SUGARCANE NUTRITIONAL DIAGNOSIS WITH DRIS NORMS ESTABLISHED IN BRAZIL,SOUTH AFRICA,AND THE UNITED STATES

ABSTRACT

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) approach evaluates plant nutritional status. The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System is based on a comparison of crop nutrient ratios with optimum values from a high-yielding group (DRIS norms). Several researchers affirm that once DRIS norms based on foliar composition have been developed for a given crop, they are universal and applicable to that particular crop grown at any place and at any stage of its development. But different diagnoses with DRIS norms established for the same crop but under different growth conditions have been found. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate the confidence intervals of three DRIS norms of sugarcane crop, (ii) to compare sugarcane nutritional diagnosis with three DRIS norms, and (iii) to evaluate the universal use of DRIS norms in sugarcane crop. Sugarcane DRIS norms were tested. Means for nitrogen (N)/phosphorus (P), N/calcium (Ca), N/copper (Cu), manganese (Mn)/N, N/zinc (Zn), Ca/P, Cu/P, Mn/P, Zn/P, potassium (K)/Ca, K/Cu, Mn/K, Zn/K, Mn/Ca, Zn/Ca, Cu/magnesium (Mg), Mn/Mg, Zn/Mg, Mn/Cu, Zn/Cu, and Zn/Mn of these three DRIS norms were significantly different (?p<0.05). The sugarcane nutritional diagnosis derived from norms published in the literature was different. These three DRIS norms were not universally applicable to the sugarcane crop. Therefore, in the absence of DRIS norms locally calibrated, norms developed under one set of conditions only should be applied to another if the nutrient concentrations of high-yielding plants from these different set of conditions are similar.     

Monitoring Nutrient Status of Guava Fruit Trees in Punjab,Northwest India through the Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System Approach

Abstract

The Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was employed for interpreting nutrient analyses of leaf tissue of guava fruit trees (Psidium guajava L.) cultivated in Punjab, northwest India. Standard reference DRIS norms were established for various nutrient ratios and used to compute DRIS indices, which assessed nutrient balance and order of limitation to yield. The DRIS evaluation and sufficiency range approach were equally effective and in agreement for diagnosing deficiencies of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu). The results also show that the position of leaf tissue sampled does not have a major effect on the DRIS diagnosis. Nutrient sufficiency ranges derived from DRIS norms were 1.41–1.65, 0.10–0.17, 0.51–0.97, 1.16–2.12, 0.31–0.51, 0.18–0.28% for N, P, K, Ca, magnesium (Mg), and S and were 105–153, 58–110, 15–29, and 6–16 mg Kg^?1 for iron (Fe), Mn, Zn, and Cu, respectively. According to these sufficiency ranges 35, 62, 51, 75, 70, and 68% of samples were sufficient, and 4, 29, 36, 9, 10, and 22% of samples were low in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. More than 50 and 2% of the guava trees selected for sampling was found to deficient in N and P, respectively. For micronutrients, 15, 6, and 7% of samples were found to be low in Mn, Zn, and Cu.     

Foliar diagnosis of soybean by dris

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) has proven useful in the interpretation of tissue elemental analyses for many crops, and research was undertaken to apply the same method for foliar diagnosis of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.). Using a data bank in excess of 3500 tissue samples, reference values for evaluating the status of soybean with respect to N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, B and Al were derived. DRIS diagnoses generally agreed with those obtained by the sufficiency range method. In addition, DRIS assessed the nutrient balance in plant tissue, and identified not only the most‐limiting element, but the order in which other elements would likely become limiting. Further, DRIS was able to diagnose plant nutrient needs earlier in the life of the crop than the sufficiency range method (5 weeks compared to 10 weeks), which would allow remedial steps to be taken earlier. Treatments indicated by DRIS to be needed gave greater yield increases than those indicated by the sufficiency range approach. Geographic differences in DRIS norms were identified, and indicate that regional derivation of diagnostic values may be necessary.     

