小鼠ES细胞条件培养基对绵羊类胚胎干细胞克隆、传代的影响

本研究以无血清培养基为基础培养液,旨在探求小鼠ES细胞条件培养液(ESCCM)和2种不同饲养层对绵羊类ES细胞分离、克隆效率的影响.绵羊内细胞团从胚胎中分离得到后,分别以小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞(MEF)和绵羊胎儿成纤维细胞(SEF)为饲养层进行培养.结果在MEF饲养层上,绵羊类ES细胞在ESCCM新培养系统中可稳定传至第10代,而使用基础培养液最多传至5代.而在SEF饲养层上,绵羊类ES细胞在ESCCM新培养系统中仅能传至3代.表明使用ESCCM和MEF能促进绵羊类ES细胞的分离和克隆.对类ES细胞进行核型分析、AKP染色及体外分化能力检测,证实所分离的类ES细胞符合ES细胞的主要特征,而且发现这些类ES细胞可以表达胚胎干细胞关键转录因子Nanog.结果表明,ESCCM可显著提高绵羊类ES细胞的分离克隆效率,原因可能是小鼠ES细胞在生长过程中可能分泌某些重要的细胞因子,从而达到促进绵羊ES细胞增殖的作用.且MEF比SEF更适合于绵羊类ES细胞的分离和传代.     

饲养层和生长因子对山羊类胚胎干细胞的影响

实验以6~8 d的山羊囊胚为实验材料,采用机械法分离山羊囊胚ICM,分别以小鼠和山羊胚胎成纤维细胞作饲养层,并采用含不同生长因子的培养液进行培养,比较了饲养层和生长因子对分离培养山羊类ES细胞的影响。结果表明:采用MEF饲养层其ICM增殖率优于GEF饲养层;与对照组相比,培养液中添加LIF及SCF或胰岛素对山羊ICM的贴壁增殖及传代都有积极影响;以MEF为饲养层,培养液中同时添加LIF和SCF时,培养山羊类ES细胞的效果最佳,传至3代。     

山羊类ES细胞的分离与培养

旨在优化并建立有利于山羊类ES细胞生长的饲养层细胞、培养基、细胞因子和传代方法。本研究选择武汉市本地白山羊配种6～7 d后的胚胎,通过全胚培养法、酶消化与机械分离结合法分离山羊类ES细胞,并在不同的细胞饲养层中饲养、在培养基中添加不同的生长因子、采用不同的传代方法,比较不同培养条件对山羊类ES细胞生长和增殖的影响。通过碱性磷酸酶染色和免疫组化染色法鉴定ES细胞特异生物标记AKT、SSEA-1和Oct-4的表达,并将得到的山羊类ES细胞进行体外分化。结果表明,与小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞(Mouse embryonic fibro-blast,MEF)和山羊胎儿成纤维细胞(Goat embryonic fibroblast,GEF)相比,C2C12更有利于细胞的贴壁,但差异不显著(P>0.05);细胞传代时,在高浓度细胞因子LIF(Leukemia inhibitory factor)和SCF(Stemcell factor)中处理ICM(Inner cell mass),更有利于细胞传代(传至第8代);培养基中添加LIF和SCF的同时,添加肝素和胰岛素,更有利于细胞的传代(传至第9代);山羊类ES细胞中SSEA-1(...     

ICR小鼠胚胎干细胞的分离与培养

为了研究不同条件对ICR小鼠ES细胞的影响,试验以12.5~13.5 d ICR小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞(MEF)为饲养层,以3.5 d ICR小鼠胚胎为试验材料,探讨了血清、生长因子及传代方法对ICR小鼠ES细胞分离培养的影响。结果表明:采用含15%FBS的ES细胞培养液的囊胚贴壁率及ICM增殖率(79.3%,69.0%)均比含15%KSR、5%FBS+10%KSR的细胞培养液高(42.9%,28.6%;75.0%,54.2%),ES细胞最高传至6代;培养液中添加10 ng/mL LIF+10 ng/mL SCF的效果比单独添加1种因子的效果好,最高传至6代,高于单独添加1种因子的传代数(4代,2代);用3种传代方法进行传代时,采用差异贴壁法传代效果最佳,最高传至8代,酶消化法传至4代,机械加酶消化法传至6代。     

