关于马流行性感冒的调查报告

马流行性感冒 (马流感)是马属动物的一种急性、热性传染病,病原为马流感病毒。 1993年8月下旬至10月下旬,我省豫北地区的安阳、濮阳、鹤壁、新乡等市先后发生了与农业部畜牧兽医司通知的内蒙、河北、山西、吉林、辽宁省(区)相继发生马流行性感冒的流行特点和病状相同即确诊为马流感,现将调查情况报告于后。 一、流行情况 1993年8月下旬,安阳市安阳县白壁镇西     

用加味麻杏石甘汤治疗马流感

马流行性感冒(马流感)是由病毒引起的一种急性传染病,发病急,传播迅速,呈爆发性流行,发病率高而致死率低,严重的影响生产.     

马流行性感冒病毒抗体的调查

黑龙江省1989年3、4月间,在木兰、巴彦、兰西、安达、宾县、肇东、肇州、齐齐哈尔、富裕等县(市)的马群中相继暴发了流行性感冒的传染病,造成了较大的经济损失。经过病毒分离和鉴定,证明了本次流行的马流感是由马甲_2型病毒引起的。为了掌握马流感抗体的消长情况,为预测马流感的发生提供参考,我们于1990年1月(即本病流行后8～9个月)在发病地区采集马血清180份、未发病地区采集50份做对照。用马甲_2型病毒做了血凝抑制试验,现将结果报告如下:     

一例马流行性感冒的诊治报告

马流行性感冒简称马流感。马流感为高度接触性呼吸道传染病，一旦发生后果严重。尤其冬春、秋冬交际，北方气温变化异常更容易引起本病的发生。笔者在2010年3月工作当中，遇到一起马流行性感冒的病例，现与大家分享诊治过程中的心得。     

中西医结合防治马流感的体会

马流感又称马流行性感冒,是一种由病毒引起的急性传染病,该病的主要特征是发热和呼吸道卡他,在各个国家地区都有发生。马流感的暴发对马养殖业的发展造成巨大的损失,发病率极高,影响养殖的效益。因此,熟悉掌握防治马流感的技术和方法,及时治疗病畜,消灭疫情,预防流感的发生十分必要。本文从中西医结合的角度,对防治马流感进行介绍,希望对马流感的防控工作带来帮助。     

马流行性感冒病毒的分离和鉴定

马流行性感冒(简称马流感)是由病毒引起的以发热和呼吸道卡他为主要特征的急性传染病。近年来,世界许多国家有发生马流感的报导。Jacguet A等(1987)报导,法国1979、1983、1985年马流感大流行,分离到流感病毒。Nerome K报导(1987)由美国、巴西、日本、英国、罗马尼亚、瑞典、瑞士等国获得17株马流感病毒株。Uppal·P·K等报导(1987)印度1987年1月发生马流感,经病毒分离证实为A/马—2型流感病毒。据殷震等(1987)资料,马甲1型流感发生于瑞     

大理州马流行性感冒的防治

马流行性感冒（Equine influenza,EL）简称马流感,是由马A型流感病毒引起马属动物的一种急性传染病。马流感为高度接触性、呼吸道传染病;潜伏期2—10d,多在感染3—4d后发病。马流感病毒引起马、驴、骡等马属动物发病,无年龄、性别和品种差别,病毒传染很广,以前未发生过马流感疫情的澳大利亚,2008年也报道发生马流感疫情。病畜咳嗽喷出含有病毒的飞沫,经呼吸道传染是本病主要的传染方式。此病也可通过空气、污染的饲料、饮水经口感染,配种也是此病的一种重要传播方式。该病传播极为迅速,由于病畜感染以后能获得长时间的免疫,因此,流行有一定的周期性。     

近年国内外禽病流行现状及防控对策

一、高致病性禽流感的发生和流行 近年来,国际上最为关注的禽病是高致病性禽流感,此病自2003年初以来,已经在亚洲、非洲、美洲、欧洲等59个国家发生和流行,到2007年7月,全世界发病的禽鸟达60多种,在我国至少有16种野生禽鸟因感染禽流感而发病致死,全球因禽流感已经捕杀2亿6千多万羽禽鸟,目前仍呈发展的态势.     

