甘薯淀粉产量及相关性状的遗传多样性和关联度分析

甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)Lam.]是加工淀粉和燃料乙醇的重要原料,是目前我国最具开发前景的非粮食类新型能源作物。选育高淀粉产量的能源型甘薯新品种是甘薯育种的重要目标。为了获得准确筛选高淀粉产量育种材料的性状指标,提高甘薯高淀粉产量育种效率,缩短育种周期,本研究利用不同甘薯品种(系)的自然变异,根据淀粉产量、不同生长发育阶段的5个主要农艺性状和3个淀粉合成关键酶活性测定结果,利用相似系数和遗传距离矩阵,以类平均法对国内48份不同淀粉产量甘薯种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析,通过关联度分析研究了淀粉产量与不同时期农艺性状、淀粉合成关键酶活性的相关性。结果表明:48份甘薯种质资源材料在不同时期农艺特征差异较大;不同时期农艺性状的聚类结果中,栽后100 d的农艺性状与淀粉产量关联度最大,淀粉产量与该时期的基部分枝数呈极显著负相关(r=0.428),与干率呈极显著正相关(r=0.423),而与最长蔓长、单株结薯数和单株鲜薯重相关性不显著。48份甘薯种质材料在不同时期的酶活聚类结果差异明显。不同时期的甘薯淀粉合成关键酶活性聚类结果中,栽后50 d酶活聚类与淀粉产量聚类结果关联度最大,淀粉产量与该时期测得的ADPG焦磷酸化酶(ADPG-PPase)活性呈负相关关系(r=0.163),与蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性(r=0.101)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性(r=0.016)呈正相关,但相关性均未达到显著水平。加之淀粉合成关键酶活性测定步骤繁琐,不适宜作为甘薯高淀粉产量育种早期选择的生理指标。在高淀粉产量育种材料筛选时可于栽后100 d对农艺性状进行综合考察,重点考虑干率较高及分枝数较少的品系。本研究可为甘薯高淀粉产量育种提供一定的理论依据。     

不同品种甘薯淀粉组分、物化及粉条品质的比较研究

为探讨不同品种甘薯淀粉特性与其粉条品质的关系,本研究选用济薯25、济薯26以及商薯19共3个品种于丘陵山地进行试验,收获后进行块根干物质含量、产量测定以及淀粉分离,分析淀粉组分、老化和糊化特性,并对粉条品质进行测定.结果表明,济薯25的薯千产量显著高于其他2个品种(P＜0.05),且3个品种的淀粉结晶结构、形态相似.3...     

浙薯系列鲜食及食品加工型甘薯品种系谱和品质性状分析

为全面评价不同类型甘薯品种品质育种指标以及提高育种效率,以2005-2016年育成的13个浙薯系列鲜食及食品加工型甘薯品种为材料,分析亲本系谱,统计品种特征特性,并依据品种用途、干率等对其主要品质性状进行分组比较。结果表明,浙薯系列甘薯品种系谱来源主要是胜利百号和南瑞苕衍生品种栗子香血缘。浙薯81及其衍生品种浙薯13在作为骨干亲本时表现出理想的育种效果。从品种的特征特性来看,鲜食型品种(包括迷你型鲜食品种)具有相对较高的干率(>30%)和淀粉率(>20%);不同类型品种生薯、熟薯的糖分(可溶性糖、还原糖)含量因品种而异;不同加工用途品种类型对胡萝卜素含量指标要求不同。不同类型品种的品质育种指标应进行综合评价,鲜食型甘薯主要以食用品质指标为主,干率是重要的品质指标之一;食品加工型甘薯主要以加工适应性目标为主,需注重中高干率、中高胡萝卜素含量、糖化快等材料的筛选与利用。本研究结果为优质鲜食及加工型甘薯新品种选育的种质创新和应用提供了理论参考。     

旱区不同马铃薯品种的品质评价与分析

为评价天薯12号、定薯4号、庄薯3号、希森6号和青薯10号5个马铃薯品种的综合品质,以同一条件下生产的品种为试材,采用分级指数法对参试品种的单株块茎数、单株质量、单薯质量、商品薯率等经济性状和干物质、淀粉、蛋白质、维生素C、还原糖进行综合分级评价。结果表明,同一条件生长的不同马铃薯品种其田间表现和采后营养品质均存在较大差异,参试的5个品种中,青薯10号的综合评价指数最高,说明其综合品质最好;其余品种按综合评价指数由高到低依次为定薯4号、天薯12号、庄薯3号、希森6号。研究结果可为马铃薯的贮藏加工提供参考依据。     

