技术参数和依据。研究结果表明,在高剂量性信息素环境下,草地贪夜蛾雄蛾的暗期活动时间延后,而雌蛾的活动节律则没有变化,雌雄蛾之间产生了活动节律的时间差。同时,雌雄交配率和交配持续时间显著下降,交配日龄则显著延迟2 d。由于交配日龄延迟,产卵量及其孵化率也相应降低。性信息素喷射时间间隔对草地贪夜蛾性信息素释放滴度有显著影响,当间隔时间为5、10、20 min时,雌蛾释放的性信息素滴度显著下降,以5 min为最低。因此,高剂量性信息素环境不仅影响雄蛾对性信息素的定向,对雌雄蛾间化学通讯和交配也有显著影响。     

外源注射PBAN对甜菜夜蛾求偶、交配与产卵作用初步研究

在光期对甜菜夜蛾雌蛾注射人工合成的小分子性信息素合成激活肽PBAN,并观察其求偶、交配与产卵行为。结果表明,人工合成甜菜夜蛾PBAN适宜的注射浓度为3.5 pmol/μL。与注射蒸馏水对照相比,注射PBAN能够有效促进雌蛾提前发生求偶行为,且持续交配时间显著延长,单雌产卵量也显著增加。但与空白对照(未注射)相比,尽管注射PBAN的雌蛾求偶行为有所提前,但交配率和产卵量均明显低于对照组。初步说明外源注射PBAN对甜菜夜蛾求偶、交配与产卵行为均有重要的影响作用,特别是引起雌蛾求偶行为明显提前,甚至在光期观察到注射PBAN的雌蛾出现求偶行为。这为验证甜菜夜蛾PBAN的功能提供了依据,也为遗传改造PBAN基因干扰成虫交配达到无公害防治开拓了思路。     

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对昆虫性信息素通讯系统影响的研究进展

杀虫剂亚致死剂量对昆虫生理和行为的影响日益受到人们的关注.亚致死剂量杀虫剂影响雄虫嗅觉感受能力,使其不能准确识别性信息素信号,导致对信号的错误整合;对雌虫则影响性信息素各组分的滴度、比例及求偶和交配行为.短期作用可降低两性间的交配率及下一代种群发生量,长期作用则可能使性信息素通讯系统发生漂移.作者综述了菊酯和有机磷两类杀虫剂在这方面的研究进展,并对一些值得深入研究的问题进行了讨论.     

补充营养对二点委夜蛾成虫生殖与寿命的影响

为明确补充营养对二点委夜蛾Athetis lepigone(Mschler)的影响,通过室内试验研究了5%蜂蜜水、5%葡萄糖水及蒸馏水3种补充营养处理对其成虫生殖与寿命的影响。结果表明,补充营养对二点委夜蛾成虫生殖和寿命均有显著影响。经5%蜂蜜水处理的雌蛾产卵历期最长,为7.17d,平均单雌产卵量最高,为248.23粒;经5%葡萄糖水处理的雌蛾产卵历期、平均单雌产卵量与5%蜂蜜水处理均无显著差异;经蒸馏水处理的雌蛾产卵历期最短,为5.53 d,平均单雌产卵量最低,为162.13粒,显著低于5%蜂蜜水;3种补充营养处理间雌蛾产卵前期、交配率、交配次数和卵孵化率均无显著差异;经蒸馏水处理的雄蛾寿命显著低于其它处理。研究表明,补充营养主要对二点委夜蛾成虫的产卵历期、产卵量和雄蛾寿命有影响,是影响其种群动态的重要因素。     

交配频率对条纹小斑蛾繁殖的影响

测试了25℃下交配频率对条纹小斑蛾成虫产卵量和寿命的影响。结果表明,雌虫在未进行交配的情况下不能产卵,交配2次的雌虫产卵量最高,其次是交配3次和1次的雌虫,但平均每雌总产卵量在处理间没有显著差异。对于雌虫寿命各处理间没有显著差异,但未交配的雌虫寿命显著长于交配一次的雌虫。各处理间雄虫寿命也不存在差异。     