DRIS norms and limiting nutrients in banana cultivation in the South of Ecuador

Abstract

Foliar analysis is an effective method to diagnose the nutritional status of plants. However, the mineral concentration in foliar tissue has traditionally been evaluated by assessing the activity of each element, without considering the interactions between them. To address this, dual interactions were calculated using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to identify which crop nutrients are most influential in nutrient imbalances and which are the most limiting nutrients for the nutritional status of banana crops in Ecuador. To achieve this, a regional survey of the nutritional status and its productivity levels was conducted for 188 different sites during the crop season in 2017–2018, involving banana cultivars ‘Vallery’ and ‘Williams’, from the Cavendish subgroup. The DRIS calculation method was combined with Beaufils and Jones functions. From the initial 188 foliar samples, 83 samples (representing 44% of the population) were considered to represent the high-yield reference population, with yields of 38–60 t ha^?1. The DRIS method defined the mean nutritional balance index, which was not found to be statistically correlated (p?>?0.05) with productivity, revealing that there was no significant association with the nutritional status of the plants. Specific DRIS norms were obtained and indicated that deficiencies in K, N, Ca, and Fe, and excesses in Mn, B, Cl, Zn, S, Cu, and Mg were the most limiting nutrients for banana cultivars in the south of Ecuador.     

DRIS and Sufficient Range Approaches in Nutritional Diagnosis of “Valencia” Sweet Orange on Three Rootstocks

Abstract

Among several methods of diagnosis for nutritional status, two are more important: the Sufficiency range approach (SRA) and the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). This research compared DRIS with SRA, the diagnostic method currently used by the citrus industry in São Paulo State, Brazil. The study was conducted in irrigated, commercial groves of “Valencia” sweet orange more than six years old and with yield above 40 t ha^{? 1} in Mogi Guaçú, São Paulo State. Data pertaining to yield, tree spacing, rootstock, and foliar concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and boron (B) in non-fruiting terminals for each plot were processed for the years 1994 through 1998. DRIS indices were calculated by the Jones method of the intermediate functions. Index of nutritional balance (INB) was calculated by the average of the sum (disregarding the sign) of all nutritional index values and the dry matter index. Results indicated that, for the conditions of this experiment: (1) DRIS, when compared with the SRA, complements nutritional diagnosis because it establishes an order of deficiency or excess for each nutrient and detects deficiencies or excesses not considered by SRA; (2) There was agreement between the two methods for nutritional diagnosis of K; (3) Cu, Mn, and Fe concentrations were determined as deficient by DRIS, but were classified as adequate or excessive by SRA.     

Preliminary nutrient diagnosis norms and optimum ranges in potted ornamental plants grown under saline conditions

Abstract

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) and nutrient sufficiency ranges for Aloe vera, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lavandula multifidi, and Rosmarinus officinalis were based on two experiments. DRIS norms and nutrient ratios were computed and selected. Nutrient sufficiency ranges were developed using the data of the whole population according to the DRIS approach. The development of DRIS norms revealed that only K. blossfeldiana and R. officinalis showed limiting nutrients. The nutrient sufficiency ranges for each species expressed in mg g^?1 were: A. vera (N (9–28), P (1–3), K (37–48), S (8–10), Cl (47–50), Na (17–37)), K. blossfeldiana (N (16–22), P (2–3), K (35–39), S (7–10), Cl (45–54), Na (7–19)), L. multifida (N (15–16), P (1–7), K (18–37), S (7–8), Cl (41–60), Na (21–49)), R. officinalis (N (9–23), P (2–5), K (31–48), S (7–8), Cl (36–40), Na (7–12)). The establishment of these DRIS norms will useful to manage the nutritional status of the species studied under saline conditions.     

