黑曲霉高产纤维素酶活突变株ZM-8的筛选

对航空诱变的黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)进行筛选,得到纤维素酶高产突变株ZM-8。以玉米秸秆粉为主要碳源,经固体发酵培养,测得其滤纸酶(FPA)、纤维二糖水解酶(C1)、葡聚糖内切酶(CMCase)、β-葡萄糖苷酶(β-Glase)的酶活力分别为110.2、389.9、489.3U/g和1208.1U/g,比出发菌株各组分的酶活分别提高2.1、3.5、1.7倍和1.8倍。经过5次继代固体发酵试验,证明该菌株具有较好的产酶稳定性。     

羊粪中纤维素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及评价

为发掘优良纤维素降解菌株，筛选羊粪堆肥发酵菌剂菌种资源，本研究以滤纸条为唯一碳源，从新鲜羊粪中分离出26株具有纤维素降解能力的菌株。通过测定其纤维素酶活力与秸秆降解率，筛选出7株优良纤维素降解菌株，并对7株菌进行16S rDNA序列比对，确定其分类学地位。利用线性拟合和多元回归解析菌株产酶活力与秸秆降解率之间的关系。结果表明，7株菌的全酶活性为1.03～2.83 U·mL^-1、外切酶为3.42～5.78 U·mL^-1、内切酶为1.24～3.25 U·mL^-1和β-葡萄糖苷酶为1.09～2.259 U·mL^-1。经鉴定分别为山原申氏菌(Shinella yambaruensis)、鸡眼草申氏菌(Shinella kummerowiae)、土地鞘氨醇盒菌(Sphingopyxis terrae subsp)、植物内生成对杆菌(Dyadobacter endophyticus)、潮湿纤维单胞菌(Cellulomonas uda)、水原假黄单胞菌(Pseudoxanthomonas suwonensis)等...     

饲用β-葡聚糖酶的发酵工艺研究

通过对本实验室保藏的12株黑曲霉菌株采用培养、选择性培养基分离,筛选出一株相对酶活较高的菌株作为出发菌株,然后通过紫外线、硫酸二乙酯等复合诱变筛选出一株β-葡聚糖酶高产菌株An08-752。以复合碳源(麸皮+花生壳粉+大麦粉)为碳源;有机氮源为豆粕粉,无机氮源为硫酸铵、硝酸钠;添加无机盐磷酸氢二钾(K+)、硫酸镁(Mg2+);料水比为1:1。固态发酵优化条件为:初始pH值6.8;装料量50 g/500 ml;发酵温度30℃;发酵时间37 h。酶活力达到了1.23×105 U/g。     

糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)615对小麦秸秆木质纤维素降解效果的研究

本试验利用糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)615菌株固体发酵小麦秸秆,旨在研究糙皮侧耳615菌株对小麦秸秆木质纤维素的降解效果。液体培养糙皮侧耳615菌株并测定1~10 d产漆酶、锰过氧化物酶活力变化;随后利用糙皮侧耳615菌株种子液固体发酵经1.00%Ca O处理的小麦秸秆,25℃发酵30 d,测定小麦秸秆中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、纤维素、半纤维素、木质素以及粗蛋白质含量变化;最后对发酵后的小麦秸秆进行电镜扫描,观察其结构变化。结果表明:(1)漆酶活力从第1天至第4天不断上升,并在第4天达到最大值1428.00 U/L,从第5天开始下降,且在第10天下降到399.00 U/L;锰过氧化物酶活力从第1天至第5天不断上升,并在第5天达到最大值15.45 U/L,从第6天开始下降,且在第10天下降到4.74 U/L。(2)小麦秸秆经糙皮侧耳615菌株发酵后中性洗涤纤维含量显著降低(P0.05),且比对照组降低了4.23%,酸性洗涤纤维的含量显著升高(P0.05),且比对照组升高了4.19%;纤维素含量极显著高于对照组(P0.01),且比对照组高了37.17%,半纤维素、木质素的含量显著降低(P0.01),分别比对照组降低了19.87%、43.75%;同时,粗蛋白质的含量显著提高(P0.01),比对照组提高了4.14%。(3)扫描电镜结果显示,小麦秸秆经糙皮侧耳615菌株发酵后,其粗纤维可被有效降解。液体培养糙皮侧耳615菌株在第4天、第5天产漆酶、锰过氧化物酶能力较强;小麦秸秆经糙皮侧耳615菌株固体发酵30 d后,小麦秸秆中的木质素含量、半纤维素含量均显著降低,粗蛋白质含量显著升高。     

以柑橘皮为原料用宇佐美曲霉生产饲用复合酶的研究

以实验室筛选的一株可同时产纤维素酶、木聚糖酶和酸性蛋白酶的宇佐美曲霉A.us-amii-CF1为生产菌株,以柑橘皮为原料,对固体发酵培养基的水分含量、起始pH值、碳源、无机盐及柑橘皮粉与豆粕比例对产酶率的影响进行了研究,研究发现,当培养基配方为橘皮粉53%、豆粕23%、麸皮19%、尿素1%、Na2HPO42%、MnSO42%;最佳培养基水分为55%～60%时,菌种产酶活力达到CMC酶41.6U/g、β-葡萄糖苷酶102.2U/g、木聚糖酶2079.6U/g、酸性蛋白酶7884.6U/g。经干燥后的复合酶储存性能稳定。     