粘虫雌蛾性信息素特征成分鉴定及其不同配比的室内引诱效果

为确定粘虫Mythimna separata(Walker)雌蛾的性信息素特征成分及其不同配比的室内引诱效果,采用气相色谱-质谱和气相色谱-触角电位联用技术检测了雌蛾性腺浸提液,并利用Y型嗅觉仪测定了粘虫雄蛾对不同配比性信息素特征成分的选择反应。结果显示,从粘虫的求偶雌蛾性腺浸提液中可分离到顺-11-十六碳烯醛、十六碳醛和顺-11-十六碳烯醇3种特征成分,在色谱柱中的保留时间依次为15.82、16.06和17.27 min,含量分别为3.37、1.83和0.10 ng,比例约为34∶18∶1。无论是天然存在于雌蛾性腺还是人工合成的顺-11-十六碳烯醛均能够激发雄蛾的电生理反应。顺-11-十六碳烯醛、十六碳醛和顺-11-十六碳烯醇不同配比对雄蛾表现出不同的引诱活性,最大引诱率达87%,极显著高于对照溶剂石蜡油对雄蛾的引诱率。表明顺-11-十六碳烯醛、十六碳醛和顺-11-十六碳烯醇为中国粘虫种群的雌蛾性信息素特征成分,且其不同配比对雄蛾有不同的引诱活性。     

补充营养对草地贪夜蛾成虫存活和繁殖的影响

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda（Smith）是一种远距离迁飞害虫,其成虫生存期间会取食,但是取食获得的水和糖在其交配繁殖中的作用目前并不清楚。本研究利用卵巢解剖法和行为观察法,详细研究了成虫喂食对草地贪夜蛾存活、卵巢发育和繁殖的影响。发现饥饿不喂食草地贪夜蛾成蛾存活时间短（约3 d）,卵巢发育不成熟（低于2级）、交配率低（22.00%）、几乎不产卵（5.8枚）,卵几乎不孵化（3.0%）。喂食纯水或蜂蜜水成蛾存活时间长（6~8 d）,雌蛾卵巢发育成熟（3.4~3.6级）、交配率高（61.1%~66.7%）、产卵量大（436~1281枚）、卵孵化率高（大于95%）,均显著大于不喂食成蛾。喂食对交配雌蛾的交配次数（1.1~1.7次）和未发育成熟雌蛾的交配率（18.2%~22.9%）无显著影响。喂食蜂蜜水雌蛾的存活时间（8.06 d）和产卵量（1281枚）显著大于喂食纯水（分别为6.57d和436枚）,而雄蛾存活时间、雌蛾卵巢发育等级、交配率、卵孵化率在喂食纯水和蜂蜜水之间无显著差异。本研究结果认为水是草地贪夜蛾成蛾存活和繁殖必须补充的物质,糖仅能增加雌蛾的产卵量。仅仅利用花香气味进行草地贪夜蛾的监测和防控,效果可能不理想。这些结果为草地贪夜蛾的精准监测和有效防控提供理论依据。     

拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对棉铃虫雌蛾化学通讯系统的影响

用低致死剂量（LD30）氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯胸部点滴处理棉铃虫3龄幼虫后，研究拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对存活雌蛾化学通讯系统的影响。结果表明，杀虫剂对雌蛾的求偶行为不产生明显影响，对照组和杀虫剂处理组雌蛾的求偶高峰均为第3个暗期的8-8．5h，求偶率均可达73％-82％。氰戊菊酯处理组中雌蛾性信息素各组分滴度和总量与对照无显著性差异，但溴氰菊酯处理组中雌蛾性信息素的主组分Z11-16：Ald和次要组分Z9-16：Ald、Z7-16：Ald的滴度及信息素总量均显著高于对照组，并且两个活性组分Z11-16：Ald和Z9-16：Ald的比例与对照组雌蛾有显著差异。     

