皱纹盘鲍与盘鲍杂交效果分析

从杂种优势的角度对皱纹盘鲍♀与盘鲍♂杂交子一代的经济性状进行分析。结果表明,4月龄杂交鲍子一代(F1)活体重比皱纹盘鲍增加36.87%,软体部干重增加33.21%,总干重增加29.20%,其它性状也显著优于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍F1的壳长、壳宽、活体重、软体部干重和总干重等主要性状的变异系数为12.94%~44.51%,其中软体部干重的变异系数最大,壳长的变异系数最小;且杂交鲍各性状的变异系数均大于皱纹盘鲍。杂交鲍子一代的变异有助于定向选择,提高杂交育种的效果。     

日本盘鲍与皱纹盘鲍杂交育种技术研究

１９９８年于山东省蓬莱市用１０只日本盘鲍与３００只皱纹盘鲍,在２２０ｍ＾２的育苗水体中培育出平均壳长１４．７ｍｍ的杂交鲍苗１４３．８万只,６５００只／ｍ＾２,;在５８０ｍ＾２的育苗水体中培育出平均壳长１１．９ｍｍ的皱纹盘鲍自交鲍苗１７７．９万只,３１００只／ｍ＾２。杂交鲍苗的壳和存活率明显大于我国的皱纹盘鲍自交鲍苗。     

杂色鲍与盘鲍种间杂交受精率的影响因素

研究卵子排放后的时间、精子排放后的时间、授精精子浓度、胰蛋白酶、钙离子、pH和水温等因子对杂色鲍(Haiotisdiversicolor,以下简称S)与盘鲍(H.discus discu,以下简称J)种间杂交受精率的影响。结果表明,卵子排放后的时间和授精精子浓度是影响杂交受精率两个最重要的因素。与自繁组合相比,正反杂交受精率均较低且下降速度快得多。水温21.5℃时,两亲本自繁对照组中,卵子排放1 h对受精率均无显著影响。而SJ杂交,卵子排放时间2 min时,受精率为55.9%±8.1%,4.7 min时受精率已下降了50%;JS杂交,卵子排放时间为4 min时,受精率为31.5%±9.7%,10 min时受精率下降至4 min时的29.1%。相比之下,精子排放时间对杂交受精率的影响小得多,3 h内对正反交杂交受精率没有显著影响。杂交适宜精子浓度约为母本自繁的100倍,其中SJ杂交适宜授精精子浓度为6.0×106~2.4×107mL-1,JS杂交适宜授精精子浓度为3.8×107~7.5×107mL-1。水温对于杂交受精率也有影响,短时间内将水温控制在26~29℃可以得到较高受精率。其他实验因素,如添加胰蛋白酶、Ca2+或改变授精体系pH对杂交受精率均无正向作用。     

Genetic difference between Ezo-awabi <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis discus hannai</Emphasis> and Kuro-awabi <Emphasis Type="Italic">H. discus discus</Emphasis> populations: Microsatellite-based population analysis in Japanese abalone

ABSTRACT:   This study documents the genetic population relationships between Ezo-awabi Haliotis discus hannai and Kuro-awabi H. discus discus by means of the microsatellite technique with an emphasis on the extent of genetic difference between Ezo- and Kuro-awabi populations. Eight markers were employed to screen five populations each collected from Ezo- and Kuro-awabi habitats. All eight loci showed polymorphisms in all populations (number of alleles per locus, 11.1–14.1; averaged expected heterozygosity, 0.64–0.70). The number of loci that yielded significant genetic heterogeneities (allele frequency distribution and/or pairwise θ ) between Ezo- and Kuro-awabi populations was larger than that generated in comparisons between populations within Ezo- and Kuro-awabi habitats. According to the bootstrap neighbor-joining trees constructed on the basis of two genetic distance measures ( D _A and D _ST), the 10 populations fell into two clusters of populations (Ezo-awabi and Kuro-awabi habitat groups), and the results of hierarchical amova testing also supported the neighbor-joining clustering. The outcomes presented here suggest that the microsatellite markers used in this study are potentially an efficient means to differentiate Ezo- and Kuro-awabi populations.     