奉贤地区马流行性感冒流行病学调查

马流行性感冒(Equineinfluenza)简称马流感,为高度接触性、呼吸道传染病。该病的临诊特征为发烧,结膜潮红,咳嗽,流浆液性鼻液、脓性鼻漏及母马流产等为主要症状。病理学变化为急性支气管炎、细支气管炎、间质性肺炎与继发性支气管肺炎。该病广泛存在于世界许多国家,我国于1974年夏季到1975年春季暴发了马流感,并证明是由马甲1型流感病毒引起的,1989年春季又发现了由马甲2型病毒引起的马流行性感冒。近年来,我国西北、东北等地区马流感发生间隔时间缩短,危害愈趋严重,给我国养马业造成很大的经济损失。为了确实掌握奉贤区马流行性感冒的感染情况,     

我国马流感的研究现状

马流行性感冒 (Ｅｑｕｉｎｅｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａ)简称马流感 ,是由正粘病毒科 (Ｏｒｔｈｏｍｙｘｏｖｉｒｉｄａｅ)流感病毒属 (Ｉｎｆｌｕｅｎｚａｖｉｒｕｓ)马Ａ型流感病毒引起马属动物的一种急性暴发式流行的传染病。马流感为高度接触性、呼吸道传染病。该病的临诊特征为发     

中国禽群高致病性禽流感发生状况及其风险预测

本研究旨在探讨中国高致病性禽流感的发生状况,并对其风险态势进行尝试性的预测。作者在流行病学数据挖掘和模型分析基础上,基于OIE风险评估理论,结合昆虫生态学格局分析和Bernoulli统计模型,对中国2004年以来高致病性禽流感的发生状况及其风险态势进行了分析和预测。结果显示:(1)中国家禽养殖数量大,养殖模式复杂,种类繁多,养殖的区域特征显著,给中国HPAI的防控带来了挑战;(2)中国自2004年发生HPAI以来,疫情发生的时-空连续性强,突出表现在疫情发生的季节、区域和宿主特征明显,提示科学的区域化管理和协作的重要性;(3)在发展态势上,由于区域周边疫情特点和中国禽群养殖及风险管理状况,使得中国局部地区禽群在相当长的一段时间内存在较大的暴露和感染的风险;(4)风险预测上,利用Bernoulli统计模型和信息技术,预测2008年中国禽群在90%的置信区间内最有可能会有2～10起HPAI疫情发生,发生6起左右的高致病性禽流感疫情可能性较大,其中在中国东南部分地区局部区域禽群具有较高的疫情暴露和发生风险。本研究表明中国禽群持续发生HPAI疫情的可能性大,开展基于风险的区划和管理对疫情发生和控制具有积极意义。     

Detection of clade 2 equine influenza virus in an adult horse recently imported to the USA

A 4‐year‐old Warmblood mare presented to the William R. Pritchard Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis with bilateral mucoid nasal discharge and pyrexia. The mare had recently been imported from Germany, arriving at a quarantine holding facility 72 h prior to presentation. Based on clinical presentation and culture results of tracheal fluid, the mare was diagnosed with bacterial bronchopneumonia secondary to equine influenza. The equine influenza virus (EIV) identified in the imported mare displayed 99.1% nucleotide homology of the HA1 gene to the prototype Florida sublineage clade 2 isolate A/equine/Richmond/1/2007 (H3N8). This case illustrates the risk of introducing a clade 2 EIV in North America.     

规模化驴场中马流感病毒H3N8亚型感染情况调查

[目的]调查山东省聊城市规模化驴场中马流感病毒的感染情况,并分析其可能的来源。[方法]从聊城的规模化驴场采集病料和血清,通过HI试验检测驴血清中的马流感病毒H3N8亚型抗体的阳性率。使用RT-PCR技术扩增肺脏和鼻腔棉拭子样品中的马流感病毒M基因,对获得的马流感病毒M基因与不同流感病毒的M基因进行序列比对,推测其来源。[结果]HI试验表明,120个血清样品中马流感病毒H3N8亚型血清抗体阳性率为33.3%(40/120);其中,母驴的马流感病毒H3N8亚型血清抗体阳性率为42.5%(17/40)、公驴为32.5%(13/40)、驴驹为25.0%(10/40)。通过RT-PCR检测发现,32.3%(21/65)的样品可测出目的条带。通过序列比对得出,该试验获得的流感病毒M基因与马属动物的H3N8亚型流感病毒高度同源(CY032222、CY032318、CY028821等),同源性最高可达99.8%。[结论]马流感病毒在聊城周边的数个规模化养驴场发生流行。该研究从驴体内分离的流感病毒M基因属于马流感病毒H3N8亚型M基因。     

