益蝽对草地贪夜蛾高龄幼虫的捕食能力评价和捕食行为观察

为了探究天敌昆虫益蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食潜力，本试验在室内条件下评价了益蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食能力，结合田间观察总结了益蝽的捕食行为特点。结果表明：益蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型，对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为4.671头、1.512和0.215 d；益蝽偏食活猎物，对草地贪夜蛾幼虫致死量大，当草地贪夜蛾幼虫密度大时，益蝽将一头猎物刺吸致死后并不持续吸取，而是快速攻击其他猎物，这一特点对于控制草地贪夜蛾种群数量十分有利。     

黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用

为探明天敌昆虫黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食潜力，本试验在温度（25±1）℃，相对湿度（65±5）%，光周期16L：8D的室内条件下，观察了黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食行为特点，并研究了其捕食能力。结果表明：黄带犀猎蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾时，将口针刺进猎物体内，使其麻痹后进行取食，直至猎物干瘪，但有时并不吸取完全，而是继续攻击其他猎物。黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型，4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率为1.159和2.913，处理时间为0.297和0.261 d，日最大捕食量为3.906和3.831头。研究表明黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防控具有一定的潜力。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力评价

为研究天敌昆虫东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力，本试验在室内条件下评价了东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫的捕食能力，观察了东亚小花蝽的捕食行为。结果表明：东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫只捕食草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫，24 h内捕食量无显著差异（7～9头）；5龄若虫和雌成虫平均取食时间（18.48和18.29 min）显著短于3、4龄若虫（45.94和43.795 min）。72 h内，未见东亚小花蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾2龄及以上幼虫。东亚小花蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾时，其口针可从草地贪夜蛾幼虫的任何部位进行刺吸，当刺吸完一个部位后，迅速转移到其余位置进行刺吸，直至草地贪夜蛾幼虫只剩表皮，呈干瘪状态。试验表明东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫具有较好的控制效果，对草地贪夜蛾的生物防控有较大潜力。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确天敌昆虫东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的捕食潜力,在室内测定东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日捕食量,并对其捕食功能、搜寻效应和干扰效应进行分析。结果表明:东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型;东亚小花蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理单头猎物的时间分别为20.833头、0.747和0.048 d;东亚小花蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理单头猎物的时间分别为11.236头、1.355和0.089 d。东亚小花蝽的日捕食量与草地贪夜蛾密度呈正相关,搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度呈负相关。东亚小花蝽自身密度对其捕食作用的干扰符合Hassell模型,对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而降低。     

益蝽不同龄期若虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力

为了评估益蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食潜力，本试验在室内条件下开展了益蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食能力试验。结果表明：益蝽3、4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程，3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为55.556、8.019、5.666头；瞬时攻击率分别为0.819、1.826、1.503；处理时间分别为0.018、0.125、0.177 d。4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为60.753、19.924、10.325头；瞬时攻击率分别为0.993、1.664、0.968；处理时间分别为0.017、0.050、0.097 d。5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为65.789、23.635、12.331头；瞬时攻击率分别为1.021、1.307、0.863；处理时间分别为0.015、0.042、0.081 d。益蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫都能捕食，对3龄幼虫捕食量最大，最喜欢捕食4~5龄幼虫，对4龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高。益蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的捕食能力，本文为草地贪夜蛾的可持续防控提供了新的方法和依据。     

叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食特性研究

采用捕食行为观察、多种猎物共存、功能反应测定和干扰反应测定试验研究了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食特性。结果显示,叉角厉蝽主要在上午时段搜寻猎物,能捕食草地贪夜蛾2～6龄期幼虫和预蛹,对6龄期幼虫和预蛹具有喜好性;其雌成虫和5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫捕食反应符合Holling-Ⅱ型方程,分别为N_a=(0.981 9N_0)/(1+0.040 8N_0)和N_a=(1.333 6N_0)/(1+0.159 7N_0),日最大捕食量分别是11头和6头;叉角厉蝽3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄和5龄幼虫的捕食反应以及5龄若虫和雌成虫对5龄幼虫的捕食反应均为常数,捕食量为1～2头/d;叉角厉蝽自身密度不影响其捕食行为。     