紫外-微波复合诱变选育高产纤维素酶的Trichoderma asperelloides菌株

为了选育高纤维素酶活的Trichoderma asperelloides菌株,本试验以中国工业微生物菌种保藏管理中心的Trichoderma asperelloides41245为原始菌株,采用紫外和微波两种物理方法复合诱变,纤维素刚果红平板初筛和固态发酵产酶复筛。试验最终获得一株Trichoderma asperelloides突变株ZWWB1,在以麦秸和麸皮为基质的固态发酵培养基上培养96 h,滤纸酶活力达15.08 U/g,是原始菌株的1.81倍。经5次传代发酵培养滤纸酶活力变化不大。可见该突变菌株ZWWB1产纤维素酶能力较高且遗传稳定性较好,可考虑进一步开发应用于秸秆饲料发酵。     

转透明颤菌血红蛋白基因里氏木霉菌株固体发酵产纤维素酶的能力研究

本试验对转入透明颤菌血红蛋白基因的里氏木霉菌株(Tu6-VHb)与未转入该基因的里氏木霉菌株(Tu6)固体发酵产纤维素酶的能力进行了比较分析,并对Tu6-VHb菌株固体发酵产纤维素酶的培养条件进行了响应面优化研究。结果表明,Tu6-VHb菌株比Tu6菌株具有更强的产纤维素酶能力,其产纤维素酶活力提高了61%。通过响应面优化试验,获得Tu6-VHb菌株固体发酵产酶的最佳培养条件为:碳源配比(即麸皮与稻谷杆的比例)为2.89,营养液氮源配比(即尿素与硫酸铵的比例)为0.90,初始pH值为5.02。在此优化条件下进行固体发酵,每克培养基可以产纤维素酶123.81 U/g,与预测最大响应值129.61 U/g接近,且固体发酵产纤维素酶的活力较未优化前提高了3.08倍。     

拟康氏木霉固态发酵产纤维素酶系的研究

以稻草秸秆为主要原料,利用拟康氏木霉3.3002(Trichoderma pseudokoningii 3.3002)固态发酵生产纤维素酶,对培养条件进行了优化,并系统地测定了各种纤维素酶的酶活.结果表明,最优产酶培养基组成为:稻草秸秆和麸皮的混合比例为4:1,最佳氮源为2.5%(NH4)2SO4,最佳发酵时间120 h,培养温度35℃,接种量15%,pH 5.0,培养基含水率50%.在此条件下,该菌株产纤维素酶系中羧甲基纤维素酶(Cx)酶活力达4700 U/mL,葡聚糖外切酶(Cb)酶活力达3440 U/mL,葡萄糖内切酶(C1)酶活力达到1620 U/mL,滤纸酶(FPA)酶活力达到1935 U/mL.     

航天诱变菌株黑曲霉ZM-8发酵玉米秸秆产β-葡萄糖苷酶的条件优化及其酶学特性

黑曲霉ZM-8是一株经航天诱变筛选出的高产纤维素酶菌株。以玉米秸秆和麸皮为原料,利用固态发酵法研究了发酵时间、发酵温度和初始pH对该菌株产β-葡萄糖苷酶的影响,采用正交试验对各因素进行了优化,并对酶学特性进行了初步研究。结果表明,发酵时间和发酵温度对酶活影响均达到极显著水平(F=14.994>F0.01=5.85;F=10.872),初始pH(F=5.843)对其影响达到显著水平;当初始pH为5.5、培养温度为35℃、培养时间为72 h时,β-葡萄糖苷酶的酶活达到了58.95 U/mL。该酶最适温度为55℃,保温2 h后仍具有95%以上的酶活力;最适pH为5.5,pH在3.0～6.0时,酶活力稳定性良好。     

产阿魏酸酯酶菌株的筛选鉴定及发酵玉米皮效果研究

试验旨在筛选1株产阿魏酸酯酶的芽孢杆菌,研究其发酵玉米皮的效果。采用十字划线法和平板扩散法对产阿魏酸酯酶菌株进行初筛,结合酶活力测定进行复筛,将筛选得到的菌株利用形态学观察、分子生物学鉴定以及生理生化特征试验确定种属关系。发酵玉米皮试验设4个处理组,对照组(C组)玉米皮添加等量蒸馏水发酵,T1组玉米皮添加2 U/g FW纤维素酶发酵,T2组玉米皮添加5×10⁶ CFU/g FW的筛选菌株发酵,T3组添加2 U/g FW的纤维素酶与5×10⁶ CFU/g FW筛选菌株发酵,每组5个重复,室温发酵15 d。结果显示,研究筛选得到12株产阿魏酸酯酶的菌株,其中菌株A30酶活力最高,为177.1 U/L。经鉴定,菌株A30为解淀粉芽孢杆菌。菌株A30能够提高发酵玉米皮的芽孢杆菌活菌数,对乳酸菌、霉菌活菌数以及物料pH值无影响,该菌株与纤维素酶协同处理对发酵玉米皮中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、半纤维素和纤维素的降解率均高于其他处理组。研究表明,解淀粉芽孢杆菌A30在玉米皮发酵过程中,能够与纤维素酶协同作用,显著提高纤维素降解率,改善饲...     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.