3种植物叶片分泌物对棉铃虫产卵及其幼虫定向行为的影响

为了探明植物次生性信息化合物对同种间棉铃虫成虫及幼虫的行为影响,利用触角电位技术(electroantennogram,EAG)研究了交配雌蛾对烟草、番茄、萎蔫滇杨不同浓度(0.01、0.1、1.0、10.0 gE/mL)的叶片粗提物的电生理反应,并在室内测定了其对成虫产卵选择行为和对初孵幼虫定向行为的影响。EAG测定结果表明,棉铃虫雌蛾对0.1、1.0、10.0 gE/mL的番茄、萎蔫杨树叶片粗提物均可产生触角电位反应;烟草叶片粗提物仅在10.0 gE/mL时产生EAG反应。产卵选择测定结果表明,番茄叶片粗提物的4个浓度均能显著引诱雌蛾产卵;烟草在1.0、10.0 gE/mL浓度时能显著引诱棉铃虫雌蛾产卵;萎蔫杨树仅在0.1 gE/mL能明显引诱雌蛾落卵。幼虫的行为测定表明,萎蔫滇杨和番茄叶片的粗提物对棉铃虫初孵幼虫的定向均具有驱避作用,而烟草对其没有影响。     

小黑瓢虫的交配和产卵行为及规律观察

通过室内观察,研究了小黑瓢虫Delphastus catalinae交配、产卵的行为及规律,并探讨了交配次数对成虫繁殖力的影响。结果表明：雄虫的交配前期为5.0±0.5d,雌虫的产卵前期为5.8±0.4d;小黑瓢虫交配活动的主导者是雄虫,雄虫性成熟后可进行交配;性成熟的成虫可全天交配,交配持续时间平均为18.6min,6：00-8：00为高峰时刻;雌虫交配后可全天产卵,白天产卵量高于夜间,每雌可产卵353~413粒,产卵期63~120d;交配次数的增加可以延长产卵期,提高小黑瓢虫的产卵量,但雌虫的寿命会下降;交配多次的后代繁殖状况最佳。     

Impact of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on the pheromone-communication systems of insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant obliquebanded leafrollers Choristoneura rosaceana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

The effects of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on pheromone production, calling, female attractiveness and the ability of males to locate sources of natural and synthetic pheromone were compared in azinphos-methyl-susceptible (susceptible) and azinphos-methyl-resistant (resistant) obliquebanded leafrollers, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). The amount of pheromone in susceptible females was reduced by 29-33% after exposure to azinphos-methyl; this treatment did not affect the pheromone content of resistant females. Azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females contained 39-43% less pheromone than azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females. Resistant females that were not treated with azinphos-methyl contained 35-56% less pheromone than susceptible females that were not treated with insecticide. The incidence of calling was reduced by 67-100% in azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females; the incidence of calling by resistant females was not affected by exposure to azinphos-methyl. The incidence of calling by azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females was 58-100% lower than that of azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females. There was no difference in the incidence of calling between susceptible and resistant females that had not been treated with insecticide. In a flight tunnel, treatment with insecticide reduced the attractiveness of susceptible females by 38%; treatment with insecticide did not affect the attractiveness of resistant females. There was no difference in the proportion of males attracted to susceptible and resistant females that had, or had not been treated with insecticide. In an apple orchard, the attractiveness of susceptible and resistant females treated with azinphos-methyl was reduced by 84 and 12%, respectively. The proportion of males attracted to azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible females was 58% lower than the proportion attracted to azinphos-methyl-treated resistant females, whereas, if females were not treated with insecticide, the proportion attracted to resistant females was 57% lower than the proportion attracted to susceptible females. In a flight tunnel, azinphos-methyl did not affect the ability of susceptible or resistant males to locate a source of pheromone gland extract. Likewise, in an apple orchard, the insecticide treatment had no effect on the ability of susceptible or resistant males to locate a source of synthetic pheromone. In a flight tunnel, there was no difference in the proportion of azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible and resistant males locating a source of pheromone gland extract; however, in the orchard, 39% fewer azinphos-methyl-treated resistant males located a source of synthetic pheromone than azinphos-methyl-treated susceptible males. A similar proportion of susceptible and resistant males that had not been treated with insecticide located a source of pheromone gland extract in the flight tunnel, but in the orchard, the proportion of resistant males not treated with azinphos-methyl that located the source of synthetic pheromone was 32% lower than the proportion of susceptible males not treated with this insecticide. The implications of the differences in the effect of sub-lethal residues of azinphos-methyl on the pheromone communication system of susceptible and resistant moths are discussed in relation to the theory of the development of insecticide resistance, the detection of resistance in feral populations of moths using sex pheromone-baited traps, and the control of moths using sex pheromone-mediated mating disruption.     

