非免疫鸡血清中鸡新城疫病毒抗体的测定

对重庆市荣昌县6个乡镇的41个散养养鸡户,按常规方法采取并分离未经鸡新城疫疫苗免疫的1264份成年鸡血清,采用微量法进行红细胞凝集（HA）试验和红细胞凝集抑制（HI）试验检测鸡新城疫病毒抗体的滴度。其结果表明：鸡新城疫阳性率为8．73％,可疑率为4．76％,阴性率为86．51％,从而证明该地区新城疫病毒感染较严重。     

单抗夹心ELISA法检测鸡传染性支气管炎病毒的研究

利用常规法建立分泌抗鸡传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）的单抗细胞株，选其中特异性强、稳定性好、分泌抗体效价高的两株单抗２（１）和２（４），用于建立单抗夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测ＩＢＶ，该方法仅与ＩＢＶ，呈阳性反应，而与鸡新城疫病毒、鸡传染性法氏囊炎病毒、禽腺病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎、鸡支原体等病原体均呈阴性反应。１４日龄ＳＰＦ鸡接种ＩＢＶ后，用本方法对其两周内的口腔棉拭样品进行跟踪检测，结果检出率为８０％。将     

用双抗体夹心ELISA法检测鸡病毒性关节炎病毒的研究

应用鸡病毒性关节炎病毒Ｕ．ＣｏｎｎＳ１１３３株，建立了检测鸡病毒性关节炎病毒抗原的双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法。用该法检测三组接毒鸡的关节液，接毒后３天即可检出阳性，阳性率为５８．３％；发病严重的４～１１天阳性检出率达９５７％，１４天阳性率为５０％；１７天阳性率为３１．３％；２０天以后则全部为阴性。用该法对大肠杆菌（Ｅ．ＣｏＬｉ）、葡萄球菌（Ｓｔａｐｈｙｌｏｃｏｃｃｕｓ）、败血支原体（ＭＧ）、滑膜支原体（ＭＳ）、新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）、传染性支气管炎病毒（ＩＢＶ）、传染性脑脊髓炎病毒（ＡＥＶ）进行检测，结果均为阴性。试验表明，我们建立的双抗体夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ法，能早期、特异、敏感地检出鸡病毒性关节炎病毒抗原，从而解决了对该病早期诊断及类症鉴别带来的困难。     

鸡新城疫减蛋综合征异源二联灭活油苗的研究

鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）病毒和减蛋综合征（ＥＤＳ－７６）病毒混合种接种在１２—１４日龄鹅胚上，在接种后１２０小时收获尿囊液，用０．４％甲醛溶液３７℃２４小时灭活，加入１０号白油，制成鸡新城疫减蛋综合征异源二联苗，经２０余万只鸡试用表明，该苗能有效地控制ＮＤ和ＥＤＳ－７６的发生     

Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒RT-PCR检测方法的建立

根据获得的Ⅰ型鸭病毒性肝炎病毒（DHVⅠ）RNA聚合酶基因序列，应用Primer Premier5．0软件设计了1对引物，建立了检测DHVⅠ的RT-PCR方法。该法能从DHVⅠ中扩增到440bp的条带，而对正常鸭胚尿囊液、健康鸭肝、鸭瘟病毒、番鸭细小病毒、鹅细小病毒、雏鹅新型病毒性肠炎病毒、禽流感病毒（H5N2亚型）、鸭病毒性肿头出血症病毒、鸭源多杀性巴氏杆菌（5：A）的扩增结果均为阴性。该法最低可以检测到30pg的DHV工核酸模板。RT-PCR对DHVⅠ强毒CHv-1株人工感染发病死亡鸭肝的检测结果与病毒分离和Dot—ELISA检测结果的阳性检出率均为100％，对脾、肺、脑病料的检出率显著（P≤0．01）高于病毒分离和Dot-ELISA。RT-PCR、病毒分离和Dot—ELSA对1987～2005年采集且保存于-20℃的经病毒分离已确诊为鸭肝炎的临床送检肝病料的检出率分别为100％（19／19）、36．84％（7／19）和57．98％（11／19），对2000-2005年采集且于-20℃保存的来源于中国18个省份发病鸭群的48份肝病料的检出率分别为100％（48／48）、56．25％（27／48）和75．00％（36／48）。结果表明，建立的RT—PCR方法具有良好的特异性和敏感性，可用于DHVⅠ的分离鉴定、临床病料的检测和分子流行病学调查。     

ELISA法与HI法检测鸡新城疫抗体的比较及ELISA阴,阳性临界点对 …

应用商品化酶联免疫吸附试验（ＥＬＩＳＡ）试剂盒和血球凝集抑制（ＨＩ）试验同时测定１８７份常规鸡新城疫（ＮＤ）抗体血样。结果显示，二种方法的抗体效价呈显著相关，其相关系数为０．８３。在此基础上，以ＨＩ法为标准方法对ＥＬＩＳＡ的临床检测结果进行了分析。ＨＩ法的测定结果表明，该试验群的抗体阳性率为５４．５％。按试剂盒提供的阴、阳性临界点判定结果，ＥＬＩＳＡ的相对灵敏度为９７．１％，相对特异性为６１．２％     

冻干细胞检验鸡新城疫血清抗体的试验

冻干（醛化）红细胞和新鲜红细胞与同一份鸡血清分别做鸡新城疫（ND）的血凝（HA）和血凝抑制（HI）试验，二者血凝抑制价基本符合率达98．72％，相关系数为0．9288，冻干红细胞完全可以代替新鲜红细胞做血凝抑制试验检测鸡新城疫抗体效价。     

