黄瓜幼苗干物质积累、膨压及光合速率对铵态氮和硝态氮的响应

采用溶液培养方法,研究了氮素形态及水平对黄瓜干物质积累、膨压及光合速率的影响。结果表明,同一氮素水平时,NO3--N处理黄瓜干物质重量、叶片面积、叶片含水量、水势、膨压等均高于NH4+-N处理。低水平NH4+-N(5mmol/L)对黄瓜光合速率影响不大,甚至高于同水平NO3--N处理的,叶片面积稍有减小;高水平NH4+-N不仅显著抑制黄瓜干物质的积累,叶片面积仅是同水平NO3--N处理的12.7%,最小光合速率（Pn）为CO2 1.6mol/（m2·s）,仅为同水平NO3--N处理的10%左右。NH4+-N处理引起黄瓜叶片面积的减小与叶片膨压降低相关性较大,相关系数为0.98;膨压与叶片水势直接相关,而渗透势对此影响不大。高水平NO3--N对黄瓜产生了渗透胁迫,抑制黄瓜生长,表现在渗透调节物质的大量积累。不同黄瓜品种对氮素形态及水平响应差异较大,所有处理中新泰密刺长势均好于吉尼罗。低水平的NH4+-N对黄瓜干物质的积累影响不大,高水平则明显抑制其生长。说明高浓度铵态氮对植物产生了毒害,而高浓度的硝态氮则是渗透胁迫。     

施用保水剂对干旱胁迫下大麦幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为了探讨施用保水剂对干旱胁迫下大麦幼苗生长及光合特性的影响,给保水剂在大麦抗旱栽培中的应用提供理论依据。采用盆栽法通过测定在不同干旱胁迫下大麦幼苗根长、茎长、叶片相对含水量、叶片光合参数、叶绿素含量等指标,结果表明,在同等水分条件下,施用保水剂可增加大麦幼苗根长、茎长及叶片相对含水量,显著增加大麦幼苗叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO₂浓度、蒸腾速率,说明保水剂可以通过保持大麦叶片较高的光合特性来增强其碳同化能力,进而促进大麦幼苗的生长。且施用保水剂后大麦幼苗叶绿素含量得到显著提高,从而减小了干旱胁迫对植株带来的损害,延缓植株衰老。施用保水剂可以较好地促进干旱胁迫下大麦幼苗的生长发育。     

磁化水对盐胁迫下黄瓜生长和生理特性的影响

为探究磁化水浇灌对盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和生理特性的影响,采用人工气候室内进行的二因素二水平砂培试验,即2个磁化水水平(D:蒸馏水、M:磁化蒸馏水)和2个盐处理水平(Na0:0 mmol/L,Na1:100 mmol/L NaCl),共4个处理,研究了盐胁迫下磁化水浇灌对黄瓜幼苗生长、水分关系、光合气体交换、抗氧化能力、养分(N,P和K)及Na含量等的影响。结果表明:(1)无论在非盐胁迫和盐胁迫下,浇灌磁化水均具有改善黄瓜幼苗生长及/或生理活动的作用。磁化水在盐胁迫下改善黄瓜生长和生理活动的作用大于非盐胁迫下,且随盐胁迫或磁化水处理时间的延长,磁化水的效应增加。(2)盐胁迫下,磁化水浇灌改善黄瓜幼苗生长的主要生理机制在于:增加了黄瓜幼苗根系生长,改善了叶片水分关系,增加了叶片叶绿素含量、光合速率和水分利用效率,增强了叶保护酶活性从而降低了叶细胞膜受伤害程度,降低了根、茎和叶中的Na含量从而增加K⁺/Na⁺比。研究结果为磁化水用于次生盐渍化土壤上生长的黄瓜灌溉提供了理论依据。     

Effect of silicon on photosynthetic gas exchange,photosynthetic pigments,cell membrane stability and relative water content of different wheat cultivars under drought stress conditions