新型信息素诱剂对新疆梨园蛾类害虫的诱捕效果评价

利用性诱剂干扰交配或诱杀钻蛀性蛾类害虫是果园害虫生物防治的重要途径之一，研发既诱雄蛾也诱雌蛾的新型诱剂近年来颇受关注。本研究在苹果蠹蛾性信息素基础上，加入寄主植物挥发物——梨酯、苯乙酮、香叶醇、冬青油和苯乙醇等制成若干配方，在南疆两地（库尔勒与阿克苏地区）梨园中于蛾类害虫发生的早期和中期进行诱捕试验。对苹果蠹蛾诱集结果表明，虽然与仅含性信息素配方相比，添加植物挥发物的配方可诱集到雌蛾，但诱集虫量较少。对梨小食心虫的诱集结果表明，在库尔勒，大部分配方诱到的虫量多于商品诱剂（对照），其中，在性信息素中添加少量植物挥发性物质的配方诱集的虫量总体较多；在阿克苏，所有配方诱集的虫量均多于对照，在性信息素中是否添加植物挥发物质对诱集效果总体上没有影响。对优斑螟的诱集结果表明，仅含2种性信息素物质的配方诱集的虫量最大，与加入少量梨脂的配方接近。果园诱集试验结果说明，在苹果蠹蛾性信息素中添加梨脂等多种寄主植物挥发物的供试配方诱集雌蛾效果不理想，但对多种混合发生的夜蛾害虫雄性具有较好诱集效果。     

Disruption of mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) by chlorantranilipole, an anthranilic diamide insecticide

The influence of the anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantranilipole (DPX-E2Y45; Rynaxypyr against the adult stage of codling moth, Cydia pomonella L., was examined. Insecticide residues in plastic cups sprayed with 56 mg AI L(-1) (equivalent to the recommended field rate) had a minimal effect on adult survival or fecundity, but significantly fewer female moths were mated in treated than in untreated cups. Similar results were found in field studies with adults placed in screened cages on treated apple foliage for up to 3 weeks. Mating was disrupted when either sex was topically dosed with technical material (0.01-0.1 microg). Males were more sensitive to the disruptive effects of chlorantranilipole than females. A 2 h exposure significantly reduced male activity (walking and wing fanning), but not female calling. A 25 h exposure significantly reduced the activity of both sexes. The proportion of males landing near a sex pheromone source in a flight tunnel was significantly reduced following exposures of 2-4 h and completely eliminated following a 17 h exposure. Male moths partially recovered from either topical or residual exposure to chlorantranilipole, but the extent of their recovery was dose and time dependent. Male response to sex pheromone recovered within 2 h following a 4 h exposure, but following a 17 h exposure only a partial recovery occurred after 48 h. Mating by moth pairs exposed to chlorantranilipole residues for 24 h did not significantly increase during recovery periods of 24-96 h, except in cups treated with 10% of the standard concentration. The proportion of field-collected female codling moths caught in pear ester-baited traps that were mated was significantly lower in apple orchards treated season-long with chlorantranilipole compared with females caught in either untreated orchards or those treated with sex pheromones to cause mating disruption.     

