水禽在高致病性禽流感流行中的作用及其防控

我国自2004年实行高致病性禽流感(HPAIV,简称禽流感)强制免疫以来,禽流感基本得到了有效的控制。但在十几年的防控过程中,禽流感疫情仍然不断发生,引起这种情况的因素较为复杂。其中水禽(鸭、鹅)在禽流感的发生、传播、流行、变异和跨种传播中起着重要的作用。水禽(鸭、鹅)是禽流感病毒重要的传播媒介,是禽流感病毒的储存器、放大器和混合器。它们既可以携带多种亚型的低致病性禽流感病毒,又能长期储存陆禽(鸡等)来源的高致病性禽流感病毒,促使禽流感病毒重组。通过直接或间接接触野生水禽和鸡,将禽流感病毒的传播放大。通过接触野生水禽,可促使高致病性禽流感病毒远距离传播。研究水禽在禽流感流行中的作用对我国禽流感的防控具有重要意义。     

对麻鸭不同致病力H5N1亚型禽流感病毒的鉴定

禽流感病毒（avain influenza virus,AIV）根据其HA和NA蛋白分为不同亚型,目前16种HA亚型和9种NA亚型均已从水禽中分离到。2002年之前的研究表明,H5N1亚型AIV对水禽不致病,在宿主体内呈相对稳定的“静止”状态进化。自2002年香港首次出现大量野生水禽和家养水禽感染H5N1亚型AIV后,相关报道越来越多。以上均提示,高致病性H5N1亚型AIV对水禽的致病力已经明显增强。     

H9N2亚型禽流感流行现状

低致病性禽流感主要是由H9N2亚型禽流感病毒所引起,近几年在世界上许多国家都暴发了H9N2亚型禽流感疫情.研究表明,H9N2亚型禽流感病毒在陆禽中至少可分为北美和欧亚两个种系,该病毒在自然环境中很容易发生变异,通过混合基因组分而形成不同的病毒亚型.H9N2亚型禽流感病毒已经能传播至哺乳动物,包括猪和人类,从而引发对其是...     

我国成功研制新禽流感疫苗 切断病毒传播链

国家禽流感参考实验室主任陈化兰25日表示，由这个实验室负责研制的H5N1亚型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗、H5亚型禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗已经取得成功。新型疫苗能够彻底切断高致病性禽流感——H5N1亚型禽流感病毒通过水禽向家禽、哺乳动物和人类传播的传播链。     

我国成功研制新禽流感疫苗

国家禽流感参考实验室主任陈化兰5月25日表示，由这个实验室负责研制的H5N1亚型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗、H5亚型禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗已经取得成功。新型疫苗能够彻底切断高致病性禽流感-H5N1亚型禽流感病毒通过水禽向家禽、哺乳动物和人类传播的传播链。     

我国成功研制新禽流感疫苗切断病毒传播

国家禽流感参考实验室主任陈化兰25日在此间表示，由这个实验室负责研制的H5N1亚型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗、H5亚型禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗已经取得成功。新型疫苗能够彻底切断高致病性禽流感——H5N1亚型禽流感病毒通过水禽向家禽、哺乳动物和人类传播的传播链。     

我国研制出新禽流感疫苗

国家禽流感参考实验室主任陈化兰2005年5月25日表示，由这个实验室负责研制的H5N1亚型重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗、H5亚型禽流感重组鸡痘病毒载体活疫苗已经取得成功。新型疫苗能够彻底切断高致病性禽流感-H5N1亚型禽流感病毒通过水禽向家禽、哺乳动物和人类传播的传播链。     

农业部2005年秋冬季防控高致病性禽流感应急实施方案

高致病性禽流感是由A型禽流感病毒的高致病力亚型毒株引起的一种急性、高度传染性疾病.禽流感病毒极易发生变异,可能造成病毒在人群中感染和传播.今年以来,国外高致病性禽流感疫情呈明显扩大态势,国内水禽广泛带毒,病毒污染面广,特别是进入秋冬季以后,候鸟向南迁徙,家禽调运频繁,极易造成疫情传入和暴发.为做好应对秋冬季可能突发的高致病性禽流感疫情,把高致病性禽流感可能带来的影响和损失降到最低限度,根据《国家突发重大动物疫情应急预案》和《全国高致病性禽流感应急预案》规定,特制定本实施方案.     

H5亚型禽流感油乳灭活疫苗对鸭的免疫效果观察

H5亚型高致病性禽流感（HPAI）是由A型流感病毒引起的一种烈性传染病,被国际兽疫局（OIE）规定为A类烈性传染病,我国政府规定为一类传染病,发病率和死亡率都很高.关于水禽流感,尤其是鸭,过去普遍认为,它只是禽流感病毒的携带者,只排毒、不发病,可横向传播给陆生禽和其他水禽,是禽流感病毒的储存库,但自20世纪90年代中期打破这一传统认识以后,已有多起水禽发病死亡的报道.并且目前在我国水禽的饲养中多粗放、开放饲养,与野生鸟类接触密切,更容易感染发病.为了解现有禽流感疫苗对水禽的免疫原性及免疫后免疫抗体的消长规律,建立适合水禽的免疫程序,做了如下试验,现报道如下.     

农业部2005年秋冬季防控高致病性禽流感应急实施方案

高致病性禽流感是由A型禽流感病毒的高致病力亚型毒株引起的一种急性、高度传染性疾病.禽流感病毒极易发生变异,可能造成病毒在人群中感染和传播.今年以来,国外高致病性禽流感疫情呈明显扩大态势,国内水禽广泛带毒,病毒污染面广,特别是进入秋冬季以后,候鸟向南迁徙,家禽调运频繁,极易造成疫情传入和暴发.为做好应对秋冬季可能突发的高致病性禽流感疫情,把高致病性禽流感可能带来的影响和损失降到最低限度,根据《国家突发重大动物疫情应急预案》和《全国高致病性禽流感应急预案》规定,特制定本实施方案.     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.