This study aims to explain the effects of silicon (Si) foliar application on gas exchange characteristics, photosynthetic pigments, membrane stability and leaf relative water content of different wheat cultivars in the field under drought stress conditions. The experiment was arranged as a split-split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation regime (100%, 60%, and 40% F.C.), silicon (control and Si application) and wheat cultivars (Shiraz, Marvdasht, Chamran, and Sirvan) were considered as main, sub and sub-sub plots, respectively. This study was carried out at the Research Farm of the Collage of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Iran, during 2012–2013 growing season. The results showed that foliar application of silicon increased the leaf relative water content, photosynthesis pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chl and carotenoids), chlorophyll stability index (CSI) and membrane stability index (MSI) in all wheat cultivars, especially in Sirvan and Chamran (drought tolerant cultivars), under both stress and non-stress conditions. However, more improvement was observed under drought stress as compared to the non-stress condition. In contrast, these parameters decreased under drought stress. Si significantly decreased electrolyte leakage in all four cultivars under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration (C_i) increased under drought stress. Si application decreased C_i especially under drought stress conditions. Net photosynthesis rate (A), transpiration rate (E) and stomatal conductance (g_s) were significantly decreased under drought conditions. Under drought, Si applied plants showed significantly higher leaf photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and stomatal conductance. Intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) and carboxylation efficiency (C_E) decreased in all cultivars under drought stress. However, the silicon-applied plants had greater WUEi and C_E under drought stress. The stomatal limitation was found to be higher in stressed plants compared to the control. Exogenously applied silicon also decreased stomatal limitation. Overall, application of Si was found beneficial for improving drought tolerance of wheat plants.     

Effects of silicon application on drought resistance of cucumber plants

A study on the effects of silicon supply on the resistance to drought in cucumber plants was conducted in pot experiments. The results suggested that in the absence of stress, silicon slightly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, but significantly decreased the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in cucumber plants. Silicon enhanced the net photosynthetic rate of cucumber plants under drought stress. Since silicon decreased the stomatal conductance, enhanced the capacity of holding water, and kept the transpiration rate at a relatively steady rate during drought stress, the photosynthesis of the cucumber plants was sustained. And under drought stress, silicon increased the biomass and water content of leaves in cucumber plants. Silicon decreased the decomposition of chlorophyll in cucumber plants under drought stress, limited the increase of the plasma membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves, alleviated the physiological response of peroxidase (POD) to drought stress, maintained the superoxide dismutase (SOD) normal adaptation, and increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Under severe stress, these physiological biochemical reactions showed positive correlations with the amount of silicon supply. These findings demonstrated that silicon enhanced the resistance of the cucumber plants to drought. Statistical analysis indicated that under drought stress the cumulative value of biomass showed a highly significant correlation with the cumulative value of diurnal photosynthesis (r = 0.9812, p < 0.01), and was significantly correlated with the water content of leaves (r = 0.8650, p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that under drought stress the first factor responsible for the effects of silicon application on the cumulative value of biomass was the increase of photosynthesis, and the second factor was the enhancement of the water holding capacity. Based on these facts, it was concluded that silicon enhanced the resistance to drought mainly by taking part in the metabolism of plants.     

高温胁迫下外源褪黑素对黄瓜幼苗光合作用及叶绿素荧光的影响

以"津春4号"黄瓜品种为试验材料,采用喷施外源褪黑素(melatonin,MT)的方法,研究了MT对高温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合作用和叶绿素荧光参数的影响.结果表明:高温处理后黄瓜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)降低,气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、蒸腾速率(Tr)却增大,但随外源MT处理浓度的增加,黄瓜幼苗叶片内P...     

