蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果影响的研究

为研究蛋形指数(纵径/橫径)对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,在相同孵化条件下,选用3世代47周龄拉萨白鸡种蛋1342枚,按照蛋形指数由小到大分为4组(Ⅰ~Ⅳ组,蛋形指数均值组间差异极显著)进行孵化,比较各组种蛋在孵化期不同时间点的蛋重、失重、失重率以及孵化成绩和雏鸡初生重。结果表明,种蛋在整个孵化期都处于稳定失重过程,孵化至第11日时,Ⅰ组种蛋的失重和失重率最大,分别为(3.35±1.30)g和(6.64±2.17)%;孵化至第20日时,Ⅱ组种蛋的失重和失重率最大,分为(6.66±1.43)g和(13.30±2.52)%;Ⅰ组种蛋的受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率及雏鸡初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比均最高,分别为98.23%、80.53%、81.98%、(69.82±3.55)%;Ⅲ组种蛋的雏鸡初生重最大,为(36.69±4.35)g,显著高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅳ组(P0.05)。综上提示,蛋形指数越大,种蛋失重和失重率越小,受精率越低。研究结果为了解拉萨白鸡种质特性,开展拉萨白鸡品种选育和种质资源开发提供了参考。     

蛋重和蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的研究

为研究拉萨白鸡种蛋蛋重和蛋形指数（纵径/横径）对孵化效果的影响,在相同孵化条件下,选用3世代47周龄拉萨白鸡种蛋,按蛋重分组进行孵化,Ⅰ组（≤45.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.27±0.05）,Ⅱ组（45.1-50.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.27±0.05）,Ⅲ组（50.1-55.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.27±0.05）,Ⅳ组（55.1-60.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.28±0.05）,Ⅴ组（〉60.0 g）蛋形指数为（1.31±0.05）。结果表明,种蛋的蛋重越大,其纵径均值、横径均值、蛋形指数均值、受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率和雏鸡初生重越大,即Ⅴ组（〉60.0 g）种蛋的蛋重均值、纵径均值、横径均值、蛋形指数均值、受精率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率和雏鸡初生重均最大,分别为（61.03±0.82）g、（58.13±1.68）mm、（44.59±0.79）mm、（1.31±0.05）、98.15%、85.19%、86.79%和（42.48±1.98）g;Ⅱ组（45.1-50.0 g）的健雏率最高,为96.09%;Ⅰ组（≤45.0 g）的雏鸡初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比最大,为（69.91±2.71）%;蛋重与纵径、横径、蛋形指数呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）。因此,蛋重和蛋形指数对拉萨白鸡种蛋的孵化率影响较大,应选择较大种蛋（〉45.0 g）,蛋形指数的范围则较宽,在≥1.27时即可以达到较理想的孵化效果。     

蛋重对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响

为研究拉萨白鸡蛋重对种蛋孵化效果的影响,在相同孵化条件下,选用3世代47周龄拉萨白鸡种蛋,按蛋重分组进行孵化。结果表明,种蛋在整个孵化期都处于稳定失重过程,蛋重越大,失重越大;蛋重对种蛋受精率和早期胚胎死亡率无显著影响(P0.05);孵化至第11天时,Ⅴ组的胚胎失重和失重率最大,分别为(4.11±0.71)g、(6.73±1.67)%;孵化至第20天时,Ⅴ组的胚胎失重最大,为(7.81±1.27)g,Ⅳ组的胚胎失重率最大,为(13.08±2.59)%;蛋重在60.0 g时,入孵蛋孵化率和受精蛋孵化率均最高,分别为85.19%和86.79%;不同组别的第11日胚龄蛋重、第20日胚龄蛋重都表现出极显著差异(P0.01);雏鸡的初生重随蛋重的增加而显著增大,呈强显著正相关(r=0.94)且差异极显著(P0.01);不同组别的雏鸡初生重表现出极显著差异(P0.01)。     

蛋形指数和蛋重对平原地区藏鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响研究

为探讨蛋形指数、蛋重对平原地区藏鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,将成都平原地区40⁵0周龄藏鸡种蛋按蛋形指数(纵径/横径)不同分为A(蛋形指数<1.30)、B(蛋形指数1.3050周龄藏鸡种蛋按蛋形指数(纵径/横径)不同分为A(蛋形指数<1.30)、B(蛋形指数1.30¹.35)、C(蛋形指数>1.35)3组,分别对3组的蛋形指数、蛋重、孵化情况、雏鸡初生重等指标进行统计,并运用SPSS 17.0统计软件对其相关性进行分析。结果表明,3组藏鸡种蛋蛋形指数均值为1.33,蛋重平均为48.49 g,蛋形指数与蛋重总体呈正相关;3组藏鸡种蛋受精率分别为86.38%、96.11%、93.68%;受精蛋孵化率B组最高(91.67%),分别比A组(83.85%)、C组(89.88%)高7.82%和1.79%;3组雏鸡初生均重分别为33.63、35.78、37.05 g,与各组蛋重呈正相关。因此,蛋形指数和蛋重对平原地区藏鸡的孵化影响很大,但蛋形指数的选择有一个较宽的适应范围,蛋重与雏鸡初生重呈正相关。     