Nutritional standards and nutritional diagnosis of the Conilon coffee plants in phenological growth stages

The objective of this study was to establish a nutrient sufficiency range and DRIS standards of Conilon coffee grown in southern Bahia, Brazil for the pre-flowering and grain-filling stages and to perform a nutritional diagnosis of these plants using different methods. The collections were performed in 24 Conilon coffee farm fields to establish the leaf nutritional standards, and 278 samples were collected to the nutritional diagnosis. The nutritional diagnosis was performed by using the sufficiency range criterion and the DRIS method. The nutrient sufficiency range and the DRIS standards must be specific to each phenological stage of the Conilon coffee plants. The leaf concentrations of calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and boron (B) were higher in the pre-flowering stage; and the leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), potassium (K), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were higher in the grain-filling stage.     

Verifying critical values from DRIS norms in sweet cherry and hazelnut

Abstract

Previously published DRIS norms for sweet cherry and hazelnut were used to calculate DRIS indices for N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, and Zn on over a thousand leaf sample analyses for each crop. A nutritional imbalance index (NII) was obtained by adding the values of DRIS indices irrespective of sign. The sample with the lowest NII for each crop was assumed to have “ideal”; levels of elements and these “ideal”; levels were used to create an artificial data base to determine which critical values would be most consistent with DRIS evaluations. By maintaining all but one element concentration at “ideal”; levels and artificially varying another, the concentration of a given element that was associated with the onset of severe imbalances could be identified. In addition to providing ratio‐based diagnoses, DRIS norms provide a means of independently evaluating current sufficiency ranges for elements that DRIS diagnoses as relatively deficient or excessive.     

Foliar Diagnosis Indexes for Corn by the Methods Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and Nutritional Composition (CND)

Foliar analysis has been an important method for diagnosing the nutritional status of plants. Therefore, this work aimed to determine benchmarks (norms) for interpretation of results of foliar analysis by the methods of Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and Nutritional Composition (CND) and to determine the order of nutritional limitation and the potential response to fertilization (PRA) of corn cultivations. Leaves were sampled and the productivity was determined in 64 different sites in the crop season 2011/2012, and 66 sites were sampled in the crop season 2012/2013. The yields were divided in two sub-populations: high productivity (equal or above 11.795 kg ha^?1) and low productivity (less than 11.795 kg ha^?1). The normal ranges obtained by DRIS and CND methods were similar. The amplitudes of ideal ranges were smaller when compared to the sufficiency ranges found in the Brazilian literature. The development of benchmarks (norms) at regional levels increases reliability in diagnoses.     

Preliminary Norms for DRIS to Fertigate Ornamental Shrubs

ABSTRACT

Preliminary norms for foliar tissue were developed for laurustine (Viburnum tinus L.), tobir (Pittosporum tobira Thumb.) and strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) for its use in the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). These norms were generated from high quality plants grown in hydroponic cultures. The values were those of foliar tissues from two growing assays where the total (N) and (NO₃ ^?/NH₄ ⁺) ratio were optimized. These norms were applied to perform DRIS in plants grown in a mix of white peat and vermiculite (75:25 v:v). Nutrient reference levels obtained from hydroponic cultures were appropriate to be used as DRIS norms for these species, because DRIS indexes reflected the nutritive status of these species grown in a fertigated system. These results suggest the need to broaden the range of reference values to include the fertigation reference levels. DRIS detects the nutrient limitations as a consequence of the nutrient imbalance caused by the pH and nutrient concentration in the substrate solution. Therefore, DRIS is an adequate method of diagnosis and can be used to adjust the nutrient solution composition and to improve the nutritional status for these species.     

DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATION INTEGRATED SYSTEM APPROACH FOR NITROGEN,PHOSPHORUS, POTASSIUM,AND ZINC FOLIAR DIAGNOSTIC NORMS FOR AONLA IN CENTRAL INDO-GANGETIC PLAINS

A survey was conducted for the nutritional status of aonla orchards in the state of Uttar Pradesh lying in Central Indo-Gangetic plains. Preliminary diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) norms were established for different nutrient ratios and used to compute the DRIS indices, which assessed the nutrient balance and order of limitations to yield. Maximum fruit yield of 40.2 kg plant^?1 was recorded for the plants at the age group of 10–15 years and lowest yield was recorded 28.3 kg plant^?1 in the age of above 20 years. Nutrient sufficiency ranges for aonla derived from DRIS norms were 1.30– 1.64, 0.054–0.092, 0.40–0.64%, and 32.4–45.9 ppm for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn), respectively. On the basis of these sufficiency ranges 33, 51, 47, and 46% of samples were found sufficient whereas 34, 22, 18 and 27% of samples were low and 26, 8, 1 and 17% deficient in N, P, K, and Zn, respectively. When compared age wise, a relative deficiency for N, P, and K corresponding to relative sufficiency for Zn was detected by DRIS technique for the plants above the age group of 15 onwards. For the younger orchards (5yrs old) a relative deficiency of N, Zn, and K corresponding to the relative sufficiency of P was detected. Nitrogen was found most limiting elements in all age group of plant. When the DRIS indices were compared on basis of soil pH, Zn and K was found to be relatively lesser in order of requirement than N and P.     

Evaluating soy‐dris for predicting manganese deficiency and sufficiency

Abstract

Better diagnostic tools are needed to predict Mn deficiency and sufficiency to ensure maximum yield with the minimum of fertilizer inputs. An alternative to the sufficiency range method (SRM) is to use the balance of nutrients approach as in the DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) method. A computer program has been developed as a diagnostic tool with plant nutrient levels as inputs and plant indices as outputs that indicate which element is most deficient. This program, SOY‐DRIS, was evaluated for Mn predictions using plant data from four field experiments. Data for check plots (0 Mn) for each non‐Mn treatment were used as input for the program and the Mn index indicating deficiency or sufficiency was the output. The predicted deficiencies and sufficiencies were tested against yield responses to Mn. Of 74 check plots, SOY‐DRIS correctly diagnosed the Mn nutrient status in 62 cases. There were 32 true positives (Mn deficient) and 30 true negatives (Mn sufficient) indicating that both deficiency and sufficiency were accurately predicted. If borderline cases and cases where insufficient Mn was added to give a yield response were eliminated, only one incorrect diagnosis was made giving a 99% correct diagnosis by the SOY‐DRIS program. The SRM gave results nearly identical tothe SOY‐DRIS progam.     

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System for Monitoring Nutrient Status of Mango Trees in Submountainous Area of Punjab,India

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) was used to identify nutrient status of mango fruit trees in Punjab, India. Standard norms established from the nutrient survey of mango fruit trees were 1.144, 0.126, 0.327, 2.587, 0.263, 0.141% for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S), and 15, 3.5, 145, 155, and 30 mg kg^?1, respectively, for zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and boron (B) in dry matter. On the basis of DRIS indices, 16, 15, 12, 17, and 16% of total samples collected during nutrients survey of mango trees were low in N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. For micronutrients, 19, 18, 12, 20, and 6% samples were inadequate in Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and B, respectively. DRIS‐derived sufficiency ranges from nutrient indexing survey were 0.92–1.37, 0.08–0.16, 0.21–0.44, 1.71–3.47, 0.15–0.37, and 0.09–0.19% for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S and 11–19, 1–6, 63–227, 87–223, and 16–44 mg kg^?1 for Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, and B, respectively.     

Monitoring Nutrient Status for Maize in Northwestern India through Diagnostic and Recommendation Integrated System Approach

Diagnostic and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) norms were established for various nutrient ratios obtained from the high-yield population of maize cultivated in submountainous areas of Punjab and were used to compute DRIS indices. Nutrient sufficiency ranges derived from DRIS norms were 1.67–3.12, 0.23–0.43, 0.89–2.56, 0.21–0.50, 0.1–0.32, and 0.10–0.20% for nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) and were 181–278, 27–75, 14–29, and 4–8 mg kg^?1 for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), respectively. According to these DRIS-derived sufficiency ranges, 95, 94, 95, 87, 90, and 86% of samples were sufficient whereas 4, 3, 4, 2, 2, and 2% of samples were low in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. In micronutrients, 80, 90, 85, and 68% of samples were sufficient, whereas 36 17, 10, 14, and 31% samples had excessive Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, respectively. Thus, the DRIS approach can be employed to obtain the fertility status of the soil, and the amount of each nutrient can be computed for balanced utilization of fertilizers.     