螯合剂HIDS对亚适温下西葫芦幼苗的影响

以西葫芦品种‘农园1号’为实验材料,设置7个处理：适温处理（昼/夜25℃/16℃）,浇灌1/3倍山崎黄瓜配方营养液（CK）;亚适温处理（昼/夜16℃/8℃）,浇灌1/3倍山崎黄瓜配方营养液（TCK）;亚适温条件下分别用1/3倍山崎黄瓜配方营养液配成HIDS浓度为100、400、700、1000、1300mg·L−1的营养液浇灌（分别为T1、T2、T3、T4和T5处理）,西葫芦幼苗在人工气候室内培养18d后,分析添加HIDS对西葫芦幼苗生长指标,叶片渗透调节物质、MDA、抗氧化酶活性、光合特性及荧光参数的影响。结果表明：TCK处理西葫芦幼苗生长状况、抗氧化酶活性以及光合能力均比CK处理差。亚适温下不同浓度HIDS处理均可缓解亚适温对西葫芦幼苗生长的抑制,最适浓度为700mg·L−1（T3）,其单株叶面积、全株鲜重、干重、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸含量、POD、SOD、CAT活性比TCK处理显著提高,MDA含量显著降低;叶绿素总量以及净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间二氧化碳浓度和气孔导度显著提高;叶片Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、Fv'/Fm'、ETR、qP升高,NPQ降低,可缓解亚适温对西葫芦光合器官造成的伤害。因此,添加适宜浓度的HIDS可通过促进西葫芦幼苗生物量积累及叶片中渗透调节物质的积累,减轻细胞膜脂过氧化程度,提高抗氧化酶活性和光合能力,以此提高西葫芦幼苗对亚适温的适应能力,以HIDS浓度为700mg·L−1时各指标最接近CK处理,缓解效果最好。     

Silicon Application by Sorghum Through the Alleviation of Stress-Induced Increase in Hydraulic Resistance

In this study, it was verified whether silicon (Si) affected plant hydraulic resistance, which was one of the significant factors affecting water uptake. Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. was grown hydroponically under varying silicon levels and exposed to osmotic stresses. Under osmotic stress, reduction in growth, photosynthesis, and transpiration were alleviated as supplied silicon levels increased. These alleviative effects were ascribed to enhancement of water uptake. Although shoot/root ratio was not affected by silicon, estimated apparent hydraulic resistance was lower in silicon-supplied sorghum than silicon-deficient one under osmotic stress. Simultaneous measurement of transpiration and water uptake rates indicated that under osmotic stress silicon-deficient sorghums showed unbalanced water relation that transpiration rate exceeded water uptake rate, while they were balanced in silicon-supplied sorghums. The results indicated that silicon improved hydraulic resistance, allowing sorghum to avoid from decrease in water uptake rate that happens to silicon-deficient sorghum under water stress.     

种子引发剂氯化胆碱和吲哚丁酸钾对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长和生理特性的影响

为探讨种子引发剂对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响机制,以杂交稻湘两优900和常规稻黄华占为材料,研究引发剂氯化胆碱(CC)和吲哚丁酸钾(IBAK)对盐胁迫下水稻幼苗生长、光合特性、抗氧化代谢及渗透调节的影响。结果表明,盐胁迫抑制水稻幼苗生长,3.0 mg·L^-1CC和1.0 mg·L^-1IBAK为缓解盐胁迫对水稻幼苗生长抑制的适宜引发浓度,添加引发剂CC的湘两优900根干重显著增加9.64%,而添加引发剂CC和IBAK的黄华占根系总长度、叶面积、地上干重、根干重、壮苗指数分别显著增加24.78%和14.39%、43.06%和36.33%、11.45%和7.43%、34.60%和28.62%、41.89%和33.55%。引发剂CC和IBAK处理可显著提高盐胁迫下两品种水稻叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和叶绿素含量;激活超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性;同时增加抗坏血酸(AsA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量;抑制活性氧积累,降...     