马铃薯产量品质与氮磷钾吸收利用的关系

【目的】分析马铃薯品种(系)产量和品质在不同栽培条件下与养分吸收及利用的关系,为马铃薯科学施肥提供理论基础。【方法】在宁夏固原和甘肃定西开展马铃薯品种(系)田间试验,宁夏收集了76份品种(系),甘肃收集了83份,马铃薯试验均采用当地水肥管理技术。成熟期测定产量及产量构成因素,取样分析马铃薯品质和氮磷钾养分含量,以及土壤有机质和速效养分含量。【结果】两地马铃薯块茎产量差异不显著。将马铃薯产量分为<30 t/hm² (低)、30～45 t/hm² (中)和>45 t/hm² (高) 3个等级,宁夏种植的76个品种(系)中低产、中产、高产的占比分别为27.6%、34.2%、38.2%,甘肃种植的83个品种(系)中的占比分别为15.7%、49.4%、34.9%。随着不同马铃薯品种(系)产量的不断增加,干物质和淀粉含量呈现增加趋势,而蛋白质含量则呈现降低趋势。无论产量水平高低,每生产1 t马铃薯块茎需吸收N 2.9 kg、P 0.5 kg、K 4.0 kg。产量与氮磷钾养分吸收量呈显著正相关,维生素C和蛋白质含量与氮磷...     

Genetic control of dry matter,starch and sugar content in sweetpotato

Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L. (Lam)) is a nutritious food security crop for most tropical households, but its utilisation is very low in Ghana compared to the other root and tuber crops due to lack of end-user-preferred cultivars. Knowledge on the genetic control of important traits such as dry matter, starch and sugar content of sweetpotato storage roots in a breeding population is critical for making breeding progress in developing sweetpotato varieties preferred by farmers and consumers. This study used diallel mating design to elucidate general combining ability and specific combining ability, to determine the gene action controlling storage root dry matter, starch and sugar content in sweetpotato and the heterotic potential of the traits to facilitate the crop’s improvement for increased utilisation. A general model for estimating genetic effects, GEAN II, was used to analyse the data. Genetic variability was seen for dry matter, starch and sugar content of sweetpotato and much of this genetic variation was additive in nature. The study also revealed significant heterosis in sweetpotato which offers opportunity for breeding non-sweet, high dry matter sweetpotato varieties that are preferred by farmers and consumers in Ghana.     

Quantification of kavalactones and determination of kava (Piper methysticum) chemotypes using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for quality control in vanuatu

Kava ( Piper methysticum Forst f., Piperaceae) has anxiolytic properties and the ability to promote a state of relaxation without the loss of mental alertness. The rapid growth of the nutraceutical market between 1998 and 2000 has been stopped by a ban in Europe and Australia because of some suspicion of liver toxicity. It is now important to develop a fast, cheap, and reliable quality test to control kava exports. The aim of this study is to develop a calibration of the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) using partial least-squares (PLS) regression. Two hundred thirty-six samples of kava roots, stumps, and basal stems were collected from the Vanuatu Agricultural Research and Technical Centre germplasm collection and from four villages. These samples, representing 45 different varieties, were analyzed using NIRS to record their absorption spectra between 400 and 2500 nm. A set of 101 selected samples was analyzed for their kavalactone content using HPLC. The results were used for PLS calibration of the NIRS. The NIRS prediction of the kavalactone content and the dry matter were in agreement with the HPLC results. There were good correlations between these two series of results, and coefficients ( R (2)) were all close to 1. The measurements were reproducible and had repeatability on par with the HPLC method. The NIRS system has been calibrated for the six major kavalactone content measurements, and it is suggested that this method could be used for quality control in Vanuatu.     