Identifying nutrient imbalances in pomegranate (Cv. Bhagwa) at different phonological stages by the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system

The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) approach was used to interpret nutrient analyses of leaf tissues from pomegranate cv. Bhagwa orchards grown in southwestern Maharashtra, India. The DRIS norms were established for three growth stages,viz. 50% flowering, fruit development and first harvesting of pomegranate. Various nutrient ratios were obtained from high-yielding population and were used to compute DRIS indices for diagnosing nutrient imbalances and their order of limitation to yield. Nutrient sufficiency ranges at 50% flowering derived from DRIS norms were 1.32–2.15% nitrogen (N), 0.18–0.24% phosphorus (P), 1.29–1.99% potassium (K), 0.64–1.20% calcium (Ca), 0.23–0.45% magnesium (Mg), 0.16–0.26% sulfur (S), 103.04–149.12 mg kg^?1 iron (Fe), 39.60–72.85 mg kg^?1 manganese (Mn), 15.99–26.10 mg kg^?1 zinc (Zn), 6.16–9.32 mg kg^?1 copper (Cu), 23.38–39.88 mg kg^?1 boron (B) and 0.29–0.47 mg kg^?1 molybdenum (Mo). Similarly, the sufficiency range at fruit development and first harvesting was developed for computing DRIS indices. The requirement of Fe, Mg, S, Zn and N by the pomegranate plant was higher at 50% flowering and fruit development stages. According to these DRIS-derived indices, 87.85, 73.83, 70.09, 69.16 and 65.42% orchards were deficient in Fe, S, Mg, Zn, and N, respectively, at 50% flowering, while 70.03, 66.36, 63.55, 61.68, and 68.22% orchards were found to be deficient in respective nutrients during the fruit development stage.     

Diagnostic biases in DRIS evaluations on sweet cherry and hazelnut

Abstract

Five hundred leaf analyses of sweet cherry and hazelnut leaves were evaluated to determine if biases in DRIS formulas could prevent the detection of some deficiencies or excesses. Both one‐equation and two‐equation calculation procedures were evaluated. The one‐equation approach has several disadvantages. The data imply that there are limits on minimum or maximum values that an index can obtain for some elements, but not for others. The range of index values obtainable varies considerably among elements. If the sum of DRIS indices, regardless of sign, is used as a criterion to identify imbalances, relative deficiencies or excesses for some elements are masked. These difficulties are lessened but not entirely eliminated with the original two‐equation procedure. Regardless of the calculation procedure the relationship between DRIS indices and the respective concentrations varied for the elements N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, Cu, B, and Zn. Some indices are so dependent on the concentration of the element involved that a ratio based diagnosis would have little advantage over a sufficiency range diagnosis. Other elements have indices that are so dependent on the concentrations of other elements that the index is of little use in evaluating nutritional status. Although DRIS is a very useful diagnostic approach, it will not detect all deficiencies or excesses. DRIS serves best as a supplement to sufficiency range based interpretation; providing additional information when severe imbalances exist.     