无血清分离昆明系小鼠胚胎干细胞

以昆明系小鼠胚胎为研究材料,以丝裂霉素C处理的胎鼠成纤维细胞（Mouse embryonic fibroblasts,MEF）为饲养层,在胚胎干细胞（Embryonic stemcells,ESCs）培养液中添加血清替代物（Knockout serumreplacement,KSR）以替代胎牛血清（Fetal bovine serum,FBS）,并与添加FBS的培养液进行对比,研究了昆明系小鼠胚胎贴壁、ICM（Inner cell mass,ICM）集落形成以及ESCs分离的情况。结果表明,在添加KSR的培养液中,胚胎在培养3~5 d贴壁,胚胎贴壁率显著低于添加FBS的培养液;5~7 d形成ICM集落,集落未分化形态可维持2~3 d,培养10 d ICM集落仍可保持典型的未分化形态;ICM集落形成率和1代ESCs集落出现率与添加FBS的培养液相比差异不显著（P〉0.05）,但2~5代ESCs集落出现率显著高于添加FBS的培养液,其中有2株ESCs在添加KSR的培养液中传到7代;所分离细胞显示碱性磷酸酶染色强阳性,Oct-4、Nanog的免疫组化染色阳性,具有ESCs的特点。结论：在ESCs培养液中添加KSR比添加FBS更有利于维持ICM集落及ESCs的未分化状态。     

山羊类ES细胞的分离与克隆

采集山羊交配后6～8d的桑椹胚、囊胚和孵化囊胚,将桑椹胚和囊胚分别放在小鼠原代胎儿成纤维细胞(PMEF)饲养层和同源原代胎儿成纤维细胞(PGEF)饲养层上比较其脱带时间及脱带率。脱带后,将各自一半胚胎切割,把含ICM的半胚分别放在相应饲养层上进行培养,另一半整胚在各自饲养层上继续培养,而孵化囊胚直接于PGEF饲养层上培养。当ICM增殖一定程度时进行传代,以比较其类ES细胞分离与克隆的效果。结果表明,在2种不同饲养层上,囊胚的脱带时间均短于桑椹胚,囊胚的脱带率均高于桑椹胚,而饲养层的种类对胚胎的脱带时间以及脱带率影响不大。脱带切割囊胚不论在PMEF还是在PGEF饲养层上,其贴壁时间均短于脱带整胚及孵化囊胚,而贴壁率高于脱带整胚,与孵化囊胚相似。脱带整胚及脱带切割胚在PMEF饲养层上所获类ES细胞只能维持3代,而在PGEF饲养层上,脱带切割半胚和孵化囊胚所获类ES细胞传至5代。由此认为,对脱带后的胚胎进行切割处理,有利于ICM的贴壁和增殖;应用同源原代胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层培养系统,有利于类ES细胞的分离与克隆。     

影响山羊类胚胎干细胞分离克隆的因素分析

将本地槐山羊胎儿的原始生殖细胞(PGCs)与其生殖嵴周围组织细胞共同分离,经传代培养后获得了具有干细胞特征的山羊类ES细胞。结果表明高糖DMEM培养基和低糖DMEM培养基相比较,低糖DMEM更适宜于山羊类ES细胞的分离与克隆;类ES细胞在山羊胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上生长效果较好,可传4代或5代,而在小鼠成纤维细胞饲养层上,类ES细胞仅传3代;联合添加白血病抑制因子(LIF)、干细胞因子(SCF)和碱性成纤维细胞生长因子(bFGF)能显著提高山羊类ES细胞分离与克隆的效率;胎龄为30~45d的胎儿原代培养时可获得大量的细胞集落,克隆培养可传至5代,适合作山羊类ES细胞的分离培养。     