Diurnal Variations in Photosynthesis,Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Water Relation in Sorghum Grown with or without Silicon under Water Stress

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] was grown hydroponically with or without 50 ppm silicon (Si), and exposed to water stress from 10 days after sowing (DAS). At 15 and 23 DAS, we measured dry weight and diurnal variations in photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance (g _s), transpiration rate (T), leaf water potential (ψ _L), and water uptake rate (23 DAS only). The reduction in dry weight at 23 DAS caused by water stress was ameliorated by silicon. Under water stress, silicon-treated seedlings showed higher g _s, P _N, and T than untreated ones. ψ _L remained almost constant within treatments throughout the daytime. Water uptake rate was reduced by water stress, but the reduction was ameliorated by silicon. We conclude that silicon enhanced water uptake and g _s, improving water supply to the leaves. These effects of silicon occurred soon after exposure to water stress.     

Silicon Decreases Transpiration Rate and Conductance from Stomata of Maize Plants

ABSTRACT

To characterize the effect of silicon (Si) on decreasing transpiration rate in maize (Zea mays L.) plants, the transpiration rate and conductance from both leaves and cuticula of maize plants were measured directly. Plants were grown in nutrient solutions with and without Si under both normal water conditions and drought stress [20% polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration in nutrient solution] treatments. Silicon application of 2 mmol L^?1 significantly decreased transpiration rate and conductance for both adaxial and abaxial leaf surface, but had no effect on transpiration rate and conductance from the cuticle. These results indicate that the role of Si in decreasing transpiration rate must be largely attributed to the reduction in transpiration rate from stomata rather than cuticula. Stomatal structure, element deposition, and stomatal density on both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a light microscope. Results showed that changes in neither stomatal morphology nor stomatal density could explain the role of Si in decreasing stomatal transpiration of maize plants. Silicon application with H₄SiO₄ significantly increased Si concentration in shoots and roots of maize plants. Silicon concentration in shoots of maize plants was higher than in roots, whether or not Si was applied. Silicon deposits in cell walls of the leaf epidermis were mostly in the form of polymerized SiO₂.     

盐胁迫下大气CO2浓度升高对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性及矿质养分吸收的影响

采用营养液培养和开顶箱法,研究了盐胁迫下CO2浓度升高对黄瓜幼苗生长、光合特性及矿质养分吸收的影响。结果表明,黄瓜生长在80mmol/L NaCl下,其生物量、光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率均显著下降,而胞间CO2浓度明显升高;CO2浓度升高可增加盐胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生物量,使光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率升高。表明CO2浓度升高能减轻盐胁迫对光合功能的不利效应。80mmol/L NaCl可使黄瓜幼苗体内总N和K 的浓度降低,而使Na 浓度增加;CO2浓度升高具有提高盐胁迫下总N和K 浓度,降低Na 浓度的效应,说明CO2浓度升高可减轻盐胁迫的毒害作用,提高黄瓜幼苗生物量。     

土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响

紧实是温室土壤的疲劳症状之一,它对作物的生长、产量及养分吸收均有影响。本试验以容重为指标,用盆栽试验模拟温室土壤的物理疲劳症,研究了土壤紧实胁迫对黄瓜叶片光合作用及叶绿素荧光参数的影响,探讨温室土壤物理疲劳对黄瓜叶片光合作用产生影响的机理。结果表明,土壤紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)下降,而胞间CO2浓度（Ci）却增大,最终导致叶片干物质的累积量减少,第一雌花节位降低,果实发育提早。叶片的叶绿素含量减少,光合活性（Fv）、光系统Ⅱ（PSⅡ）反应中心的电子传递活性（Fm/Fo）、光能的最大转化效率（Fv/Fm）及PSⅡ的潜在活性（Fv/Fo）降低以及PSⅡ的光能利用率下降是紧实胁迫条件下黄瓜叶片光合作用减弱的原因。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