Evaluating Bearberry Nitrogen Nutrition Using Hydroponic Cultures: Establishing Preliminary DRIS Norms

Abstract

This study was designed to explore nitrogen (N) nutrition in bearberry plants (Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi L.) using a hydroponic culture system. Two experiments were performed in which the total N concentration (34, 52, and 73 mg L^?1) and N‐NO₃ ^?:N‐NH₄ ⁺ ratio (50/50, 60/40, and 70/30 in %) in the nutrient solution were varied and effects on nutrient uptake [N, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg)] and foliar composition determined. Highest‐quality plants were yielded using a N level of 73 mg L^?1 and a N‐NO₃ ^?:N‐NH₄ ⁺ ratio of 50/50. Standard nutrient values for foliar tissue were obtained for bearberry plants growing in these hydroponic cultures for their use as preliminary norms in the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS). In a subsequent complementary experiment, these norms were used in the DRIS procedure and applied to plants growing in solutions of varying K concentrations. It was found that the DRIS norms established in the hydroponic experiments were able to account for changes in nutrient limiting factors produced in response to the varying K concentrations in the nutrient solution. The results obtained will be useful for the nutritional diagnosis of bearberry plants.     

Monitoring Nutrient Status of Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) Fruit Trees in Semi-arid and Arid Regions of Northwest India through Diagnostic Recommendation and Integrated System Approach

The Diagnostic Recommendation and Integrated System (DRIS) was employed to interpret nutrient analyses of leaf tissues from ber fruit tree orchards grown in semi-arid and arid areas of Punjab in northwest India. The DRIS norms were established for various nutrient ratios obtained from the high-yield population and were used to compute DRIS indices, which assessed nutrient balance and their orders of limitation to yield. Nutrient sufficiency ranges derived from DRIS norms were 0.688–1.648%, 0.184–0.339%, 1.178–1.855%, 1.064–1.768%, 0.234–0.391%, and 0.124–0.180% for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) and were 55–205, 26–80, 17–33, and 5–11 mg kg^?1 for iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), respectively. According to these DRIS-derived sufficiency ranges, 79%, 76%, 76%, 75%, 84%, and 72% of samples were sufficient, whereas 13%, 15%, 21%, 14%, 7%, and 18% of total samples were low in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S, respectively. For micronutrients, 84%, 85%, 77%, and 86% of samples were sufficient, whereas 6%, 3%, 8%, and 2% of samples were low in Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu, respectively.     

DIAGNOSIS AND RECOMMENDATION INTEGRATED SYSTEM (DRIS) FOR EVALUATING NUTRIENT STATUS OF COTTON (GOSSIPIUM HIRSUTUM)

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) approach was employed to monitor the nutrient status of cotton (Gossipium hirsutum) in southwestern districts of Punjab, North-West India. DRIS norms for macro, secondary and micro nutrients in cotton plant are developed. Considering these DRIS norms, the most limiting nutrient for cotton plant in the region is identified along with the order in which the other nutrients become limiting. The DRIS approach indicated that 11, 3, 8, 5, 2, 4, 2, 3, 6 and 2 percent of the total cotton leaf samples collected were low in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu), respectively. Leaf tissues of cotton plant were also found to contain high to excessive content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn Zn and Cu in 11, 7, 15, 19, 25, 18, 66, 33, 9 and 25 percent samples, respectively. DRIS derived sufficiency concentration ranges obtained from survey of cotton fields in this region were 2.22 to 5.20% N, 0.20 to 0.47% P, 1.05 to 2.14% K, 1.66 to 2.86% Ca, 0.34 to 0.57% Mg, 0.65 to 1.11% S, 106 to 172 mg kg^?1 Fe, 35 to 68 mg kg^?1 Mn, 18 to 33 mg kg^?1 Zn, and 5 to 8 mg kg^?1 Cu. The results elucidate that DRIS technique can be used for macro, secondary and micro nutrients indexing of cotton crop irrespective of its cultivar.     

Evaluation of diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) on early maturing soybeans

Abstract

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) appears to be a more sensitive tool in the early detection of mineral deficiency in soybeans (Glvcine max. L.) than the sufficiency range approach. A small data bank based on information collected in a survey over a two‐year period on early maturing soybeans grown in Quebec was used to calculate new modified DRIS norms. Remedial measures predicted by DRIS gave greater yield increases than those with the sufficiency range approach. Regional deviation in norms were identified and were more important with ? related ratios