Germplasm Sources for Improvement of Forage Quality in Lotus corniculatus L. and L. uliginosus Schkuhr (Fabaceae)

Extensive germplasm resources are present in collections of Lotus corniculatus and L. uliginosus, two forage species that are valuable in situations where other legumes are not persistent. Naturalised populations in many regions are the primary gene pool for genetic improvement of these species and interspecific hybrids are an important source of variation for agronomic and forage quality traits. Although previous research has provided evidence that selection for optimal levels of condensed tannins and herbage productivity are feasible breeding objectives, less is known about correlations of condensed tannin with other parameters of nutritive value. A germplasm collection of 38 accessions in both species from 9 geographic regions was used as a data base to determine these correlations. Forage of each accession was sampled in two successive years from a field site in south-eastern Australia and analysed for condensed tannin, in vitro digestible dry matter, nitrogen, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre. In both species condensed tannin was negatively correlated with in vitro digestible dry matter and nitrogen. This result helped to identify potentially valuable accessions with low condensed tannin (<4% of dry weight) and high in vitro digestible dry matter (>70%). One of these was an interspecific hybrid of L. uliginosus and L. corniculatus, confirming the view that interspecific hybridization would be a valuable avenue for improvement of agronomic and forage quality characters in Lotus species.     

陇薯系列高淀粉马铃薯品种的淀粉产量及品质性状综合评价

为了评价高淀粉马铃薯品种的综合品质性状,本研究以甘肃省农业科学院育成的15个马铃薯品种(系)为参试材料,2011-2018年连续8年定点田间试验,测定了块茎产量、营养品质(干物质、淀粉、维生素C、粗蛋白)含量和矿物质元素(钾、钙、铁、锌)含量。结果表明,参试材料的块茎产量和营养品质含量均存在显著的基因型、环境及基因型与环境的互作效应,其中块茎产量、淀粉产量、干物质含量、淀粉含量性状的基因型效应大于环境效应,而营养品质中的维生素C、粗蛋白和还原糖含量的环境效应大于基因型效应。参试材料的块茎产量24 549~50 140 kg·hm^-2,淀粉产量4 271~9 298 kg·hm^-2,干物质含量21.07%~30.18%,淀粉含量14.63%~21.83%,维生素C含量12.20~18.95 mg·100g^-1,粗蛋白含量2.17%~2.71%,还原糖含量0.18%~0.43%,钾含量4 316~5 368 mg·kg^-1,钙含量85.10~138.40 mg·kg^-1,铁含量10.17~24.50 mg·kg^-1,锌含量2.45~3.80 mg·kg^-1。大西洋的衍生品种陇薯8号、陇薯9号、陇薯12号、陇薯14号、L0527-2、L08104-12、LZ111和L1149-2淀粉含量均超过18%,其中,L1149-2总体表现优异,其平均块茎产量50 140 kg·hm^-2、淀粉产量9 298 kg·hm^-2、干物质含量26.75%、淀粉含量19.30%、维生素C含量14.62 mg·100g^-1、粗蛋白含量2.52%、还原糖含量0.28%、钾含量5 297 mg·kg^-1、钙含量138.40 mg·kg^-1、铁含量20.40 mg·kg^-1、锌含量3.20 mg·kg^-1;而陇薯5号淀粉产量及营养品质较差。本研究为合理利用陇薯系列高淀粉马铃薯品种提供了科学依据,对改良高淀粉马铃薯品种产量和品质具有指导意义。     

Stärkegehalte von Kartoffelknollen in Abhängigkeit von Kalium-Ernährung und Knollenentwicklung

Starch content of potato tubers in relation to K nutrition and tuber growth In a pot experiment with potato (cv Saturna) K content in tubers increased from 1.0 to 2.6 % of tuber-DM due to increasing rates of K fertilizer. Simultaneously starch in tuber fresh matter decreased from 21 to 15 %. Highest starch content in tuber dry matter was obtained in that K treatment which gave the highest yield in dry tubers. Measuring starch accumulation during tuber growth revealed that already in the flowering stage differences exist in the starch contents of the tuber dry matter between the lowest and highest K treatments, namely 69 % for K₁ as compared with 64 % for K₅. The rate of starch accumulation between flowering and final harvest, however, was similar in all K treatments. This suggests that K supply affects the storage tissue at an early stage of tuber development probably via different water relations of tubers.     