山羊PGCs用于分离与克隆类ES细胞

选择健康成年本地白山羊，自然发情，配种后44d取胎儿，以传统的原始生殖细胞（PGCs)分离与克隆的方法和PGCs与其胎儿生殖嵴周围组织细胞共同培养的方法获得类胚胎干细胞（类ES细胞），并对山羊类ES细胞在不同饲养层上进行培养。结果表明，采用传统方法与共培养的方法并添加细胞因子均能分离获得类ES细胞。分离获得的类ES细胞在同源（山羊）胎儿细胞饲养层上生长效果较好，可传4代或5代，而在小鼠原代成纤维细胞饲养层上类ES细胞仅传3代。另外，共培养不添加细胞因子组仅获1个ES细胞集落，传代后丢失。     

昆明小鼠胚胎干细胞培养体系的优化

为了更高效地分离昆明小鼠胚胎干细胞,本研究从饲养层、胚胎发育阶段和培养液方面进行优化。将3代以内的小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞(MEF)用丝裂霉素C处理后,分别按1×104、1×105、1×106·mL-1密度接种,以H-DMEM+15%KSR+LIF为培养液,观察不同密度饲养层对昆明小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)生长的影响,并研究胚胎发育阶段和培养液中分别添加干细胞生长因子(SCF)、SCF+胰岛素对昆明小鼠ES细胞分离克隆的影响。结果显示,胚胎在密度为1×105·mL-1的饲养层上,F1代和F2代ES细胞克隆形成率均显著高于其他2组(P<0.05)。囊胚的F2代ES细胞克隆形成率显著高于桑椹胚(P<0.05),培养液中添加SCF显著提高昆明小鼠胚胎贴壁率(P<0.05),同时添加SCF和胰岛素得到昆明小鼠最高胚胎贴壁率及F1、F2代ES细胞克隆形成率。所分离的ES细胞显示AKP染色强阳性,Oct-4、SSEA-1的免疫荧光检测阳性,具有ES细胞的特点。由此认为,发育至囊胚的胚胎在MEF密度为1×105·mL-1上,培养液中同时添加SCF和胰岛素更适合昆明小鼠ES细胞的分离培养。     

小鼠皮肤成纤维细胞的体细胞核移植

取成年小鼠唇部皮肤进行培养，分离成纤维细胞并血清饥饿培养1周，用作核供体。对成年小鼠进行超排，取卵母细胞用作核受体，核移植重构胚经SrCl2激活处理6h后，同mM16培养液和小鼠输卵管上皮细胞共培养，把发育到早期囊胚的重构胚转移至小鼠胎儿成纤维细胞饲养层上，添加ES细胞条件培养液，消化分离ICM，然后接种培养，对孵出的ES细胞样集落进行鉴定培养。结果显示，小鼠唇部皮肤成纤维细胞为核供体，核移植重构胚2-细胞率为54．05％，桑椹胚率17．14％，囊胚率6．90％，对照组卵丘细胞的核移植重构胚2-细胞率为60．00％，桑椹胚率21．85％，囊胚率11．69％，但2种供体细胞在支持核移植重构胚发育能力上差异不显著。成纤维细胞重构囊胚中6个囊胚分离出ES细胞样集落，3个ES细胞样集落可稳定传代；对照组卵丘细胞重构囊胚中9个囊胚中分离出ES细胞样集落，5个ES细胞样集落可稳定传代。从核移植重构胚中分离出的ES细胞样集落具有岛状或巢状群体生长形态，生长旺盛的集落可自发分化成单个散在或片状存在的上皮样或梭形细胞，碱性磷酸酶检测为阳性，常规冻存复苏，仍显示ES细胞特征。     

大鼠心肌条件培养基对ICR小鼠胚胎干细胞分离克隆的影响

采用大鼠心肌条件培养基(RH CM)培养ICR小鼠的桑椹胚和囊胚,发现由囊胚分离的ES细胞传代后ES集落的出现率显著高于桑椹胚(P<0.05),囊胚更适合作为ES细胞分离克隆的材料。以RH CM为培养基的试验组ES细胞传代的平均时间间隔为38 h,对照组传代的时间间隔平均为78 h,两者差异显著(P<0.05)。表明RH CM能够促进ES细胞贴壁增殖和ES集落的形成,有效地维持ES细胞未分化状态。试验中设计的3 种培养条件对原代ES集落的形成影响不显著,但对传代后的ES集落的形成和传代的代次有显著差异。其中以MEF作饲养层,添加RH CM培养基的效果最好。     

