东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确天敌昆虫东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的捕食潜力,在室内测定东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日捕食量,并对其捕食功能、搜寻效应和干扰效应进行分析。结果表明:东亚小花蝽5龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型;东亚小花蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理单头猎物的时间分别为20.833头、0.747和0.048 d;东亚小花蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理单头猎物的时间分别为11.236头、1.355和0.089 d。东亚小花蝽的日捕食量与草地贪夜蛾密度呈正相关,搜寻效应与草地贪夜蛾密度呈负相关。东亚小花蝽自身密度对其捕食作用的干扰符合Hassell模型,对草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而降低。     

斜纹猫蛛对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用

为明确斜纹猫蛛Oxyopes sertatus对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的控害能力，在实验室条件下评估斜纹猫蛛亚成蛛和雌、雄成蛛对草地贪夜蛾2龄和3龄幼虫的捕食能力以及斜纹猫蛛自身密度对捕食效能的影响。结果显示，斜纹猫蛛对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的日均捕食量随着猎物密度的增大呈上升趋势，达到某一阈值后趋于稳定，其对2龄幼虫的日均捕食量显著高于对3龄幼虫的日均捕食量。斜纹猫蛛对草地贪夜蛾2个龄期幼虫的捕食功能反应既符合Holling Ⅱ功能反应模型，又符合Holling Ⅲ功能反应模型。斜纹猫蛛对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率均大于对3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率，雌成蛛对草地贪夜蛾2龄和3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最大，分别为0.664和0.558；斜纹猫蛛对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的处理时间总体上短于对3龄幼虫的处理时间，亚成蛛对草地贪夜蛾2龄和3龄幼虫的处理时间最短，分别为0.011 d和0.009 d；斜纹猫蛛对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的最佳寻找密度均高于对3龄幼虫的最佳寻找密度。随着猎物密度的增长，斜纹猫蛛的搜寻效应呈下降趋势。斜纹猫蛛的捕食作用率与其自身密度呈负相关，随着自身密度的增...     

益蝽对草地贪夜蛾高龄幼虫的捕食能力评价和捕食行为观察

为了探究天敌昆虫益蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食潜力，本试验在室内条件下评价了益蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食能力，结合田间观察总结了益蝽的捕食行为特点。结果表明：益蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型，对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为4.671头、1.512和0.215 d；益蝽偏食活猎物，对草地贪夜蛾幼虫致死量大，当草地贪夜蛾幼虫密度大时，益蝽将一头猎物刺吸致死后并不持续吸取，而是快速攻击其他猎物，这一特点对于控制草地贪夜蛾种群数量十分有利。     

东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力评价

为研究天敌昆虫东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力，本试验在室内条件下评价了东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫对草地贪夜蛾1～3龄幼虫的捕食能力，观察了东亚小花蝽的捕食行为。结果表明：东亚小花蝽3～5龄若虫和雌成虫只捕食草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫，24 h内捕食量无显著差异（7～9头）；5龄若虫和雌成虫平均取食时间（18.48和18.29 min）显著短于3、4龄若虫（45.94和43.795 min）。72 h内，未见东亚小花蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾2龄及以上幼虫。东亚小花蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾时，其口针可从草地贪夜蛾幼虫的任何部位进行刺吸，当刺吸完一个部位后，迅速转移到其余位置进行刺吸，直至草地贪夜蛾幼虫只剩表皮，呈干瘪状态。试验表明东亚小花蝽对草地贪夜蛾初孵幼虫具有较好的控制效果，对草地贪夜蛾的生物防控有较大潜力。     

蠋蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食能力评价和捕食行为观察

为了探究蠋蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食潜力,本试验在室内条件下评价了蠋蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食能力,结合田间观察总结了蠋蝽捕食行为特点。结果表明:蠋蝽5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型,对草地贪夜蛾6龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为3.175头、1.344和0.315 d;蠋蝽锁定猎物后,其口针可从草地贪夜蛾的头部、胸部或腹部各节刺入,当猎物尝试摆脱时蠋蝽随其移动,维持口针伸展刺入猎物体内的状态,直至猎物被征服失去活力;蠋蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫吮吸持续时间较长,直至草地贪夜蛾幼虫体躯干瘪后,蠋蝽才收回口针,继续搜索并攻击下一头猎物。试验证实蠋蝽对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的控害效果,可用于对草地贪夜蛾的防控实践。     