Exotic Corn Lines with Increased Resistant Starch and Impact on Starch Thermal Characteristics

Ten parent corn lines, including four mutants (dull sugary2, amylose‐extender sugary2, amylose‐extender dull, and an amylose‐extender with introgressed Guatemalen germplasm [GUAT ae]) and six lines with introgressed exotic germplasm backgrounds, were crossed with each other to create 20 progeny crosses to increase resistant starch (RS) as a dietary fiber in corn starch and to provide materials for thermal evaluation. The resistant starch 2 (RS2) values from the 10 parent lines were 18.3–52.2% and the values from the 20 progeny crosses were 16.6–34.0%. The %RS2 of parents was not additive in the offspring but greater RS2 in parents was correlated to greater RS2 in the progeny crosses (r = 0.63). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measured starch thermal characteristics, revealing positive correlations of peak gelatinization temperature and change in enthalpy with %RS2 (r = 0.65 and r = 0.67, P ≤ 0.05); however, % retrogradation (a measure of RS3) and retrogradation parameters did not correlate with %RS2. The %RS2 and onset temperature increased with the addition of the ae gene, likely because RS delays gelatinization.     

A new yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) interspecific hybrid

The yam bean (Pachyrhizus spp.) is a legume tuber / root crop locally grown in Central America, South America and Asia. The tuber is usually consumed raw for its refreshing taste and high moisture content. A recently found P. tuberosus type from a small ecogeographic region in the tropical lowlands of Peru has a high tuber dry matter content and this so-called Chuin-Type is consumed like manioc. This study was conducted to determine the possibility to use the Chuin-Type as a source to incorporate high dry matter into the remaining yam bean gene pool. Three P. tuberosus (Chuin) accessions were crossed with 15 P. ahipa accessions from the Andean highlands resulting in six successful interspecific hybridisations. Successful crosses were confirmed by morphological and agronomical traits as well as multivariate statistics. All hybrid plants were fertile and vigorous. Owing to the fertility and vigour of interspecific hybrids it is assumed that a hybrid between P. tuberosus and P. ahipa might already evolved in the area of origin and that interspecific hybridisation is appropriate to improve the tuber dry matter content in the yam bean which might give the crop new forms of food and processing use.     

Evaluation of a cassava germplasm collection for reaction to three major diseases and the effect on yield

Thirty-five cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) genotypes from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), germplasm collection were planted in May 1992 under natural disease infection conditions, at the IITA field plots at Ibadan, Nigeria. The genotypes were evaluated at monthly intervals for six months, for incidence and severity of cassava anthracnose disease (CAD), cassava bacterial blight (CBB) and African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV). The effect of the pathogens on yield was also evaluated twelve months after planting (MAP). CAD, CBB and ACMV incidence and severity were significantly different (P<0.05) among the cassava genotypes at 3 and 6 months after planting. ACMV incidence and severity reached the maximum levels at 3 MAP while CAD and CBB had a low incidence and severity at that period but exhibited a high disease symptom expression at 6 MAP. Yield parameters (plant stand, tuber number, tuber weight and tuber dry matter) differed significantly (P<0.05) between the cassava genotypes. ACMV and CBB severity was negatively correlated with tuber number (r = –0.54 and r = –0.62 respectively). CAD severity was negatively correlated with tuber number (r = –0.46) and tuber weight (r = –0.63). Percentage dry matter was significantly correlated with ACMV severity (r = 0.71), CBB severity (r = 0.63) and CAD severity (r = 0.42). There was also a significant correlation between CBB and ACMD severity (r=0.46) and CBB and CAD severity (r=0.62). Tuber number and yield were significantly correlated (r=0.60), while% dry matter content and root rot showed a significant negative correlation (–0.42).     

The Pacific yam (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Dioscorea nummularia</Emphasis> Lam.), an under-exploited tuber crop from Melanesia

This study aims to explore the potential of Dioscorea nummularia Lam. and to gather information as a prelude to its improvement by plant breeding. After a taxonomic clarification and a review of the botanical data, its geographical areas of origin and distribution are determined. A germplasm survey conducted on nine islands of Vanuatu enabled the collection of 110 accessions corresponding to 84 cultivars. These were grouped into: (1) wild forms under domestication, (2) annual types, (3) perennial-type cultivars of D. nummularia and (4) natural interspecific hybrids with D. alata L. Within each group, remarkable morphological variation exists for stem spininess, leaf shape, emerging leaf colour, tuber shape and tuber flesh colour. Selected accessions examined for ploidy had chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 3x = 60 to 2n = 6x = 120. Chloroplast counts conducted on stomatal guard cells confirmed the variation in ploidy levels. Eight different male cultivars were studied for pollen fertility, but <5% of the pollen grains appeared to be fertile when stained with acetocarmine. However, profuse flowering and synchrony favour pollination and result in fruit set. All accessions are resistant to anthracnose. Viruses were detected but are morphologically not discernible, with no incidence on yield. Physicochemical analyses of tubers from 16 accessions revealed that D. nummularia and interspecific hybrids have high percentages of dry matter (mean of 33.11%) and starch (82.81%). The Pacific yam could be improved through conventional hybridisation or used for interspecific crosses with related economically important species. Recommendations are made for further research.     