山东南部皱纹盘鲍工厂化养殖试验研究

报道了山东南部皱纹盘鲍（HaliotisdiscushannaiIno）工厂化养殖试验研究的结果。自1995年1月19日至1996年5月19日，经16个月的培育，将平均壳长21．4mm，平均体重0．99g的幼的培育成平均壳长61．9mm（最大壳长72．0mm），平均体重28.5g的成鲍，成活率为93．2％。0．3m2的波纹权的养殖密度：鲍壳长为20．0～30．0mm时，养殖密度200～250粒为好；40．0mm以前，养殖密度150粒为宜；60．0mm以前，养殖密度50～80粒为佳。饵料以人工配合饵料为好。在鲍壳长40．0mm以前，在投喂人工配合饵料的同时，加上适量的新鲜海藻可以达到同样的增长和增重的目的。全投喂海藻增长和增重都较慢。     

光照强度对皱纹盘鲍杂交鲍幼鲍行为和生长的影响

为优化海上养鲍设施,特别是养鲍网箱结构,开展了40 d的皱纹盘鲍杂交鲍幼鲍(Haliotis discus hannai♀×Haliotis discus discus♂)在0 Lx(暗光照)、0~500 Lx(弱光照)、0~6 500 Lx(强光照)3组不同光照强度下的生长与活动试验。结果显示,壳长(4.86±0.17)cm、体重(15.08±1.07)g的幼鲍,壳长平均日增长和体重平均日增长分别为(0.014 1±0.003)cm/d和(0.054 9±0.011)g/d(暗光组)、(0.008 3±0.003)cm/d和(0.046±0.013)g/d(弱光组)、(0.007±0.001)cm/d和(0.028 4±0.016)g/d(强光组),二者均与光照强度呈反比,且光照对鲍壳生长的影响大于对质量的影响。暗光照环境下,幼鲍活动时间提前30 min,活动时间增加0.5~1 h,且进食量大、进食速度快。研究表明,强光照会对鲍形成光压抑的生活环境,影响鲍的正常行为与生长。海上养鲍应根据鲍对光照刺激的反应,选择适宜的水层,并优化网箱和匍匐基结构。     

试述皱纹盘鲍的受精作用及其精卵结合机制

皱纹盘鲍是重要的海产珍贵贝类 ,也是北方沿海鲍类人工养殖的主要品种 ,因其具有肉质细嫩、味道鲜美、营养丰富、可作为中药材等特点倍受人们重视。鲍在世界范围内的养殖面积也在不断增大 ,这就迫切需要对鲍进行人工育苗 ,以满足鲍类大批养殖的需求。因此 ,掌握鲍的受精作用及精卵结合机制将为其进行人工繁殖提供重要的理论依据 ,提高育种效率。介绍了皱纹盘鲍的精子结构、卵子结构、受精过程、精卵结合机制 ,以求为皱纹盘鲍的人工育苗技术提供理论参考。     

皱纹盘鲍遗传多样性的RAPD分析

对采自山东长岛和辽宁大连海域的两个自然群体皱纹盘鲍的遗传多样性进行了RAPD分析。16个随机引物在两群体中共检测到了179个位点,其中,长岛和大连群体中的多态位点数分别为88和91个,两群体的多态位点百分率分别为49·16%和50·84%;Shannon′s多样性指数(H0)分别为0·2496和0·2668。有70%以上的遗传变异来自群体内,显示两群体内均有较高程度的遗传变异。研究结果表明,长岛和大连的皱纹盘鲍群体已出现了明显的遗传分化。     

碘伏对皱纹盘鲍的急性毒性试验

试验结果表明：碘伏对稚鲍2，42，48，72，96hLC50分别为3．91，0．64，0．38和0．36mg.L^-1有效碘。稚鲍对碘伏很敏感，且忍耐质量浓度范围较窄，不适合带水消毒。     

皱纹盘鲍性腺指数的游标卡尺测定法及其应用

皱纹盘鲍Haliotis discus hannai Ino性腺指数的测定，有用解剖性腺、并以几何或物理的手段比较出相对值这种经典方法，但实际应用中显得不够方便，而且生产上要求保留活体、连续测定、追踪观察和逐个选别，以便为育苗提供充分成熟的亲鲍。菊地等(1974)采用直观法将鲍性腺指数分为“0、1、2、3”四期，简便易行，不伤亲鲍，但不够连续，随意性大，失之粗略。     

Using micro particle diets to replace diatoms for feeding postlarval abalone Haliotis discus discus (Reeve.)