蛋重对蛋形指数孵化失重及初生重的影响

为了更深入地了解蛋重对蛋形指数、孵化失重及出生重的影响,选取三穗鸭种蛋500枚进行孵化,通过测定蛋重、蛋形指数、26胚龄重和初生重等指标,了解蛋重对其他各指标的影响,并分析各个指标间的相关性,结果表明,蛋重的大小决定了26胚龄重和初生重(P<0.01),与蛋形指数和孵化失重没有必然联系(P>0.05),而蛋形指数与孵化失重和失重率呈显著正相关(P<0.01),说明蛋形指数影响种蛋的孵化失重。     

鹅蛋蛋形指数对孵化效果影响的研究

以豁眼鹅的种蛋为素材,测定蛋形指数(纵径/横径)分四个组,用电孵机和自制孵化器分别孵化试验,每次试验在外因条件相同、观测不同蛋形指数对孵化效果的影响。结果表明:蛋形指数在1.4—1.5范围(Ⅱ组)孵化率(88.2—88.7)最高,健雏率(97.8—100%)最好。其次为1.51—1.6范围(Ⅲ组)。蛋形指数1.39(Ⅰ组)和1.61(Ⅳ组)之外种蛋明显影响胫胎正常发育,死胚率增高,健雏率降低。不同蛋形指数的鹅蛋对孵化率的影响,其图形近似钟形正态分布。孵化期有随蛋形指数由低至高推迟趋势。蛋形指数与入孵蛋重似无规律可循,初生重随入孵蛋重增高而提高,呈强正相关,但初生重占入孵蛋重都在60—67%之间(P>0.05)。不同蛋形指数种蛋在孵化过程中各阶段胚蛋减重百分率似不尽相一致,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

蛋重对汶上芦花鸡孵化效果的影响

本试验探索了不同蛋重对汶上芦花鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响。将挑选的324枚健康种蛋按蛋重分为3组:Ⅰ组(39.65～44.82 g),Ⅱ组(45.07～49.44 g),Ⅲ组(50.18～56.78 g),测算种蛋3个胚龄的失重和失重率,并对孵化效果和雏鸡初生重进行分析。结果显示:Ⅲ组的受精率、受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率最高;种蛋的失重随蛋重增加而显著增大(P0.05),但失重率无显著差异(P0.05);雏鸡初生重随着蛋重的增加而显著增大(P0.05)。汶上芦花鸡蛋重区间为50.18～56.78 g时孵化效果最好。     

豁眼鹅种蛋数量性状对其孵化效果的影响

为探讨豁眼鹅种蛋主要数量性状对孵化效果的影响,随机抽取1 000个豁眼鹅种蛋,分别测量其蛋重、蛋形指数,整批孵化并测量孵化过程中的种蛋失重,抽样测量种蛋蛋壳厚度和气孔数,分析上述种蛋数量性状对孵化效果的影响。结果:蛋重在110~139 g的各个试验组孵化率均高于81%,蛋重低于109 g和高于140 g的各个试验组孵化率均低于75%;蛋形指数在1.40~1.54范围内时,孵化率为80.0%~88.2%,蛋形指数小于1.39(过圆)或大于1.55(过长)时,孵化率降至43.9%以下;孵化过程中,在同一胚龄种蛋绝对失重与蛋重呈正相关(r10=0.91、r21=0.94、r28=0.92),而相对失重较为稳定,正常出雏的种蛋在10、21和28日胚龄相对失重率分别为:4.02%、10.53%和14.13%,相对失重率过高或过低胚胎致死。经剖检测定一照、二照和三照死胚蛋与发育正常胚蛋气孔数有显著差别,发育正常胚蛋平均为75个/cm2,明显高于各期死胚蛋;发育正常胚蛋蛋壳厚度平均为0.452 mm,蛋壳过厚和过薄均易导致胚胎死亡。试验表明,豁眼鹅种蛋的数量性状对其孵化效果有明显影响,在孵化前应强化种蛋选择,以降低孵化成本和提高其孵化效果。     

正阳三黄鸡产蛋初期蛋重、蛋形指数变化规律研究

 对正阳三黄鸡开产后70 d内的蛋重、蛋纵径、蛋横径进行了测量,研究正阳三黄鸡的蛋重、蛋纵径、蛋横径在开产初期的变化规律,并对产蛋初期蛋重、蛋纵径、蛋横径、蛋形指数进行相关分析,以及连产周期对蛋形指数的影响进行分析。结果表明：蛋重、蛋纵径、蛋横径在产蛋初期随着日龄的增加而增加,蛋形指数却随着日龄的增加而减小,且四者之间均存在着极显著的相关,而连产周期对蛋形指数的影响不显著.     