施硅对玉米生长及蒸腾速率的影响

以玉米为试验材料,研究了土培条件下施Si与水分胁迫对玉米生长、蒸腾速率、叶片ABA浓度等的影响。结果表明:无论是否存在水分胁迫,施Si对玉米地上部生物量无显著影响;无论是否施Si,停止供水4d后玉米生物量明显降低;施Si显著降低了玉米植株的蒸腾速率,停止供水后其蒸腾速率明显低于正常水分供应处理,且随胁迫时间的延长,蒸腾速率逐渐降低;无论是否存在水分胁迫,施Si明显增加了玉米叶片的ABA浓度,同时水分胁迫增加了玉米叶片的内源ABA浓度。     

硅对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长及光合参数的影响

采用溶液培养试验,以两个抗旱性不同的小麦品种:低抗的扬麦9号(Yangmai.9)和高抗的豫麦18(Yumai.18)为材料,用PEG6000(聚乙二醇6000,渗透势约为-0.589MPa)模拟干旱胁迫条件,研究了硅对干旱胁迫下小麦幼苗生长、光合作用及可溶性糖含量的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,小麦幼苗的生长和光合作用显著受到抑制,加硅处理能有效地提高干旱胁迫条件下小麦幼苗的生长状况及光合作用,且1.0.mmol/L.Si处理的效果优于0.1mmol/L.Si处理。与不加硅处理相比,干旱胁迫条件下加硅处理后,小麦幼苗的鲜干重、叶片可溶性蛋白含量、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、水分利用率(WUE)和气孔限制值(Ls)均显著升高,叶绿素含量也有一定程度的升高;而气孔导度(Gs)和细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)显著下降,可溶性糖积累量也降低。因此,硅可显著提高小麦对干旱胁迫的抗性。     

Changes in gas exchange capacity and selected physiological properties of squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L.) under well-watered and drought stress conditions

Water use efficiency (WUE) is considered as an important component of adaptation to drought stress. This study was conducted to determine the effect of drought stress on gas exchange parameters and selected physiological properties, and also its relations with WUE in summer squash seedlings (Cucurbita pepo L.). Plants were grown in pots under different irrigation levels (D0: 100%, D1: 67% and D2: 33% of the water required to reach the field capacity) in controlled greenhouse. The results show that drought treatments significantly decreased the leaf chlorophyll reading values (LCRV), leaf relative water content (LRWC), stomatal conductance (g_s), photosynthetic rate (P_N), transpiration rate (T_r), fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW) of squash seedlings by 7, 42, 69, 62, 62 63 and 82%, respectively, in D2 treatment compared to D0. However, electrolyte leakage (EL) values increased 72% with severe drought treatments (D2). The highest WUE was obtained by D0 treatment as 0.26 g mm^?1. The relationship between P_N and WUE is the strongest one among all leaf gas exchange parameters. Together with T_r, the linear relation with WUE was considerably higher compared to other measured parameters.     