Feeding artificial micro diets instead of diatoms may allow a more constant and controlled form of nutrition, and thus results in lower mortality rate and increased growth. A 4-week trial was conducted to determine the growth and survival of postlarval Haliotis discus discus (Reeve.) postlarvae fed three experimental micro particle diets, and naturally occurring diatoms. A completely randomized design was adopted with each diet being replicated three times. All diets varied in terms of particle size and gross composition. Survival rate was significantly lower ( P  < 0.05) in the diatom diet (19.5 ± 2.1%) when compared with the K-1 diet (38.8 ± 8.9%), the K-2 diet (43.7 ± 5.6%) and the MD-Q diet (44.2 ± 14.8%). The size of postlarvae fed the four diets was not significantly different ( P  > 0.05). There was also little difference in the daily growth rate. Based on the results of this work for the preliminary implementation of artificial food as a replacement diet for diatoms, it seems that postlarval H . discus discus readily consumes artificial micro particle diets and has a superior survival rate when compared to that of diatoms.     

饵料对不同规格皱纹盘鲍能量收支的影响

对3种不同规格的皱纹盘鲍(41.40±2.05、54.22±2.66、63.17±2.52mm)分别进行不同饵料搭配的投喂,并对各生理活动的能量代谢进行了测量与计算。实验结果表明,搭配投喂的实验组中皱纹盘鲍能够摄取更多的有机物作为能量代谢的基质。扣除代谢能、排泄能和排粪能后,搭配投喂能提供给皱纹盘鲍的生长能显著高于对照组(P<0.05),尤其是孔石莼与裙带菜搭配投喂组以及裙带菜与海带搭配投喂组,其获得的生长能的比例在3种规格组中均处在很高的水平,是鲍的筏式养殖中值得推广使用的投喂方法。     

皱纹盘鲍的遗传育种研究进展

皱纹盘鲍为我国北方的重要养殖品种,但随着养殖规模与密度的不断扩大,因种质退化等原因导致暴发性病害频发。因此,皱纹盘鲍的遗传改良研究对于皱纹盘鲍养殖产业的可持续健康发展十分重要。本文对我国皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus hannai）的生物学特征、微卫星标记、选择育种、杂交育种、多倍体育种、雌核发育的研究现状进行了综述,并对今后皱纹盘鲍遗传育种的方法和方向作了展望。     

皱纹盘鲍（Haliotis discus）脓疱病的研究

１９９３年夏季，大连水产养殖公司槽式养殖的鲍（Ｈａｌｉｏｔｉｓ）发生脓疱病，死亡率高达５０－６０％，经分离纯化得９３０１和９３０２二个菌株，镜检结果表明，两个菌株均匀极生单鞭毛的革兰氏阴性短杆形细菌。在人工感染试验中，健康鲍足肌分别注射两个菌株的菌液，感染率均高达１００％，病症与自然发病的安全相同，因此，证明９３０１和９３０２菌株即为脓疱病的病原菌，药敏试验表明，两个菌株对氯霉素，复方新诺明高度敏     

皱纹盘鲍血细胞的亚显微结构及分类研究

通过对皱纹盘鲍血细胞的超微结构的观察，将其血细胞分成5种类型：大颗粒细胞、小颗粒细胞、特殊颗粒细胞、透明细胞和淋巴样细胞。根据胞核的形态和胞质中细胞器的结构特征，研究认为大、小颗粒细胞是同一类细胞的不同发育阶段，而特殊细胞则是大、小颗粒细胞的原始细胞；透明细胞和淋巴样细胞是两类完全分化了的细胞。     

Perception of light intensity by Haliotis discus discus based on locomotor activity patterns