输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋和藏鸡种蛋孵化影响的研究

为研究输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋和藏鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,选用5世代拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋进行孵化,于孵化过程及孵化结束时测定各品种鸡种蛋的相关孵化指标。结果表明:与输氧条件下相比,拉萨白鸡种蛋和尼木藏鸡种蛋在不输氧条件下的蛋重、初生重和初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比均更高,而山南藏鸡种蛋在不输氧条件下的蛋重、初生重和初生重占入孵蛋重的百分比均较低;拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋在输氧时的入孵蛋孵化率比不输氧时分别高29.40%、35.01%、14.72%;拉萨白鸡种蛋、尼木藏鸡种蛋、山南藏鸡种蛋在输氧时的受精蛋孵化率比不输氧时分别高31.55%、39.49%、11.91%。综上表明,缺氧是高原优良种质资源鸡种蛋孵化率低的最主要的因素,该研究为今后提高高原环境下种蛋的孵化效果提供了参考。     

外源肌苷酸对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及种蛋孵化性能的影响

本试验通过在种鸡的基础饲粮中加入肌苷酸(IMP)来研究其对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和种蛋孵化性能的影响。选择遗传背景相同、体重相近,产蛋率达到5%的20周龄健康AA种鸡864羽,随机分为2组(对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验组饲喂基础饲粮+0.5%肌苷酸),每组6个重复,每个重复72羽,试验期30 d。测定试验期间所有种蛋的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率;每组随机选取部分种蛋进行蛋品质测定;于孵化开始第17天,通过照蛋处理统计种蛋受精率,第21天出雏时,计算受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率。试验结果表明:与对照组相比,试验组种鸡的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率均有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05);蛋形指数显著升高(P<0.05),蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色显著降低(P<0.05);受精率、受精蛋孵化率和入孵蛋孵化率显著升高(P<0.05),健雏率和雏鸡体重有升高的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。综上,0.5%外源肌苷酸对种鸡的产蛋性能和种蛋孵化性能均有促进作用。     

外源肌苷酸对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质及种蛋孵化性能的影响

本试验通过在种鸡的基础饲粮中加入肌苷酸（IMP）来研究其对种鸡产蛋性能、蛋品质和种蛋孵化性能的影响。选择遗传背景相同、体重相近,产蛋率达到5%的20周龄健康AA种鸡864羽,随机分为2组（对照组饲喂基础饲粮;试验组饲喂基础饲粮＋0.5%肌苷酸）,每组6个重复,每个重复72羽,试验期30 d。测定试验期间所有种蛋的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率;每组随机选取部分种蛋进行蛋品质测定;于孵化开始第17天,通过照蛋处理统计种蛋受精率,第21天出雏时,计算受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率和健雏率。试验结果表明：与对照组相比,试验组种鸡的平均蛋重、产蛋率和合格蛋率均有升高的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）;蛋形指数显著升高（P<0.05）,蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和蛋黄颜色显著降低（P<0.05）;受精率、受精蛋孵化率和入孵蛋孵化率显著升高（P<0.05）,健雏率和雏鸡体重有升高的趋势,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。综上,0.5%外源肌苷酸对种鸡的产蛋性能和种蛋孵化性能均有促进作用。     

籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对孵化效果影响的研究

本试验旨在研究不同水平蛋重与蛋形指数对籽鹅种蛋孵化效果的影响,进而总结出种蛋筛选的最佳方案,为籽鹅个体、家系种蛋的选留及籽鹅的繁衍、孵化、生产提供科学参考。选取二年籽鹅种蛋2 469枚,蛋重为94.8~154.4 g,平均蛋重（123.3±9.5）g;蛋形指数为1.24~1.63,平均蛋形指数1.45±0.05。采用2因素4水平试验设计,将所有种蛋按蛋重与蛋形指数分成16个孵化组（蛋重与蛋形指数分别分为4个水平）,测量每枚种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数,并在蛋壳上做好编号,在相同孵化条件、同一孵化设备中进行两次孵化试验。结果表明,①蛋重<118.0 g组种蛋受精率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,125.0~131.9 g组次之,且受精蛋孵化率随着蛋重增大升高;125.0~131.9 g组种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>131.9 g组次之;>131.9 g组种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重最大。②蛋形指数在1.47~1.51组种蛋受精率及种蛋孵化健雏率最高,>1.51组次之;1.47~1.51组种蛋受精蛋孵化率最高,1.42~1.46组次之。分析以上结果可得出：籽鹅种蛋蛋重对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重有显著影响（P<0.05）,以籽鹅蛋重在125.0~154.4 g为宜;蛋形指数对种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率亦有显著影响（P<0.05）,对种蛋孵出鹅雏出生重无影响（P>0.05）,以蛋形指数在1.47~1.51为宜。籽鹅种蛋蛋重与蛋形指数对受精率、受精蛋孵化率、健雏率、鹅雏出生重的影响均存在交互作用。其中,蛋形指数对种蛋孵化健雏率的影响较蛋重强,其作为单一因素对鹅雏出生重无影响。以上结果表明,以蛋重或蛋形指数任一因素作为种蛋筛选的依据都不科学,应综合考虑以达到种蛋优选的目的。     

Impact of Hatching Egg Weight and Egg Shape Index on Hatching Results in Zi Goose

This paper was aimed to study the impact of hatching egg weights and egg shape indexs on hatching of Zi goose,and then sum up the best scheme for hatching eggs screening,so as to provide scientific reference for the selection and retention of Zi goose individuals and family hatching eggs,as well as the breeding and incubation production.2469 hatching eggs of Zi geese of the second year were chosen with the weight range of 94.8 to 154.4 g and an average weight of (123.3±9.5) g;the egg shape index range was 1.24~1.63 and the average index was 1.45±0.05.Using 2 factors 4 levels test design,the weight and the shape index of eggs were divided into four levels and all the eggs were separated into 16 hatching groups.The weight and the shape index were measured and labeled on eggshells.Two hatching experiments were conducted in the same instrument and the hatching conditions were same.The results showed that:① Egg fertility rate was the highest in egg weight <118.0 g group,followed by >131.9 g group;Hatchability of fertilized eggs was the highest in >131.9 g group,followed by 125.0~131.9 g group,and the hatchability of fertilized eggs increased along with the increase of egg weight;The highest healthy chick rate of breeding egg hatching lay in 125.0~131.9 g group,followed by >131.9 g group;The highest breeding egg hatching gosling birth weight lay in >131.9 group.② When egg shape index was between 1.47 to 1.51,the egg fertility rate and healthy chick rate were the highest,followed by >1.51 group;In the group 1.47 to 1.51,hatchability of fertilized eggs was the highest,followed by 1.42 to 1.46 group.In conclusion,hatching egg weight of Zi goose had significant impact on egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs,healthy chick rate and gosling birth weight (P<0.05),and the egg weight of Zi goose between 125.0~154.4 g was advisable;on the other hand,egg shape index also had significant impact on egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs and healthy chick rate (P<0.05),but had no impact on gosling birth weight (P>0.05),and the egg shape index between 1.47 to 1.51 was appropriate.Egg fertility rate,hatchability of fertilized eggs,healthy chick rate and gosling birth weight were affected by interaction of egg weight and shape index.Compared with the weight of eggs,the egg shape index had greater influence on healthy geese rate.The egg shape index had no direct impact on birth weight of young geese,but it could be influenced by the interaction between the egg shape index and the weight.Thus it was not very scientific to take either the weight or the index as the only basis for choosing qualified hatching eggs.     

北京鸭蛋重与受精率、孵化率、蛋形指数及出雏重的关系

本研究将北京鸭Z1系种蛋分为小蛋组(82～92g)、中蛋组(92～105g)和大蛋组(106～124g),分别研究蛋重与受精率、孵化率、蛋形指数及初出重等性状的关系.结果表明蛋重对受精率的影响差异不显著(P＞0.05),但随着蛋重增大,受精率有增大的趋势;孵化率随蛋重的增加而显著减小(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);蛋重对蛋形指数的影响不显著(P＞0.05);雏鸭出生重受蛋重的正向影响差异极显著(P＜0.01).综合以上结果,本文得出北京鸭Z1系适宜孵化的蛋重范围是82～105g.     

Inter-relationship between egg weight, parental age and embryonic development

A clear positive correlation was evident between egg weight at setting and embryo weight at 18 d of incubation for eggs laid at or after 32 weeks of age. The weight of embryos from the same size eggs were found to depend upon a curvilinear function of the age of parent flock, with the largest increase in embryo weight occurring between 28 and 32 weeks of age. Hatching weight was highly correlated with egg size at setting. Flock age had no effect on hatching weight from a particular sized egg. Within any of the five ages studied, chicks from smaller eggs tended to hatch slightly (but not significantly) earlier than those from larger eggs.     