Improved isolation and culture of embryonic stem cells from Chinese miniature pig

Pigs serve as a better research model for human beings than other species. The Chinese laboratory miniature pig is a new laboratory animal and is expected to be applicable in many medical research fields. This study was to establish effective technologies to isolate and culture ES cells in Chinese miniature pigs. For isolation of the inner cell mass from blastocysts, an enzyme-digestive method was compared with the traditional immunosurgery. Isolated ICM were cultured in three feeder cell layers: mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), porcine embryonic fibroblasts (PEF) and a continuous cell line of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (STO). Microtubule activity of the three feeder cells was further examined by immunofluorescence. ICM were successfully isolated from 85% of blastocysts by the enzyme-digestive method, compared to only 40% by immunosurgery. When ICM were cultured in three feeder layers for two to three days, 75%, 65% and 20% of ICMs formed primary cell colonies in MEF, PEF and STO, respectively. Colonies were also formed during subcultures after 9, 5 and 1 passage in MEF, PEF and STO, respectively. Microtubules in STO cells were significantly fewer than those in MEF and PEF. When the ES-like cells were cultured in a differentiation medium, they differentiated to neuron-like cells and other types of cells. These results indicate that healthier ICM can be obtained with the enzyme-digestive method. Successful culture of ICM to ES-like cells has been achieved not only in MEF, but also in homologous (pig) feeder layer. The ES cells obtained in the present study were pluripotent.     

Generation of embryonic stem‐like cells from in vivo‐derived porcine blastocysts at a low concentration of basic fibroblast growth factor

Although basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is an essential factor supporting the maintenance of porcine embryonic stem (ES) cell self‐renewal and pluripotency, its high cost has limited previous studies, and the development of a low‐cost culture system is required. For these systems, in vivo blastocysts were progressively cultured under various conditions consisting of different culture mediums and/or different feeder cell numbers at a low concentration of bFGF. As the results, the sequential culture of in vivo‐derived porcine blastocysts on 5.0 × 10⁵ mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeder cells in alpha minimum essential medium‐based medium for primary culture, on 2.5 × 10⁵ MEF feeder cells in Mixture medium for the 1st subpassage, and on 2.5 × 10⁵ MEF feeder cells in DMEM/Ham's F10‐based medium for the post‐2nd subpassage could support the establishment and maintenance of porcine ES‐like cells at the low concentration of bFGF. The established porcine ES‐like cells showed ES cell‐specific characteristics such as self‐renewal and pluripotency. We confirmed that porcine ES‐like cells could be generated from in vivo‐derived porcine blastocysts at a low concentration of bFGF.     

In vitro culture of bovine embryos in murine ES cell conditioned media negatively affects expression of pluripotency-related markers OCT4, SOX2 and SSEA1

Despite extensive efforts, establishment of bovine embryonic stem (ES) cell lines has not been successful. We hypothesized that culture conditions for in vitro-produced (IVP) embryos, the most used source of inner cell mass (ICM) to obtain ES cells, might affect their undifferentiated state. Therefore, the aim of this work was to improve pluripotency of IVP blastocysts to produce suitable ICM for further culturing. We tested KSR and foetal calf serum (FCS) supplements in SOF medium and ES cell conditioned medium (CM) on IVC (groups: KSR, KSR CM, FCS and FCS CM). Cleavage and blastocyst rates were similar between all groups. Also, embryonic quality, assessed by apoptosis rates (TUNEL assay), total cell number and ICM percentage did not differ between experimental groups. However, expression of pluripotency-related markers was affected. We detected down-regulation of OCT3/4, SOX2 and SSEA1 in ICM of FCS CM blastocysts (p < 0.05). SOX2 gene expression revealed lower levels (p < 0.05) on KSR CM blastocysts and a remarkable variation in SOX2 mRNA levels on FCS-supplemented blastocysts. In conclusion, pluripotency-related markers tend to decrease after supplementation with ES cell CM, suggesting different mechanisms regulating mouse and bovine pluripotency. KSR supplementation did not differ from FCS, but FCS replacement by KSR may produce blastocysts with stable SOX2 gene expression levels.     

