不同有机肥中Cu、 Zn在农田土壤中的有效性与形态归趋

【目的】畜禽粪便有机肥的施用是造成我国农田土壤重金属污染的重要原因之一。本文选用两种典型规模化养殖场畜禽粪便有机肥,研究其在石灰性土壤和酸性土壤上施用1年后Cu、 Zn的有效性和形态归趋,为客观评价畜禽粪便有机肥中重金属进入土壤后的环境行为和生态风险提供理论依据。【方法】采用温室土壤培养试验,在石灰性土壤和酸性土壤上分别设对照(CK)、 施2%鸡粪(CM2%)、 施5%鸡粪(CM5%)、 施与CM2%、 CM5%含等量Cu、 Zn的重金属无机盐溶液(CS2%、 CS5%)、 施2%猪粪(PM2%)、 施5%猪粪(PM5%)、 施与PM2%、 PM5%含等量Cu、 Zn的重金属无机盐溶液(PS2%、 PS5%)9个处理,每个处理设3次重复,在温室条件下培养1年。测定土壤pH值, EDTA提取有效态Cu、 Zn以及采用改进Tessier连续提取法提取的各形态Cu、 Zn的含量,分析鸡粪、 猪粪及等量无机盐溶液中Cu、 Zn进入土壤后的有效性和形态归趋。【结果】施用鸡粪和猪粪1年后,石灰性土壤的pH值降低,酸性土壤的pH值升高,施用5%猪粪时石灰性土壤pH值降低了0.23个单位,酸性土壤pH值升高了0.87个单位。施入鸡粪、 猪粪1年后,石灰性土壤中有效态Zn和酸性土壤中有效态Cu、 Zn含量显著增加,施用5%猪粪时酸性土壤中有效态Cu含量增加了1.95倍,施用5%鸡粪时2种土壤中有效态Cu的含量均显著低于等量无机盐。施用鸡粪和等量无机盐后,2种土壤中交换态和有机结合态Cu的含量显著增加,交换态、 碳酸盐结合态、 有机结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量显著增加; 施用猪粪和等量无机盐后,2种土壤中交换态、 铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态Cu的含量显著增加,碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化物结合态Zn的含量显著增加。【结论】施用鸡粪、 猪粪提高了石灰性土壤中Zn和酸性土壤中Cu、 Zn的有效性,高用量条件下鸡粪中Cu的有效性低于等量无机盐。1年后, 通过畜禽粪便有机肥带入2种土壤中的Cu 主要以交换态和有机结合态的形式存在,Zn则主要以碳酸盐结合态、 铁锰氧化物结合态和有机结合态的形式存在。2种土壤上有机肥带入的Cu、 Zn转化为铁锰氧化物结合态的比例低于等量无机盐,2种有机肥带入2种土壤中的Cu转化为交换态和有机结合态的比例高于等量无机盐。鸡粪带入的Zn转化为交换态的比例在酸性土壤中低于等量无机盐,但在石灰性土壤中则高于等量无机盐。     

畜禽粪肥对土壤有效铜锌铁锰含量的影响

采用室内培养和DTPA浸提法研究了鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪等有机肥料对土壤有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量的影响。结果表明,在供试条件下施用鸡粪、牛粪和猪粪均可使土壤中有效Cu、Mn含量增加,但有效Zn含量降低;施用鸡粪可使土壤有效Fe含量增加,而施用牛粪和猪粪使土壤有效Fe含量降低。增加鸡粪施用量,可使土壤中有效Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn含量增加;培养期间有效Cu、Zn含量变化幅度较小,有效Fe、Mn含量变化较大。     

鸡粪和垃圾有机肥对苋菜生长及土壤重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,在红壤和潮土中分别施入土壤重量5%、10%和15%的鸡粪或垃圾有机肥,研究其对苋菜（Amaranthustricoclor L.）生长、土壤化学性状及重金属含量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,施入鸡粪或垃圾有机肥显著增加苋菜的鲜重、主根长和株高;土壤有机质、EC值、速效磷和速效钾含量均大幅增加,但土壤全氮含量无明显变化。与对照相比,潮土中施用两类有机肥使苋菜植株Cu和Zn含量分别增加26.3%~36.0%和1.2%~20.3%,但未超出国家食品卫生标准对Cu和Zn的允许含量;Cd、Cr和Pb含量都较对照降低,没有出现积累现象。红壤施用两类有机肥,苋菜植株中Zn、Cd和Pb分别下降42.7%~59.9%、0~48.9%和4.1%~71.3%,达到显著水平。有机肥的施入量为5%时,两类土壤中重金属都没有出现明显积累;当施入量为10%和15%时,两类土壤的Cu、Cd、Cr和Pb含量显著增加,出现明显积累趋势,其中除了施用鸡粪使土壤有效Cu含量下降外,两种有机肥均增加了两类土壤中重金属Zn、Cd、Cr和Pb的有效态含量。试验结果提示,从土壤培肥与环境质量安全综合考虑,有机肥的用量应控制在一个适宜范围内。     