大美洲鸵人工孵化技术研究

大美洲鸵,现已被列入IUCN世界濒危动物红色名录（NT）。近年来,众多动物园饲养管理人员对大美洲鸵的饲养管理进行了深入的研究,但有关大美洲鸵人工孵化技术的研究尚属于空白阶段。本研究基于1998年至今的孵化经验和实践操作,着重从大美洲鸵卵的处理、孵化前准备及孵化技术3个方面内容进行探讨。研究显示：1）种卵的新鲜度、形状、大小、重量、卵壳厚度、消毒过程等因素对孵化成功率有直接影响：2）待孵的大美洲鸵的种卵,贮存温度控制在15～20℃间,相对湿度约70％～75％,入孵时必须对种卵进行6h左右的预热处理;3）大美洲鸵的孵化温度宜控制在36．3—36．8℃,可随冬夏环境温度做±0．2℃的调整,孵化湿度宜控制在48％～60％左右;4）通风凉卵应以箱体内温度为准,而非时间长短,一般当箱体内温度降至25～28℃时,可关闭箱门,继续孵化;5）翻卵可通过机器自动控制,每2h1次,全天设定为12次;6）通过照卵查看胚胎的发育状况,以便及时调整孵化方案。一般入孵前照卵1次,孵化中期每周照卵1次,落盘后每天照卵1次;7）“人工助产”可进一步提高出雏率,但要注意“火候”。     

Relationship between the weight of hatching eggs and subsequent early performance of broiler chicks

1. The effect of egg weight on the subsequent performance of individual growing chicks was studied. Eggs from commercial broiler breeder hens were collected at 52, 55 and 57 weeks of age and incubated. The chicks were reared for 18 d. 2. Egg weight and hatched chick weight were not affected by the age of the hens during the 52 to 57-week period, but there was a close correlation between egg weight and hatching weight, irrespective of the age of the hens (r = 0.89). Chick:egg weight ratio at hatching was about 0.71 and independent of hen age. One d after hatching, chick weights had decreased by about 1.5 g. 3. The initial high correlation between egg weight and chick weight decreased markedly during post-hatching growth, becoming insignificant 5 d after hatching. At 18 d of age, however, chicks from eggs of older hens tended to be heavier than those from younger birds. The greater 18-d weights appeared to be associated more with higher food intake during that period, than with greater egg weight. 4. It was concluded that, in individual broiler chicks, the advantage of the initially higher weight attributable to a larger egg diminishes rapidly after hatching, and the main factor affecting final body weight is food intake.     

高海拔地区通过输氧对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的研究

为研究不同输氧浓度对拉萨白鸡种蛋孵化效果的影响,选用5世代拉萨白鸡种蛋进行孵化。试验分为8组,每组各1 000枚拉萨白鸡种蛋,对照组全程不输氧,试验1组的氧气浓度为21.00%~22.50%,试验2组的氧气浓度为22.51%~23.50%,试验3组的氧气浓度为23.51%~24.50%,试验4组的氧气浓度为24.51%~25.50%,试验5组的氧气浓度为25.51%~26.50%,试验6组的氧气浓度为26.51%~27.50%,试验7组的氧气浓度为27.51%~28.50%。结果表明,试验7组的总出雏数、健雏个数、健雏率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率均最高,分别为：851羽、813羽、95.53%、85.10%、91.21%;试验7组的头照死胚个数、死精率、二照死胚个数、弱雏率、毛蛋个数、死胎率均最低,分别为：18枚、1.93%、29枚、3.88%、35枚、3.75%;对照组的无精蛋个数、头照死胚个数、死精率、二照死胚个数、死雏个数、死雏率、毛蛋个数、死胎率均最高,分别为：68枚、87枚、9.33%、146枚、8枚、1.42%、136枚、14.59%;对照组的受精蛋个数、受精率、总出雏数、健雏个数、健雏率、入孵蛋孵化率、受精蛋孵化率均最低,分别为：932枚、93.20%、563羽、529羽、93.96%、56.30%、60.40%;试验2组的弱雏率均最高,为4.88%;试验6组的受精蛋个数、受精率、弱雏个数均最高,分别为：942枚、94.20%、37羽;试验6组的无精蛋个数、死雏率均最低,分别为：58枚、0.49%。通过该试验,为拉萨白鸡种蛋在高原上进行供氧孵化试验提供理论参考。