不同硅制剂水培处理对小麦白粉病的作用效果及其机理的初步研究

 The effect of silica nano-particles, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and sodium silicate in solution culture on wheat powdery mildew and its action mechanism to pathogen attack were studied. The results showed that wheat seedlings cultured in nutrient solution with silicon compounds alleviated wheat powdery mil-dew, the control efficacies of TEOS and sodium silicate treatments were 54.08% and 51.36%, respectively, but that of silica nano-particles treatment was only 1.02%. Scanning electron micrograph and X-ray energy dispersive analysis (SEM-EDX) showed that wheat leaves cultured in nutrient solution with TEOS and sodium silicate had more silicon deposition than that of silica nano-particles. It indicated that wheat possessed the equal good imbibe ability to TEOS and sodium silicate, but poor to silicate nano-particles. When wheat leaves were infected with Blumeria graminis f. sp tritici, silicon might has a physical prohibition effect to pathogen spore penetration.     

2008年我国部分麦区小麦白粉病菌群体对温度的敏感性

 The sensitivity of 113 isolates of wheat powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) sampled from 6 provinces or cities in 2008 to temperature was tested by detached leaf segment method with setting up 5 different temperatures indoor. The results showed the mean ET₅₀ (which represents the temperature that is required to obtain 50% of the maximum effect) of all isolates tested was 23.02℃. ET₅₀ values of 17.70% isolates were more than 24℃. The highest and the lowest ET₅₀ of isolates were 25.22℃ and 19.42℃, respectively. There were a certain differences for isolates sensitivity to temperature among different provinces or cites. It was also found that when temperature increased during 22-26℃, the latent period of isolates prolonged, and the latent period of different isolates was different at the same temperature, too. These results will provide a reference for the oversummering division of wheat powdery mildew, as well as the effect of climate to the disease.     

小麦抗白粉病基因Pm6的微卫星标记鉴定

 Wheat powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a prevalent disease worldwide. Breeding and planting resistance cultivars have been proved effective and environmental friendly for control of the disease. To develop easily used PCR-based markers in marker assisted selection (MAS) for Pm6, a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene in wheat, 25 microsatellite markers on chromosome 2BL in wheat were screened between susceptible parent Yumai13 and resistance parent Timgalen carrying Pm6. F₂ population derived from Yumai13 and Timgalen was further analyzed by the marker Xgwm501. The results indicated that Xgwm501 was a co-dominant marker linked to Pm6 gene at a distance of 14.8 cM. 29 Pm-carrying varieties were tested by the marker Xgwm501 and only those carrying Pm6 showed 117 bp resistance specific band. This marker is proved to have high practicability and can be used in MAS of Pm6 gene in wheat breeding programs.     

一个二粒小麦LRR类受体蛋白激酶基因的克隆和鉴定

 Near the HMW-glutenin gene of wheat (Triticum aestivum), there is a locus (temporarily named TaXa) encoding LRR-receptor-like protein kinase, which is homologous to disease resistance protein Xa21 of rice (Oryza sativa). Through RT-PCR approach, a cDNA clone of ZS2002 was isolated from the orthologous locus of TaXa in Triticum turgidum. ZS2002 was 3 081 bp long and encoding a peptide composed of 1 026 amino acid. The protein included N-terminal conserved sequence, LRR domains, a transmembrane region and a serine/threonine protein kinase domain. ZS2002 was expressed in root, stem, leaf and spike. The transcribing in seedling leaves was significantly enhanced by Blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici. TaXa gene might play a role in powdery mildew resistance reaction in Triticum.     

小麦-滨麦易位系M8657-1抗条锈病基因遗传分析和分子标记

 M8657-1, one of the wheat translocation lines derived from Leymus mollis Trin. Hara, is possessed of effective resistance at all stages to Su-ll and other dominant races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in China. Seedlings of the parents, F₁, and F₂ progeny derived from the cross of M8657-1 (resistant) Mingxian169 (susceptible) were inoculated with Su-ll in greenhouse to identify and map the probable new stripe rust resistance gene. The results suggested that the stripe rust resistance in M8657-1 was conferred by a pair of recessive genes. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) technique was used to detect molecular marker associated with the resistance gene:208 pairs of wheat SSR primers were used to screen the two parents, as well as resistant and susceptible bulks and then three SSR markers were selected for genotyping the F₂ population. The geue, temporarily designated as YrLml, was found to be located on the chromosome 7DL and flanked by three SSR markers GDM67, WMC150 and WMC671, with the genetic distance of 5.0, 9.7 and 11.8cM, respectively.     