连续施用有机肥对菜田土壤Cu和Zn积累及辣椒产量品质的影响

采用田间随机区组试验,研究了不同用量鸡粪和猪粪有机肥(0,15,30,45和60 t/hm^2)施用后,重金属Cu和Zn在土壤剖面迁移积累特征,及辣椒产量、品质和各器官(根、茎、叶和果实)Cu和Zn含量的变化。结果表明,鸡粪和猪粪施用显著增加了耕层(0—20 cm)土壤Cu和Zn含量,与对照相比,Cu含量增幅分别达到22.60%~66.59%和36.13%~95.00%,Zn含量增幅分别达到10.49%~39.27%和11.18%~51.94%,猪粪施用后耕层(0—20 cm)土壤Cu和Zn含量增幅大于鸡粪;鸡粪和猪粪带入的Cu和Zn主要积累在耕层(0—20 cm)土壤,Cu和Zn含量最高分别为36.95,137.24 mg/kg,尚未超出国家安全标准。高用量(60 t/hm^2)鸡粪和猪粪中的Cu和Zn存在明显向土壤深层迁移现象,与猪粪处理相比,鸡粪中带入的Cu和Zn向下迁移的幅度小。鸡粪和猪粪施用显著提高了辣椒果实单果重及产量,在施用量为30 t/hm^2时达到最大,产量比对照分别增加24.98%和29.04%,高用量(60 t/hm^2)鸡粪和猪粪显著提高了辣椒Vc含量、蛋白质含量和可溶性糖含量,降低了硝酸盐含量,改善了辣椒品质。15 t/hm^2鸡粪和60 t/hm^2猪粪显著提高了辣椒果实Cu含量,但均未超过20 mg/kg,可以安全食用。鸡粪和猪粪的施用对果实Zn含量(16.35~20.87 mg/kg)影响不显著。可以认为,合理施用鸡粪和猪粪有机肥在短期内能够改善土壤性质,提高作物产量和品质,虽然会造成Cu和Zn在耕层(0—20 cm)土壤的积累,但尚未引起土壤Cu和Zn污染,也不影响辣椒果实的安全食用,但如果长期施用则有必要进行进一步监测。     

施用富铜锌猪粪对低丘茶园土壤及茶叶重金属积累的影响

为了解施用富铜锌畜禽粪对低丘茶园红壤及茶叶重金属积累的影响,设计施用化肥、化肥+猪粪、单施猪粪和2倍于单施猪粪的猪粪用量4个施肥处理,进行为期4年的观察研究。结果表明,施用猪粪可预防土壤酸化,有利于红壤肥力的提高。适量施用猪粪可提高土壤Cu和Zn含量,改善茶树Cu和Zn营养状况。无论是施用化肥、化肥+猪粪,还是单施猪粪(或2倍猪粪用量),连续施用4年对土壤Pb、Co、Ni、Hg和As含量均无明显的影响,不会引起这些元素的明显积累。但过量或长期施用富含Cu和Zn猪粪,可引起土壤Cu、Zn和Cd显著积累,积累量可超过它们的土壤环境质量标准值。施用化肥、化肥+猪粪、单施猪粪和2倍于单施猪粪的猪粪用量4个施肥处理的土壤Cu的年积累速率分别为0.39,2.05,4.29,9.22mg/(kg·a),土壤Zn的年积累速率分别为0.43,4.78,10.55,22.44mg/(kg·a)。土壤中积累的Cu主要向有机质结合态和交换态转化,Zn主要向交换态、有机质结合态和氧化铁结合态转化。建议在茶园施用富含Cu和Zn畜禽粪时应注意控制施用量,不宜长期连续施用。     