大红犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫捕食功能反应

为探明天敌昆虫大红犀猎蝽Sycanus falleni对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda幼虫的捕食潜力,在室内条件下测定大红犀猎蝽3龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应,以及不同自身密度对捕食草地贪夜蛾的干扰反应。结果表明:大红犀猎蝽3龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合Holling II模型;其中大红犀猎蝽3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为4.049头、1.198和0.247 d;大红犀猎蝽雌成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为47.619头、0.717和0.021 d;大红犀猎蝽雄成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为43.478头、0.650和0.023 d;大红犀猎蝽的捕食量与害虫密度正相关,搜寻效应与害虫密度负相关。大红犀猎蝽自身密度对捕食作用的干扰效应符合Hassell模型,对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食作用率随自身密度的增加而降低。表明大红犀猎蝽3龄若虫和成虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫均有一定的捕食能力,大红犀猎蝽成虫的捕食作用大于3龄若虫。     

黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食作用

为探明天敌昆虫黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食潜力，本试验在温度（25±1）℃，相对湿度（65±5）%，光周期16L：8D的室内条件下，观察了黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食行为特点，并研究了其捕食能力。结果表明：黄带犀猎蝽捕食草地贪夜蛾时，将口针刺进猎物体内，使其麻痹后进行取食，直至猎物干瘪，但有时并不吸取完全，而是继续攻击其他猎物。黄带犀猎蝽4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型，4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率为1.159和2.913，处理时间为0.297和0.261 d，日最大捕食量为3.906和3.831头。研究表明黄带犀猎蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的防控具有一定的潜力。     

异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食作用

为明确天敌昆虫异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda的捕食能力,在室内光照培养箱中,于(25±1)℃、L//D=16 h//8 h条件下,研究了异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应与寻找效应。结果表明:异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的捕食功能反应符合HollingⅡ模型。异色瓢虫1龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为25.6粒、1.035和0.039 d;异色瓢虫4龄幼虫对草地贪夜蛾2龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为33.3头、0.736和0.03 d。异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫的寻找效应随猎物密度的增加而下降。异色瓢虫幼虫对草地贪夜蛾卵和低龄幼虫具有较好的控制效果,可用于对草地贪夜蛾的防控实践。     

益蝽不同龄期若虫对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食能力

为了评估益蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食潜力，本试验在室内条件下开展了益蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食能力试验。结果表明：益蝽3、4、5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ圆盘方程，3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为55.556、8.019、5.666头；瞬时攻击率分别为0.819、1.826、1.503；处理时间分别为0.018、0.125、0.177 d。4龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为60.753、19.924、10.325头；瞬时攻击率分别为0.993、1.664、0.968；处理时间分别为0.017、0.050、0.097 d。5龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的日最大捕食量分别为65.789、23.635、12.331头；瞬时攻击率分别为1.021、1.307、0.863；处理时间分别为0.015、0.042、0.081 d。益蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫都能捕食，对3龄幼虫捕食量最大，最喜欢捕食4~5龄幼虫，对4龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高。益蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的捕食能力，本文为草地贪夜蛾的可持续防控提供了新的方法和依据。     

益蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食能力

为了评估益蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾不同龄期幼虫的捕食潜力，本试验在室内条件下开展了益蝽雌性和雄性成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食能力试验。结果表明：益蝽雌性和雄性成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫的捕食功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型，雌性成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄的日最大捕食量分别为61.013、30.057、10.251头；瞬时攻击率分别为1.093、1.441、0.964；处理时间分别为0.384、0.792、2.352 h。雄性成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄的日最大捕食量分别为58.824、24.522、9.302头；瞬时攻击率分别为0.996、1.365、1.210；处理时间分别为0.408、0.984、3.072 h。益蝽成虫对草地贪夜蛾3、4、5龄幼虫都能捕食，对3龄幼虫捕食量最大，最喜欢捕食4～5龄幼虫，对4龄幼虫的瞬时攻击率最高，益蝽对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的捕食能力，为草地贪夜蛾的可持续防控提供了新的方法和依据。     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Effects of the saprophytic leaf mycoflora on growth and productivity of winter wheat