Antibody responses after vaccination against equine influenza in the Republic of Korea in 2013

In this study, antibody responses after equine influenza vaccination were investigated among 1,098 horses in Korea using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. The equine influenza viruses, A/equine/South Africa/4/03 (H3N8) and A/equine/Wildeshausen/1/08 (H3N8), were used as antigens in the HI assay. The mean seropositive rates were 91.7% (geometric mean antibody levels (GMT), 56.8) and 93.6% (GMT, 105.2) for A/equine/South Africa/4/03 and A/equine/Wildeshausen/1/08, respectively. Yearlings and two-year-olds in training exhibited lower positive rates (68.1% (GMT, 14) and 61.7% (GMT, 11.9), respectively, with different antigens) than average. Horses two years old or younger may require more attention in vaccination against equine influenza according to the vaccination regime, because they could be a target of the equine influenza virus.     

湖北株H3N8亚型马流感病毒HA基因的序列测定及其HA蛋白遗传特性分析

2008年从湖北省分离到1株H3N8亚型马流感病毒A/equine/Hubei/6/08。以2002年美国KENTUKY株为模板设计HA基因测序引物,进行RT-PCR,然后测定该分离株的HA基因核苷酸序列。经NCBI上Blast同源性比较发现,与A/equine/Newmarket/5/2003(H3N8)同源性较高为98.7%。HA蛋白遗传进化分析表明该毒株隶属于H3N8亚型马流感病毒中的美洲系福罗里达亚系。该株与OIE现在推荐的疫苗候选株A/equine/Kentuck-y/5/2002(H3N8)HA1蛋白氨基酸序列比对发现有3处氨基酸替换位点;与OIE以往推荐的疫苗候选株A/e-quine/Kentucky/1/1994(H3N8)比对发现有11处氨基酸替换位点。研究结果表明该分离株可作为中国研制马流感疫苗的候选株。     

A case-control study of risk factors for equine influenza spread onto horse premises during the 2007 epidemic in Australia

The 2007 epidemic of equine influenza in Australia provided an opportunity to investigate the effectiveness of on-farm biosecurity measures in preventing the spread of a novel pathogen in a largely naive population. We conducted a case-control study of 200 horse premises from highly affected regions of the state of New South Wales (NSW), to investigate risk factors for the spread of equine influenza onto horse premises, specifically, non-compliance with biosecurity measures recommended to horse owners by the relevant animal health authority, the NSW Department of Primary Industries. The study was restricted to cases occurring during the first seven weeks of the epidemic, a period prior to vaccination and the relaxation of some movement restrictions. Case and control premises were selected from a laboratory testing dataset and interviews were conducted with horse owners and managers on premises between July and November 2009. The proximity of premises to the nearest infected premises was the factor most strongly associated with case status. Case premises were more likely than control premises to be within 5 km and beyond 10 km of an infected premises. Having a footbath in place on the premises before any horses were infected was associated with a nearly four-fold reduction in odds of infection (odds ratio=0.27; 95% confidence interval: 0.09, 0.83). This protective association may have reflected overall premises biosecurity standards related to the fomite transmission of equine influenza. Compliance with certain on-farm biosecurity practices seemingly prevented horses on premises in high risk areas being infected with equine influenza during the 2007 outbreak in Australia. In future outbreaks, in addition to broader disease control measures, on-farm biosecurity practices should be adopted by horse owners and managers to prevent equine influenza spread.     