施用猪粪对不同类型土壤中铜的赋存形态及小白菜吸收铜的影响

  目的  探讨猪粪中铜（Cu）的输入对土壤中Cu的赋存和生物有效性的影响。  方法  将1%和3%的腐熟猪粪（干猪粪∶秸秆 = 10∶1）添加到黄褐土、红壤、黑土、褐土中,分别老化0、1、2、3、5个月后,进行小白菜盆栽实验。  结果  与对照相比,施用猪粪使黄褐土、红壤、黑土和褐土土壤铜（Cu）全量分别显著增加了20.23% ~ 50.43%、79.87% ~ 142.6%、52.41% ~ 76.43%和41.14% ~ 92.24%。四种土壤中水溶态（F1）、碳酸盐结合态（F3）Cu占比均增加,施用3%猪粪的红壤未老化处理中F1-Cu和黄褐土未老化处理中F3-Cu增幅最大,分别达4.55%和16.47%。土壤铁锰氧化态（F5）、有机结合态（F6）Cu占比增加,残渣态（F7）占比降低。土壤有效态Cu的占比与猪粪老化时间呈显著负相关,3%猪粪老化5个月处理的黄褐土、黑土和褐土土壤有效态Cu占比分别降低12.85%、4.11%和3.68%,而红壤有效态Cu占比随老化时间变化不显著。在黄褐土中,腐殖酸结合态（F4）Cu的占比随猪粪老化时间的延长逐渐增加。施用猪粪显著增加小白菜对Cu的吸收,其中红壤的增幅最大,根系与地上部Cu含量分别显著提高244.5%和381.7%,地上部Cu含量为国家食品中污染物限量标准的1.44 ~ 2.56倍。逐步回归分析方程表明小白菜根系Cu的含量与土壤pH、粘粒及腐殖酸结合态（F4）含量呈显著负相关,与猪粪Cu输入量、土壤可溶性有机质含量呈显著正相关。  结论  猪粪的Cu输入显著提高土壤和小白菜的Cu 含量。土壤Cu的生物有效性不仅受土壤性质的影响,猪粪本身及在土壤中分解产生的腐殖酸和水溶性有机质对Cu的有效性也有较大的影响。通过比较不同的土壤类型,施用含Cu猪粪在红壤－作物系统中存在相对较高的重金属污染风险。     

适量施磷有效提高苋菜对镉污染土壤的修复能力

  【目的】  土壤性质和化肥施用均影响作物对重金属污染土壤的修复效果。探究不同磷肥施用量对苋菜镉 (Cd) 吸收和累积的影响，为通过养分管理减少作物对重金属的积累提供依据。  【方法】  以苋菜 (Amaranshus mangostanus L.) 为供试作物，以黄棕壤和赤红壤为供试土壤进行盆栽试验。在两个供试土壤中，加入分析纯CdCl₂?2.5H₂O (Cd 15 mg/kg土), 平衡一个月后，用于苋菜栽培。设置5个磷肥（P）施用水平:0 (CK)、50、100、200、400 mg/kg土，以磷酸二氢铵 (分析纯) 加入。苋菜生长45天后收获，调查地上部和根部生物量，分析其磷、镉含量，并测定土壤中DTPA提取的有效态Cd含量。  【结果】  施用磷肥能提高苋菜的生物量，随着施磷量的增加，苋菜生物量也随之增加，且各处理均与CK处理差异显著。在黄棕壤上，苋菜地上部生物量增幅为9.2%～39.0%，根部为4.0%～15.0%；在赤红壤上，苋菜地上部增幅为7.7%～46.0%，根部为10.0%～100.0%。苋菜Cd含量与CK处理相比均显著降低，在黄棕壤上，苋菜地上部和根部Cd含量的降幅分别为7.4%～50.2%和7.9%～58.8%；在赤红壤上，降幅分别为9.9%～55.8%和21.7%～66.0%。苋菜Cd累积量与CK处理相比均呈上升趋势，黄棕壤上苋菜地上部和根部Cd累积量的增幅分别为36.2%～54.3%和7.4%～38.9%；在赤红壤上，增幅分别为34.3%～62.8%和5.4%～55.4%。当施磷量为P 50 mg/kg土时，苋菜地上部、根部在黄棕壤和赤红壤上的Cd累积量均最大。施磷降低了土壤中镉的生物有效性。随着施磷量的增加，土壤有效态Cd含量显著降低，黄棕壤上的降幅为0.9%～7.2%，赤红壤上的降幅为1.2%～7.9%。植株体内Cd含量与磷含量之间存在一定的负相关性。  【结论】  施用磷肥显著提高苋菜的生物量，同时降低土壤中有效态镉的含量。虽然施磷肥显著降低了苋菜地上部和根部的Cd含量，但显著提高的生物量有效增加了苋菜对土壤Cd的总吸收和累积量，提高了其对镉污染土壤的植物修复效率。盆栽结果表明，在镉浓度为15 mg/kg 土的黄棕壤和赤红壤上，磷肥施用量为50 mg/kg土时修复效果最佳。     