ABSTRACT:   An apparatus to measure the locomotor activity of aquatic benthic organisms at variable low light levels was developed and the diurnal behavioral pattern of the abalone Haliotis discus discus was measured at various low light intensities. During the experiment, abalone were exposed to 12 h light–dark cycles of complete darkness, 0 µmol/m²/s throughout the 12 h dark cycle and, during periods I (days 1–8) and III (days 19–26), the 12 h light cycles were set at 10 µmol/m²/s. During period II (days 10–17), abalone were exposed to a light level during the 12 h light cycles of 1 × 10⁻⁵, 1 × 10⁻⁶, 1 × 10⁻⁷ or 1 × 10⁻⁸ µmol/m²/s and the changes in locomotor activity assessed. At daytime levels of 1 × 10⁻⁵ µmol/m²/s, typical behavioral patterns were observed of high locomotory activity during the night-time cycle. However, at lower light intensities, the distinction between day and night activity patterns became less clear and, at intensities lower than 1 × 10⁻⁷ µmol/m²/s, the difference between activity during the light and dark cycles became negligible. Based on this, we conclude that the threshold of light level perception in relation to locomotor activity is approximately 1 × 10⁻⁷ µmol/m²/s. The significance of these results in relation to the entrainment of behavior in abalone is discussed.     

Molecular identification of interspecific hybrids between Haliotis discus hannai Ino and Haliotis gigantea Gmelin using amplified fragment‐length polymorphism and microsatellite markers

Interspecific hybrids between Haliotis discus hannai Ino and Haliotis gigantea Gmelin were produced in this study. The hybridity of the interspecific hybrids was confirmed by using the methods of amplified fragment‐length polymorphism (AFLP) and microsatellite [simple sequence repeats (SSR)] markers. Five AFLP primer combinations were used to develop the AFLP profiles of H. discus hannai, H. gigantea and their reciprocal hybrids. AFLP analysis revealed that genetic variations of H. discus hannai and H. gigantea were relatively diverse and each species holds species‐specific bands. The AFLP profiles of reciprocal hybrids showed that all of the hybrids inherited bands specific to H. discus hannai and H. gigantea. Of a total of 20 microsatellite loci, which were selected from H. discus hannai microsatellite markers evaluated, eight loci were polymorphic in H. gigantea samples, with an average of 3.375 alleles per locus. Preliminary screening showed that, two of these eight microsatellite loci (Awb002 and Awb022) could be used as species‐specific markers to distinguish the hybrids and their parental species. Simple sequence repeats analysis showed that the reciprocal hybrids inherited one allele from each parent for both of the two SSR loci investigated. These data strongly suggest that the induced interspecific hybrid is a true hybrid between H. discus hannai and H. gigantea.     

不同方式加工海带投喂盘鲍幼鲍生长速度比较

将初始壳长1.890.20cm的盘鲍幼鲍随机分配到3个试验组,每组50只,每个试验组各设4个平行组。第1组:投喂盐渍海带;第2组:投喂煮沸海带;第3组(对照组):投喂晒干海带。试验用鲍在同一口水泥池中饲养50d,投喂足量饵料。投喂盐渍海带盘鲍幼鲍的日均壳长增长(P<0.001)及平体重增长率(P<0.05)均明显高于对照组,但投喂煮沸海带盘鲍幼鲍的日均壳长增(P>0.05)及平均体重增长率(P>0.05)与对照组无明显差异。     

皱纹盘鲍眼部组织的显微及亚显微结构观察

采用组织学和电镜的方法,对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai Ino)的眼部组织进行了光镜和电镜观察,以期为进一步从分子生物学角度解析鲍对光照的生理响应机制提供组织学与细胞学基础。结果发现,眼部组织由外至内依次为视网膜色素上皮细胞层、外核层、光感受器内节、内核层、黑色素颗粒沉积层、视觉纤维层。组织表面布满乳头状突起,每一乳状突起的顶端均具有一簇或两簇纤毛环。疏松结缔组织和平滑肌纤维等是组织内的主要成分,结缔组织间分布的胶原纤维等对保持细胞的弹性和韧性具有重要的作用。研究结果显示了鲍的眼部组织在感受和辨识外界光环境因子中的重要作用,也为鲍养殖生产中的光环境因子优化和调控、深入探讨鲍对光照的生理应答机制提供了形态学依据。