The effects of the saprophytic mycoflora and its interference with cereal aphids on growth and yield of winter and spring wheat was studied in field experiments in 1980, 1981 and 1982.Yields varied between 5000 and 8000 kg dry matter of kernels per ha. The effect of the saprophytic mycoflora on yield was determined in different treatments: A) no control measures against cereal aphids and saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, B) no control of cereal aphids, control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, C) control of cereal aphids and control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi, D) control of cereal aphids and stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora and E) control of cereal aphids, no control of saprophytic and necrotrophic fungi nor stimulation of saprophytic mycoflora.Considerable differences in top densities of saprophytic mycoflora (10 times as large in A and D as in B and C) were determined. The consequences of these differences for the growth and productivity of wheat were minor. A negative effect of saprophytic mycoflora on the yield could not be detected in 1981 and 1982, whereas a small positive significant effect was found in 1980. This stimulation may have been due to competition between necrotrophic fungal pathogens and saprophytic mycoflora. As a result of favourable weather conditions necrotrophic fungal pathogens were very numerous in 1980 and could form an important yield reducing factor. Yield levels may effect the importance of the necrotrophic and saprophytic mycoflora as yield reducing factors. Additionally, in the presence of aphid honeydew captafol was found to be relatively ineffective against saprophytic fungi.     

Relationship Between Production of the Phytotoxin Prehelminthosporol and Virulence in Isolates of the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantify the phytotoxin prehelminthosporol, which is a sesquiterpene metabolite of the plant pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana. The toxin was extracted from mycelium or culture filtrates, pre-cleaned using solid phase extraction, and analyzed by gas chromatography as a trimethylsilyl-derivative. The detection limit of the method was 5ngl^–1 (signal to noise ratio 4:1) which corresponds to ca. 15ng prehelminthosporol per mg dry weight of mycelium or 15ng prehelminthosporol per ml culture filtrate. The total amount of prehelminthosporol (mycelium plus culture filtrate) increased with cultivation time when examined in six isolates of B. sorokiniana after 6, 9, 12 and 15 days of incubation. The screening experiment of 17 isolates for prehelminthosporol production after 8 days of incubation revealed significant differences in the toxin production between the isolates. The isolates with low toxin production had lower virulence towards barley roots compared to those with higher production of the toxin. However, the virulence did not increase with prehelminthosporol level among the high producing isolates. Prehelminthosporol was also analyzed in a number of related Bipolaris and Drechslera species. In addition to B. sorokiniana, three out of six Bipolaris species (B. setariae, B. zeicola, B. victoriae) produced prehelminthosporol, which indicates that ability to produce prehelminthosporol is conserved among closely-related Bipolaris species.     

Effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on the gut enzyme of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis

The effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins on gut enzyme activity of larvae of the rice leaffolderCnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenée) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was investigated. Gut enzyme activities were affected by botanical insecticides and bacterial toxin individually and in combination. When fed a diet of rice leaves treated with botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins, in bioassays the activities of gut tissue enzymes — acid phosphatases (ACP), alkaline phosphatases (ALP) and adenosine triphosphatases (ATPase) — of rice leaffolder larvae were affected. When combined, the effect was more severe at a low concentration. Larvae that were chronically exposed to botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins showed a reduction in weight (59–89%) and exhibited a significant reduction in ACP, ALP and ATPase activities. The combination ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki and botanical insecticides caused a decrease of twofold in enzyme activity even at reduced concentration. A synergistic effect was found when botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins were combined at low doses. These effects were most pronounced in early instars. Clear dose-response relationships were established with respect to enzyme activity. In conclusion: (i) biopesticides are relatively safe and biodegradable; (ii) a synergistic effect of botanical insecticides and bacterial toxins was found; (iii) less expensive, readily available and naturally occurring biopesticides could be an alternative for organic and inorganic pesticides in controlling RLF. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Sept. 28, 2004.