干旱胁迫与正常供水钾肥影响甘薯光合特性及块根产量的差异

【目的】干旱胁迫影响甘薯叶片光合特性及块根产量,研究通过施肥缓解干旱胁迫机理可为甘薯抗旱高产栽培提供理论依据。【方法】选用食用型甘薯品种“泰中6号”为材料,以硫酸钾(K2SO4)为供试肥料,水分处理设为土壤最大持水量的60%~70%(正常供水W1)和30%~40%(干旱处理W0); 钾肥设K0、 K1、 K2、 K3四个水平,K2O用量分别为0、 12.0、 24.0和36.0 g/m2。分析不同钾肥用量对不同生长时期甘薯叶片相对含水量、 叶绿素荧光参数、 光合特性及收获期块根产量的影响。【结果】在干旱胁迫和正常灌水条件下,施钾处理均显著增加了甘薯叶面积和叶片叶绿素含量,提高净光合速率(Pn),增加光合产物的生产和积累,提高块根产量和收获指数。两种水分条件下,块根产量均以K2处理最高, 干旱胁迫下K2与K3处理差异显著,正常灌水处理不显著。两种水分条件下,甘薯叶片光合参数对钾肥的响应存在显著差异,干旱胁迫下施钾使叶片水分利用效率(WUE)增大,气孔导度(Gs)降低,气孔阻力增大,蒸腾速率(Tr)和胞间CO2浓度(Ci)降低,水分蒸腾量减少; 而正常灌水条件下上述指标对钾肥的响应趋势相反。两种水分条件下施钾均可以增大叶片相对含水量(RWC),提高实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)和最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm),但是干旱胁迫下施钾增幅较大。【结论】干旱胁迫下适量施钾可以提高甘薯的抗旱性,增加甘薯产量,过量施钾使甘薯产量显著降低,而正常水分供应时,稍多钾肥对产量影响不显著。干旱胁迫与正常灌水条件下施钾对叶片光合参数的调控效应存在显著差异。施用钾肥可增大叶面积,提高叶绿素含量和光合性能,调节叶片气孔关闭,增大叶片气孔阻力,减少水分蒸腾损失,增加叶片相对含水量,提高水分利用效率和净光合速率; 施钾还能提高叶片PSⅡ原初光能转换效率和实际光化学效率,减少过剩激发能对光合机构的破坏,提高甘薯叶片的光合能力。干旱条件下钾肥的调节功能优于正常水肥供应。     

分根交替滴灌对管栽黄瓜光合作用及水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探讨分根交替滴灌对管栽黄瓜光合作用及水分利用效率的影响机理。【方法】以津优3号黄瓜为试材,设分根交替滴灌(alternate partial root-zone drip irrigation,APDI)、 固定1/2根区滴灌(fixed partial root-zone drip irrigation,FPDI)和传统滴灌(conventional drip irrigation,CDI)3个处理,随机区组排列,研究了不同滴灌方式对黄瓜生长、 光合作用及水分利用效率的影响。【结果】分根交替滴灌(APDI)作物根区的干湿交替能够刺激根系的补偿生长,提高植物的根系活力。固定1/2根区滴灌(FPDI)黄瓜叶片相对含水量、 水势和渗透势都显著低于传统滴灌(CDI),而细胞汁液浓度显著高于其他两个处理,说明FPDI在一定程度上影响了黄瓜对水分的正常吸收和转运,抑制其正常生长。与CDI相比,APDI显著降低了黄瓜叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率,却显著提高了水分利用效率。APDI处理的PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)与CDI相比差异不显著,但较FPDI显著升高。FPDI处理的非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)显著高于其他两个处理,说明固定一侧根系的干旱胁迫导致PSⅡ吸收的光能用于光化学反应的份额显著减少,从而使得光反应的能力和效率降低,过剩光能的热耗散显著增加。另外,APDI和FPDI虽然都不同程度地减少了耗水量和渗漏量,但FPDI黄瓜生长和光合作用均受到严重抑制,因此不适用于设施黄瓜的节水灌溉,而APDI处理在节水的同时能保证黄瓜正常生长及适宜的光合作用。【结论】分根交替滴灌(APDI)可作为设施节水高效灌溉的一种灌溉模式,具有广阔的应用前景。     

外源抗坏血酸对臭氧胁迫下水稻光合及生长参数的影响

为研究臭氧浓度变化对水稻生长的影响及外源抗坏血酸的防护作用,在田间原位条件下,利用开顶式气室(OTCs)研究了外源抗坏血酸对O3胁迫下水稻光合及生长参数的影响.结果表明:在O3胁迫下,叶片的光合色素含量、气体交换参数、净同化率、相对生长速率及粒/叶面积(cm2)均显著下降;喷施外源抗坏血酸后,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素a/叶绿素b以及水稻叶片的光合速率、蒸腾速率显著升高,而叶绿素b含量和气孔导度变化不显著;外源抗坏血酸对O3胁迫下水稻的净同化率、相对生长速率及粒/叶面积(cm2)影响比较显著,特别是粒/叶面积(cm2)的提高有利于水稻源、库协调发展,为提高水稻产量和改进品质奠定了物质基础.