蠋蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食能力

为了探究蠋蝽Arma chinensis(Fallou)对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)的生防潜力,在室内条件下测定了蠋蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食能力。结果表明:雌性成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为59.7、23.4、9.0头;瞬时攻击率分别为1.081±0.133、1.247±0.116、0.984±0.159;处理时间分别为(0.017±0.001)、(0.043±0.002)、(0.111±0.014)d。雄性成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为58.9、22.5、8.3头;瞬时攻击率分别为0.964±0.118、1.248±0.095、1.025±0.183;处理时间分别为(0.017±0.002)、(0.044±0.002)、(0.121±0.015)d。蠋蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫都能捕食,对3龄幼虫捕食量最大,最喜欢捕食4～5龄幼虫,雌雄成虫都对4龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高。试验证实蠋蝽对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的控害效果,可用于对草地贪夜蛾的防控实践。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食效应

为探明东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的控制潜力,开展了不同温度下东亚小花蝽对不同龄期和密度的草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食功能反应与干扰作用研究。结果表明:当东亚小花蝽捕食1龄或2龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫时,其捕食功能反应与HollingⅡ模型拟合度较好。东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫在20℃、25℃和28℃下的瞬时攻击率分别为0.772 4、1.090 0、0.673 6,处理单头幼虫的时间为0.174 9、0.173 7、0.295 5 d,对2龄幼虫,在20℃、25℃和28℃下的瞬时攻击率分别为0.794 5、1.153 8、0.392 2,处理单头幼虫的时间为0.218 9、0.805 6、0.696 0 d;东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食量表现出随着猎物密度增加而上升,随自身密度的增加而下降的趋势;同一温度下,东亚小花蝽对1龄幼虫的日均捕食量和寻找效应均高于2龄幼虫,寻找效应与猎物密度成反比;东亚小花蝽对3龄和4龄草地贪夜蛾幼虫的日均捕食量为0;田间自然状态下东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的控制率为34.62%。     

大红犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫捕食功能反应

为探明天敌昆虫大红犀猎蝽Sycanus falleni对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的捕食潜力,在室内条件下测定大红犀猎蝽3龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应,以及不同自身密度对捕食草地贪夜蛾的干扰反应。结果表明:大红犀猎蝽3龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型;其中大红犀猎蝽3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为4.049头、1.198和0.247 d;大红犀猎蝽雌成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为47.619头、0.717和0.021 d;大红犀猎蝽雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为43.478头、0.650和0.023 d;大红犀猎蝽的捕食量与害虫密度正相关,搜寻效应与害虫密度负相关。大红犀猎蝽自身密度对捕食作用的干扰效应符合Hassell模型,对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而降低。表明大红犀猎蝽3龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫均有一定的捕食能力,大红犀猎蝽成虫的捕食作用大于3龄若虫。     

蠼螋捕食草地贪夜蛾的行为及功能反应

为明确蠼螋对草地贪夜蛾的捕食作用,在温度（26±1）℃,相对湿度（75±5）%,光周期16L：8D的实验室条件下,观察了蠼螋5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾卵、1~6龄幼虫和成虫的捕食行为和对6龄幼虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明：蠼螋5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和1~6龄幼虫均有捕食行为,对飞行能力弱的草地贪夜蛾成虫也具有捕食能力。蠼螋5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾捕食过程中,并不取食完其整个虫体,而是咬食至猎物不动时,继续搜索捕食周围其他猎物。蠼螋5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食功能拟合HollingⅡ模型,日平均捕食量为2.85头,对入侵的草地贪夜蛾的为害具有一定的防控潜能。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.