猪流行性腹泻病毒、传染性胃肠炎病毒、A群轮状病毒和嵴病毒多重RTPCR检测方法的建立及临床应用

本研究建立了可同时检测猪流行性腹泻病毒（Porcineepidemicdiarrheavirus,PEDV）、传染性胃肠炎病毒（TransmissiblegastroenteritisVirus,TGEV）、A群轮状病毒（GroupArotavirus,GARV）和猪嵴病毒（Porcinekobu—virus）的多重RT—PCR方法。检测中,建立的多重RT—PCR方法能够检测到500Pg的TGEV、PEDV、GARV和猪嵴病毒等量混合RNA模板,与常规的单一RT—PCR检测结果基本相同（检测TGEV、PEDV、GARV和猪嵴病毒的灵敏性分别为1000A、1000／6、93．33％和96．67％,特异性均为i00％）。结果表明,建立的多重RTPCR方法敏感性和特异性良好,可作为临床上猪病毒性腹泻病因快速、高效的诊断工具。应用该方法对2010—2012年华中地区190份腹泻仔猪样本进行检测,PEDV、TGEV、GARV和猪嵴病毒的阳性率分别为62．11％、0．53％、7．37％和82．11％。混合感染方面,PEDV和猪嵴病毒混合感染率为47．89％,PEDV和GARV混合感染率为4．74％,GARV和猪嵴病毒混合感染率为7．37％,PEDV、GARV和猪嵴病毒混合感染率为4．74％,未发现TGEV与其它3种病毒的混合感染情况。另外,有27份样本中仅检出PEDV（14．21％）,57份样本只检出猪嵴病毒（30％）。分析表明,我国自2010年底大面积暴发的病毒性腹泻是多病原混合感染造成的,主要病原为PEDV,猪嵴病毒在其中所起作用尚待进一步验证和研究。     

检测伪狂犬病病毒双抗体夹心间接ELISA方法的建立与应用

以猪伪狂犬病病毒（PrV）Ea株特异性单克隆抗体576株为捕获抗体，纯化的抗PrV IgG为检测抗体，建立了检测PrV抗原的双抗体夹心ELISA方法。最佳反应条件为，单克隆抗体576株的包被浓度为12．2μg／mL，IgG的工作浓度为16．0μg／mL，对PrV的检测灵敏度达15．6ng（0．156μg／mL），与乙型脑炎病毒（JEV）、猪瘟病毒（HCV）、猪繁殖与呼吸障碍综合征病毒（PRRSV）、猪细小病毒（PPV）和猪流感病毒（SIV）等无交叉反应。批间和批内变异系数较小，分别为6．39％和4．1％。应用本方法对人工感染PrV的40日龄仔猪组织进行检测，肺和脑PrV抗原检出率最高，其次是脾、心、肝和肌肉。应用该方法和PrV对159份临床样本进行平行检测，发现二者的符合率可达到77．4％，比PCR敏感。实验结果表明：双抗体夹心间接ELISA方法具有敏感性高、特异性强和重复性好的特点，可广泛应用于动物组织中PrV的检测。     

一次性电流型酶免疫传感技术快速检测禽流感病毒抗原

为研究快速检测禽流感病毒（AIV）抗原的电化学免疫传感新技术,将HRP标记AIV抗体（HRP-anti-AIV）掺于壳聚糖中,并修饰于丝网印刷碳电极表面,制备一次性快速检测禽流感病毒抗原（AIV-Ag）电化学免疫传感器。采用一步法检测AIV-Ag和循环伏安法监测酶促反应,利用还原电流的降低率来测定样品中的AIV-Ag。在优化的免疫反应条件及电化学检测条件下,免疫电极线性检测范围为3．75～125ng／mL,检出限为0．56ng／mL（S／N=3）。该免疫传感技术具有较好的特异性、重现性（RSD〈7．10％）、稳定性（2周后电流响应为初始值的91．46％）和准确性（与ELISA符合率为91．18％）。另外,将四通道丝网印刷碳电极用于禽流感免疫传感器的制备,结果表明免疫电极的一致性有较好的改进。因此,该免疫传感技术有望用于AIV—Ag的快速检测。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

A brief history of the prevention of infectious diseases by immunisations

Infectious diseases have always been a terrible scourge for humans. The appearance of these plagues, as they were called without distinction, was generally connected to various conditions: asters, climatic changes or religious reasons. The concept of contagious, and then infectious, diseases came slowly. Variolation, i.e. transmission of ‘virulent’ matter to induce a natural disease and the immunity against it, was brought from Constantinople to England by Lady Montague, in 1721. This ‘variolation’ technique was also often performed in veterinary medicine against diseases like sheep-pox or pleuropneumonia. As ‘vaccination’ is the term generally accepted for ‘immunisation’, variolation can be the word designating such a technique. The second period of the history of immunisation began, in 1880, with the studies of Pasteur and his collaborators. A great number of bacterial vaccines were developed: dead, live but attenuated or only parts of pathogens. The viruses were produced in animals, then in eggs and at last, in tissue cultures. Second generation vaccines appeared with genetic engineering: recombinant vaccines, vector vaccines, nucleic acids vaccines, and markers vaccines, among others. These novel technologies can permit the development of new ones and improve the quality of the vaccines already existing.