Analysis of Genetic Variability in a Sample of the Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Spanish Collection Based on Gliadin Markers

In this work gliadin proteins were used to analyse the genetic variability in a sample of the durum wheat Spanish collection conserved at the CRF-INIA. In total 38 different alleles were identified at the loci Gli-A1, Gli-A3, Gli-B5, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. All the gliadin loci were polymorphic, possessed large genetic diversity and small and large differentiation within and between varieties, respectively. The Gli-A2 and Gli-B2 loci were the most polymorphic, the most fixed within varieties and the most useful to distinguish among varieties. Alternatively, Gli-B1 locus presented the least genetic variability out of the four main loci Gli-A1, Gli-B1, Gli-A2 and Gli-B2. The Gli-B1 alleles coding for the gliadin γ-45, associated with good quality, had an accumulated frequency of 69.7%, showing that the Spanish germplasm could be a good source for breeding quality. The Spanish landraces studied showed new gliadin alleles not catalogued so far. These new alleles might be associated with specific Spanish environment factors. The large number of new alleles identified also indicates that durum wheat Spanish germplasm is rather unique.     

Evaluation of Waxy Grain Sorghum for Ethanol Production

The objective of this research was to investigate the fermentation performance of waxy grain sorghum for ethanol production. Twenty‐five waxy grain sorghum varieties were evaluated with a laboratory dry‐grind procedure. Total starch and amylose contents were measured following colorimetric procedures. Total starch and amylose contents ranged from 65.4 to 76.3% and from 5.5 to 7.3%, respectively. Fermentation efficiencies were in the range of 86.0–92.2%, corresponding to ethanol yields of 2.61–3.03 gallons/bushel. The advantages of using waxy sorghums for ethanol production include easier gelatinization and low viscosity during liquefaction, higher starch and protein digestibility, higher free amino nitrogen (FAN) content, and shorter fermentation times. The results showed a strong linear relationship between FAN content and fermentation rate. Fermentation rate increased as FAN content increased, especially during the first 30 hr of fermentation (R² = 0.90). Total starch content in distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was less than 1% for all waxy varieties.     

Effect of location on starch content and tuber texture characteristics in potato breeding lines and cultivars

The texture of boiled potato tubers is one of the most important quality traits. The variation of tuber texture is usually examined in relationship with dry matter or starch content. The objective of the work was to examine variation and stability of texture and starch content in tubers grown in various environments. Both traits were evaluated for the set of potato breeding lines and 10 table potato cultivars. The lines were developed in the program of parental lines carried out in M?ochów Research Center, Poland. The environments were represented by three locations, which differed in cultivation system as well as climatic and soil conditions. The traits were influenced by the effects of genotype, location and their interactions. The effect of location on texture was not explained by the changes in starch content. The calculated stability parameters indicated that unstable expression of both traits was more pronounced and more frequent in breeding lines than in the cultivars. The short period of selection used in the development of the parental lines is not conducive to select potato genotypes with stable expression of quality traits. The starch content was at most moderately related with various characteristics of tuber texture.     

Role of Starch Granule Characteristics (volume fraction,rigidity, and fractal dimension) on Rheology of Starch Dispersions With and Without Amylose

The link between rheological behavior and morphological‐structural characteristics of gelatinized starch granules has been studied in two starch dispersions (SDs): a cross‐linked waxy maize (CLWM), and tapioca starch, a tuber starch with 19.3 % amylose. Based on the power law relationship between the elastic modulus and volume fraction of the granules predicted by scaling theory, fractal dimension values were obtained for CLWM starch D = 2.81, and tapioca starch D = 2.79, suggesting that both starch granules have highly convoluted surfaces. However, the preexponential coefficient (G′_⊘=1) for CLWM SDs was an order of magnitude greater than that for tapioca SDs, in the same range of volume fractions. The G′_⊘=1 was mainly dependent on the granule rigidity, and the amylose content in the continuous phase played only a minor role in the rheological behavior.