连续四年施用规模化猪场猪粪温室土壤重金属积累研究

分别采集连续施用0～4年猪粪的蔬菜温室土壤和蔬菜果实样品，测定土壤和果实中Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cr、Cd、Ni和As全量以及土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb、Mn、Cd和As有效态含量，对测定数据进行了Fisher小样本非参数随机化显著水平检验，研究连续4年施用规模化猪场猪粪的温室土壤重金属积累、重金属有效态含量变化及对蔬菜可食部分的影响。结果表明，连续4年施用猪粪，主要导致土壤中Cu和Zn的积累，As有一定积累，Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr短期积累效应不明显，Mn积累不明显，长期大量施用猪粪，Pb、Cd、Ni和Cr有积累的风险；土壤pH值降低；Cu、Zn有效态与全量呈显著正相关(p<0.05)，与pH值呈极显著负相关(p<0.01)；Pb、Cd和Mn有效态与pH值呈显著负相关(p<0.05)；Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd和Mn有效态含量增加；有效态As与全As含量和pH值相关性不明显，但连年施用猪粪As有效态含量增加；连续4年施用规模化猪场猪粪的温室生产的部分番茄和黄瓜As含量超标。若连续以150 m³/(hm²·a)的猪粪施用量于该研究区蔬菜温室，土壤中全Cu和全Zn含量分别经过10年和15年可能超过国家农田土壤二级标准。该研究可为降低温室土壤重金属污染风险提供依据。     

长期肥料试验对土壤和水稻微量元素及重金属含量的影响

长期肥料试验会影响土壤中微量元素和重金属状况以及作物对微量元素和重金属的吸收。本文研究了长期的不同施肥处理对土壤、糙米中微量元素Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和重金属Pb、Cd含量的影响,结果表明:经17a连续施用猪粪及秸秆还田显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn和Cd全量,而土壤Fe、Mn和Pb全量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异;施肥增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Fe含量,其中施用猪粪及秸秆还田的3个处理显著增加了土壤有效态Cu、Zn和Cd含量,而土壤有效态Pb含量在不同施肥处理间没有显著差异。不同处理糙米Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn和Pb含量变化较小或没有显著性差异,而在3个施猪粪和秸秆还田处理中,糙米Cd含量均超过国家食品卫生标准(>0.2 mg kg-1)。水稻地上部吸收积累Cu、Zn、Fe、Mn、Pb和Cd总量与其地上部生物量呈正相关,土壤Cu、Zn、Cd有效态与全量含量呈极显著相关关系,而糙米中的镉含量与土壤镉含量有较好的相关关系。长期施用畜粪导致土壤Cd污染问题应引起高度重视。     

不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素含量研究

本文介绍了不同利用年限的红壤水稻土中重金属元素As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn的含量变化,利用年限分别为3、10、15、30和80年。研究结果表明,虽然红壤水稻土中不同的重金属元素含量的变化趋势有所差异,但总体上重金属元素含量随利用年限的延长而降低,并可能达到一个相对稳定的水平;施用未经处理的城市垃圾会导致水稻土中某些重金属元素含量明显升高;研究区的水稻土已发生Cd和Cu污染。     

两种野生绿肥对小白菜生长和营养品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了夏秋两季连续施用野生绿肥植物,即:罂粟科博落回属（Macleaya）（GMⅠ）和壳斗科栎属（Quercu）（GMⅡ）,对小白菜生长及其营养品质的影响。结果表明,与夏季绿肥与尿素配施相比对照显著提高小白菜产量,秋季绿肥Ⅰ的所有处理比对照和单施尿素都能显著提高小白菜的产量;两种绿肥与尿素配施及绿肥Ⅰ单独施用能显著提高小白菜全年的产量。与单施尿素和绿肥加倍单施处理相比,夏季秋季绿肥单施和绿肥尿素配施能显著降低小白菜可食部分硝酸盐含量;秋季各绿肥处理都增加维生素C含量,但夏季差异不明显;夏季秋季各绿肥处理都增加可溶性糖含量,且秋季增加更显著。两种野生绿肥在夏秋季连续施用条件下,秋季能比尿素更有效的提高小白菜产量和营养品质,尤以绿肥Ⅰ的效果最好。     