Phylogenetic and Molecular Characterization of the Equine Influenza Virus A (H3N8) Causing the 1997 and 2004 Outbreaks in Morocco

Reported here are the results of antigenic and genetic characterization of equine influenza strains causing local outbreaks reported in Morocco, respectively, in 1997 and 2004. The antigenic and genetic characterizations of the equine influenza virus H3N8 are reported here. The highest similarity between the HA1 nucleotide sequences of A/equine/Nador/1/1997 and those of A/equine/Rome/5/1991 and A/equine/Italy/1199/1992 demonstrate that A/equine/Nador/1/1997 belongs to the European lineage. On the other hand, A/equine/Essaouira/2/2004 and A/equine/Essaouira/3/2004 were classified in the predivergent lineage. The present work emphasizes the importance of a national influenza survey program, which requires a collaborative laboratory network to promote the collection and characterization (antigenic and genetic) of equine influenza viruses in real time.     

Management and environmental factors involved in equine influenza outbreaks in Ireland 2007-2010

Reasons for performing study: Outbreaks of equine influenza (EI) in endemic populations continue to cause economic loss despite widespread vaccination. Hypothesis: To identify the key management and environmental factors that determine the risk of horses contracting EI in an endemic country and to identify control strategies. Methods: Real time‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), virus isolation and haemagglutination inhibition were carried out on nasopharyngeal swabs and clotted blood samples collected from horses and ponies showing signs of respiratory disease. On premises where a diagnosis of EI was confirmed, the attending veterinary surgeon was asked to participate in an epidemiological investigation. Results: Between June 2007 and January 2010, EI outbreaks were diagnosed on 28 premises located in 13 of the 32 counties of Ireland. Veterinary advice was sought on average more than 5 days after the first clinical signs were observed. The majority of diagnoses were made by RT‐PCR. Data from 404 horses on 16 premises were used in the epidemiological analysis. In 15 premises, EI was identified following movement of horses. Housing type, teaser stallions or fomites/personnel contributed to virus spread. Vaccination status, number of years vaccination, time since last vaccination and age influenced disease expression. Isolation and vaccination were effective control measures on the premises where they were implemented. Conclusions: Preventative measures include: isolation, clinical monitoring, serological testing and vaccination of new arrivals, booster vaccination of horses at 6 monthly intervals, maintenance of effective boundaries between equine premises and avoidance of stabling in single air spaces. Control measures include: prompt isolation of suspected cases, rapid diagnosis by RT‐PCR, booster vaccination of cohorts and implementation of biosecurity measures to avoid transmission by fomites and personnel. Potential relevance: Implementation of these preventative and control measures should reduce the economic losses associated with outbreaks of EI.     

马流感病毒A/马/青海1/94株亚型鉴定及其HA基因序列特征

本试验用AI标准阳性分型血清对我国马流感病毒A／马/青海/1／94进行了血凝素(H)和神经氨酸酶(N)的鉴定，并与马流感病毒吉林株、黑龙江株、北京株及国际标准株A／切ukx／Mgxd／2／63进行了对比，结果显示，1944年在我国青海省暴发的马流感病毒的亚型为H3N8；以反转录。聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增该株的血凝素基因，并克隆到pGEM-Teasy载体上，采用双脱氧末端终止法测定该cDNA片段共1738个核苷酸序列，并推导出其编码的565个氨基酸的序列。利用Genbank blast和基因进化树分析软件分析各毒株之间的亲缘关系，发现A／马/青海/1/94与1992年香港马流感分离株存在较近的亲缘关系。     

马流感病毒（H3N8亚型，Huabei株）对马的致病性研究

为研究从华北地区分离的H3N8亚型马流感病毒（Huabei株）对马的致病性,分别用E2、E3、E4、E5及E10代病毒液人工感染健康马,比较了不同代次毒株对马的致病性差异.研究表明,E2、E3代病毒以10^7.2～ 10^7.4EID50剂量经喷雾途径可使12 ～ 18个月龄的马出现持续性发热、咳嗽和流浆液性鼻液等典型马流感症状;同样剂量的E4、E5和E10代病毒感染马匹后仅表现为流浆液性鼻液.本研究确定了马流感病毒Huabei株的感染剂量及代次,为马流感灭活疫苗效果评价奠定了实验感染模型基础.