Sublethal effects of larval treatment with deltamethrin on moth sex pheromone communication system of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis

The first, third, and fifth instar larvae of Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were treated with a lethal dose 30% of deltamethrin to determine its sublethal effects on chemical communication of the adult survivors. The capability of all males surviving deltamethrin to contact the pheromone source in a wind tunnel was significantly reduced, but those treated as the first and third instars also exhibited lower percentages of `orientation,' `up-wind flight,' and `approaching' behaviors than the control males. Female moths from the deltamethrin treatment exhibited similar calling periodicity and percentages to the control moths during 10-h scotophase. However, approximately 20% of the females that survived the pyrethroid in the first and third instars contained significantly higher amounts of sex pheromone and wider coefficients of variation of the ratio of E12-tetradecenyl acetate to its Z isomer in those female survivors. There was no significant difference in the pheromone titers and coefficients of variation in control females and the females treated in the fifth instars. The present study indicates that the Asian corn borer may possess a compensation system by which the males that survived treatment at larval stage present a lower response to the pheromone, while the female survivors produce and release more pheromone.     

两种亚致死剂量的农药对亚洲玉米螟化学通讯系统的干扰作用

采用胸部点滴法研究马拉硫磷、溴氰菊酯在亚致死剂量(100h-LD30)下对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis雌蛾性信息素通讯系统的干扰作用。试验结果表明：①点滴当天雌蛾的求偶百分率分别下降为对照的50％、33％，但求偶高峰期出现的时间未受影响。②点滴这两种药剂后求偶百分率的恢复过程相当缓慢。③亚致死剂量的马拉硫磷使性信息素的量下降1／2左右，亚致死剂量的溴氰菊酯使性信息素量下降为不足对照的1／4，但性信息素顺反异构体比例均不受影响。④马拉硫磷点滴后第4天性信息素量能完全恢复，但溴氰菊酯点滴后，到第4天仍几乎不能恢复。     

Sex-related response to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in adult Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

During the development of a resistance-monitoring bioassay that uses males as the life-stage tested, the relationship of adult female and male susceptibility of Grapholita molesta to different classes of insecticides was investigated. Preliminary results indicated that more males survived diagnostic doses of azinphos-methyl than females. Additional research revealed that, although the body mass of adult male G molesta was only 69% of that of female moths (5.67 and 8.20 mg, respectively), their LC50 values were 2.6, 4.1 and 10.3 times higher than those of females for azinphosmethyl, malathion and parathion-methyl, respectively. However, female G molesta moths were more tolerant to methomyl than were male moths. There was no indication that this sex-related response occurred in G molesta larvae. The results presented here raise concerns regarding the use of pheromone traps for determining whether insecticide treatments are required and as part of resistance monitoring programs.     

Inhibition of pheromone response in Sesamia nonagrioides by the pheromone of the sympatric corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

Sesamia nonagrioides Lef. and Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübn.) are two corn borers present in the Mediterranean area that share a similar feeding habitat. The female sex pheromones of the two species consist of (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, (Z)-11-hexadecen-1-ol, (Z)-11-hexadecenal and dodecyl acetate (77:8:10:5 w/w) and (Z)-11-tetradecenyl acetate and (E)-11-tetradecenyl acetate (97:3 w/w) respectively. Although the pheromones share no common components, previous work had shown the inhibition of the response by O. nubilalis males to their own pheromone owing to the presence of S. nonagrioides pheromone. In this study, the pheromone of O. nubilalis and its two components separately were shown to inhibit the attraction of S. nonagrioides males to the synthetic female pheromone in both laboratory wind-tunnel bioassay and field trapping studies. In the wind tunnel, the number of contacts of S. nonagrioides males with the source were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced by the single pheromone components of O. nubilalis. In the field, the addition of 1% of O. nubilalis pheromone significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the catches of S. nonagrioides males. The components of both pheromones also elicited electroantennographic responses from antennae of male S. nonagrioides moths. The ecological consequences and the possibilities of applying this cross-inhibition for mating disruption techniques are discussed.