Effect of organic manure on organic phosphorus fractions in two paddy soils

We investigated the transformation of the organic P fractions from organic manure in two paddy soils (Ultisol, Entisol) and the influence of organic manure or cellulose on organic P under anaerobic conditions. The results obtained from the P fractionation experiment indicated that during the incubation labile and moderately labile organic P fractions increased in the Ultisol and decreased in the Entisol, which might be related to the difference in the organic matter content of both soils. Immediately after the application of organic manure, a large part of labile and moderately labile organic P supplied with the manure was transformed into moderately resistant organic P, possibly Ca- or Mg-inositol P were transformed into Fe-inositol P. During anaerobic incubation, the labile forms of organic P in the soils treated with organic manure were increased along with the incubation period in the first 4 weeks. The change in the moderately labile fraction was dramatic. It increased sharply in the first 2 weeks, then decreased, which was more pronounced in the soils treated with pig faeces. The moderately resistant fraction decreased during the whole incubation period. This indicated that under anaerobic conditions, the moderately resistant fraction can be transformed into labile and moderately labile organic P fractions, perhaps as Fe³⁺-inositol P is reduced to Fe⁺²-inositol P. Cellulose as an organic substrate had an increasing effect on organic P, especially when it was combined with inorganic P. Therefore, it is suggested that the application of inorganic P fertilizer combined with organic manure may be an effective way of protecting inorganic P against intensive sorption in soils.     

Relationship between nitrogen and phosphate surplus from agricultural production and river water quality in two types of production structure

Abstract

We examined the relationship between nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P₂O₅) surplus derived from agriculture and river water quality. We selected two river basins; one was a paddy farming area (Omoigawa) and the other was an intensive livestock husbandry area (Nakagawa). Nitrogen and P₂O₅ surpluses, defined as the difference between their input and output on regional farmland, from farmland in Omoigawa were twice those of Nakagawa; the surpluses came mainly from chemical fertilizer use. Although N and P₂O₅ surpluses in Nakagawa were lower, Nakagawa had a large amount of non-utilized livestock excreta, twice the N surplus on farmland in Nakagawa. Residual N and P₂O₅ in the river basin, caused by surplus and non-utilized livestock excreta, were approximately 20% and 40%, respectively, higher in Nakagawa than in Omoigawa. Outflows of N and P₂O₅ to river water were higher in Omoigawa than Nakagawa. By excluding domestic sewage N and P₂O₅ in river water, we calculated the loads of non-point source N and P₂O₅. Non-point source N and P₂O₅ were higher in Omoigawa than Nakagawa. This inverse result might be caused by the different source of residual N (i.e. chemical N fertilizer or livestock excreta).     

Different leguminous pre-crops increased yield of succeeding cereals in two consecutive years

Leguminous pre-crops are an important source of green manure in organic crop rotations for improving soil fertility and achieving high yields of cereals. We aimed to study the potential of various leguminous species, other than the traditionally cultivated red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), as green manure pre-crops for subsequent cereals. The use of different legume species enables to exploit advantages of specific legumes in organic cereal production. In order to test the legumes as pre-crops for cereals, we carried out trials located in the temperate climate zone of northeast Europe (58°44′59.41″ N, 26°24′54.02″ E). We sowed the following perennial legumes as pre-crops: red clover, alsike clover (Trifolium hybridum L.) and Washington lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl.), biennial white sweet clover (Melilotus albus Medik.) and annual Alexandria clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.). Timothy (Phleum pratense L.) was used as a control. The leguminous pre-crops were followed by three spring cereals (barley, oat and spring wheat) and two winter cereals (rye and winter wheat). We tested the first-year after-effect (all cereals) and second-year after-effect (only barley and oat) of pre-crops on the grain yield of cereals. Perennial and biennial legume species produced the highest dry matter yield and contained the highest amount of nutrients, especially nitrogen, compared to annual species. All subsequent cereals produced significant extra yields after each leguminous pre-crop in the following two years, although the effect was smaller in the second year. The most suitable pre-crops for spring cereals were red and alsike clover followed by lupine, whereas the best pre-crops for winter cereals were sweet clover and annual clovers. Our results show the potential of various leguminous pre-crop species as valuable sources of green manure in organic crop rotation.     