猪孤雌胚胎干细胞建系的研究

以猪孤雌激活囊胚为材料,囊胚透明带消化后采用全胚培养,培养液中添加不同培养成分或因子（如FGF2,LIF,2i等）,以及选择不同的初始培养液体积来筛选猪胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cell,ES细胞）建系的优化培养体系。囊胚内细胞团形成的细胞集落采用胰酶消化传代。结果显示：透明带消化后,囊胚贴壁率显著升高（19．4％VS．8．8％）（P〈0．05）;初始培养液体积比平常培养液体积（0．30mL／孔,24孔培养板）减半条件下,能显著提高其贴壁率（91．7％VS 20．0％）（P〈0．01）,而且获得了可传至7代的类ES细胞系2株,碱性磷酸酶染色成阳性;当用2i因子（CHIR99021和PD03025901）去替代培养液中的FGF2,囊胚贴壁率（29．400VS53．3％）和原代集落形成率（20．0％VS 87．5％）反而显著下降（P〈0．01）。这表明培养液添加了FGF2和LIF（不舍2i因子）,用24孔板培养,最初培养体积为0．15mL,透明带消化的培养体系比较适合猪孤雌激活胚的ES细胞建系。     

ICR小鼠胚胎干细胞建系初步研究

实验旨在探讨消化方式和胚胎发育阶段对ICR小鼠胚胎干细胞(ES细胞)建系效率的影响。ICR小鼠3.5 d囊胚在饲养层上贴壁后采用单一酶消化或机械化与酶消化法相结合分离隆起的细胞集落,进行传代培养;然后选择二者中较优消化方式对不同发育时期囊胚所形成的细胞集落进行处理。结果表明:采用机械化与胰酶消化相结合的方式,形成的类ES细胞超过7代的比率(85.0%)要显著高于单一的胰酶消化(15.0%)(P<0.05);当用二者相结合的方式对ICR小鼠3.5 d(早期囊胚)、4.0 d(扩张囊胚)和4.5 d(孵化囊胚)所形成的细胞集落进行消化传代培养,三者在贴壁率和形成原代细胞集落率上均无显著差别(P>0.05),但传代超过7代的效率上早期囊胚和扩张囊胚均高于孵化囊胚(P<0.05)。结果提示,采用机械化与酶消化法相结合更适合于3.5～4.0 d ICR小鼠囊胚的ES细胞建系。     

影响体外培养兔胚发育和兔类ES细胞分离的若干因素

本试验系统地比较了影响兔囊胚体外培养和免类ＥＳ细胞系分离的几个主要因素。结果表明，３种不同糖浓度（４．５，１．０，０．２ｇ／Ｌ）在４８ｈ内对胚胎贴壁均无显著影响。在高糖ＤＭＥＭ中，早期胚胎内细胞团（ｉｎｎｅｒｃｅｌｌｍａｓｓ，ＩＣＭ）增殖速度最快，分化也快；超低糖组，ＩＣＭ增殖缓慢，分化出现时间较晚；低糖组，ＩＣＭ既能保持较快的增殖速度，又能维持较长时间的未分化状。高糖组和低糖组的ＥＳ细胞样集落的传代能力相似，可达６～７代，超低糖组中不超过２代。胰岛素能促进ＩＣＭ的增殖，并可提高传代过程中ＥＳ细胞样克隆的形成率。在小鼠胚胎原代成纤维细胞（ＭＥＦ）和一种经白血病抑制因子转化了的小鼠成纤维细胞系（ＳＮＬ）上，ＩＣＭ都能维持较快的增殖速度，在家兔胚胎原代成纤维细胞（ＲＥＦ）中ＩＣＭ增殖较慢，无饲养细胞条件下，ＩＣＭ存活率低，生长状况不佳。传代能力，ＲＥＦ要比ＭＥＦ和ＳＮＬ低，且主要形成上皮样集落。作者根据以上实验结果认为，用低糖ＤＭＥＭ为基本培养基，再加入胰岛素，在ＭＥＦ或ＳＮＬ上培养切割胚胎和连续传代的技术路线是较为可行的。