Effects of urea nitrogen and residual composted municipal waste and sheep manure on the growth and chemical composition of two triticale genotypes

In 2012, a greenhouse experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of field soil (C0), residual composted municipal waste (CMW), and residual composted sheep manure (SM) on the growth of triticale in pots previously growing oilseed rape in 2011. To each soil group, one of three levels of urea nitrogen (N) fertilizer was added. Results demonstrated that triticale grown in pots previously containing oilseed rape plants containing SM or CMW with 150 kg urea N ha^?1 had the highest N content. Plants grown in SM with 150 kg N ha^?1 had the greatest seed yield, but yield was not significantly different from plants grown in CMW receiving 150 kg N ha^?1. Triticale plants enriched by either SM or CMW had a higher amount of N, copper, zinc, and manganese compared to the field soil control.     

Copper,zinc, and cadmium accumulation in two prairie soils and crops as influenced by repeated applications of manure

A study was conducted to determine the effect of repeated (5–7 y) annual application of liquid swine or solid cattle manure on the plant availability of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) at two field sites in the W‐central and E‐central agricultural regions of Saskatchewan, Canada. Soil samples, plant‐straw and grain samples from the 2003 growing season were collected and analyzed for total Cu, Zn, and Cd concentrations using nitric acid microwave digestion followed by atomic‐absorption spectroscopy. An ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB‐DTPA) extraction was performed on the soil samples as a measure of the plant‐available fraction. Crop plants that were tested included wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results of this study indicated that long‐term repeated applications of manure fertilizer sometimes resulted in increased plant availability of Cu, Zn, and Cd, as reflected in increased concentrations of the plant‐available metal observed both in the soil and plant tissue. In the case of Cu and Zn, these increases were related to the rate of application, as the manure is a source of Cu and Zn. Changes in soil conditions from repeated manure application, including a decrease in pH and stimulated plant‐root growth can explain the effect that both manure and urea‐fertilizer application had on increasing the Cd concentration in the plant. Overall, there does not appear to be any concern about soil metal loading and plant accumulation in these soils after 5–7 y of manure application, as soil and plant concentrations were well below the allowable limits.     

废弃烤烟茎秆与鸡粪堆肥化利用的研究

采用特制的堆肥箱,对废弃烤烟茎秆与鸡粪的堆肥化利用进行了研究。结果表明,烤烟茎秆＋鸡粪（处理A）混合堆肥处理的堆温保持在50℃以上的时间为10d,而烤烟茎秆＋碳酸氢铵（处理B）处理的仅为2d。堆肥30d时,处理A的碳素含量基本趋于稳定,C／N为15．8;处理B的碳素含量仍不稳定,C／N为23．5;处理A的铵态氮与硝态氮的比值为0．43,处理B的达0．60。堆肥20d时,处理A堆料浸出液浸种后的种子发芽指数比处理B的高15个百分点,差异达极显著水平。堆肥50d时,两处理的种子发芽指数差异不明显,种子发芽率均达到100％。烤烟茎秆与鸡粪堆肥成品的有机质和总养分（N、P2O5、K2O）含量、重金属（As,Hg,Ph,Cd,Cr）含量控制标准等完全达到有机肥质量的要求。     

不同类型粪肥还田对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

畜禽粪便作为有机肥还田有利于农业可持续发展、减少环境污染。为探究种植青贮玉米条件下,不同粪肥还田后对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响,在内蒙古乌兰察布市设置田间试验,包括化肥(F)、羊粪(GM)、猪粪(PM)、牛粪(CM)四个处理。结果表明,施用粪肥较化肥增加土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、铵态氮等养分含量,但差异性不显著。不同粪肥较化肥处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高增幅分别为32.4%、150.4%、26.8%和30.1%。牛粪处理的土壤微生物量碳氮显著提高,分别较化肥增加33.2%和33.4%。不同处理在细菌门水平上的优势种群较一致,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是优势种群。本实验条件下,施用不同类型粪肥对土壤养分和酶活性的影响不同,牛粪处理更能提高土壤微生物量碳氮,短期内施用不同粪肥对于提高土壤微生物群落多样性差异不显著,土壤pH、有效磷、无机氮是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。