分子标记辅助选择小麦抗白粉病兼抗赤霉病聚合体

 Sumai 3, a wheat variety resistant to Fusarium head blight(FHB), was crossed with Neimai 9, a commercial wheat cultivar with the resistance to powdery mildew.The SCAR(sequence characterized amplified region) markers of powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 and four SSR(simple sequence repeats)markers flanking the major FHB resistance QTL(Qfhs.ndsu-3BS) in Sumai 3 were used to detect the resistance loci by marker assisted selection(MAS) in the plants of the F₂ population.Identification of resistance to both powdery mildew and FHB in field showed that 12 plants resistant to both diseases were obtained.In addition, the agronomic traits of these plants were better than those of Sumai 3, and are perhaps the excellent parental materials for wheat breeding.     

小麦蓝矮病植原体转运蛋白secY基因片段序列分析

 Wheat blue dwarf(WBD) is a disease caused by phytoplasma and only reported from China. A fragment about 1.3 kb in protein translocation gene, secY was amplified by PCR from the total DNA of di-seased wheat sample with primer pair secYF/secYR, which was designed based on secY gene sequence of known 16SrI group members. Nucleotide acid sequence analysis of amplified fragment indicated that the length was 1 240 bp. A phylogenetic tree based on secY gene sequences was constructed and showed that wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma was clustered into the Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris, subgroup 16SrI-C. Wheat blue dwarf phytoplasma showed high homology with clover phyllody phytoplasma strains based on sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis.     

土壤中烟草根黑腐病菌的实时定量PCR检测技术研究

 Thielaviopsis basicola is a soil-borne plant pathogen which causes root rot disease in tobacco plants. Detection and monitoring of T. basicolain soil is of great significance to control this disease. Based on the differences in internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of T. basicola and other fungal pathogens, a specific primer pair Tb1/Tb2 for T. basicolawas developed. The results showed that the primer pair gave a single amplicon of 330 bp from T. basicola and revealed no undesirable cross-reaction with other seven soil-borne pathogen isolates and three tobacco rhizosphere dominant fungi isolates. With a series of 10-fold genomic DNA dilutions of T. basicola, the detection limit of 1 pg/μL in conventional PCRand100 fg/μL in real-time quantitative PCR was achieved. With DNA from the soil inoculated with different numbers of T. basicola conidia, the detection limit was 10 conidia per reaction in conventional PCR and 0.4 conidia per reaction in real-time quantitative PCR.     

苹果轮纹病菌诱导产孢方法

 In order to get a great quantity of spores of Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. piricola, several methods to promote sporulation of the pathogen were compared. The results showed that the wounded young apple fruits within 60-day old was inoculated with mycelia of B. berengeriana f. sp. piricola and induced under the 365 nm-UV-light; when the brown lesion was shown, the young apple began to form pycnidia on the lesion around the inoculation point after 3-5 days irradiation with UV-light and extruded plenty of conidia. This method induced great more conidia than that of irradiating wounded mycelia with UV-light. However, mature apple seldom produced conidia when induced with the same method.     

普通小麦-华山新麦草易位系H9020-1-6-8-3抗条锈病基因的遗传分析和SSR标记

 It have proved that wheat translocation line H9020-1-6-8-3 derived from Psathyrostachys huashanica Keng is an important resistant resource to stripe rust.To confirm the existence of resistant genes,it was crossed with susceptible cultivar MingXian 169 as male and female parent,respectively.Seedlings of parents and F₂ progeny were tested for resistance to selected CY29 of races of Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici from China.H9020-1-6-8-3 had one dominant resistant gene which temporarily named YrHs,whatever it was male or female parent.By using BSA method,two markers,Xgwm261 and Xgwm455 located on 2DL were found.The distance to YrHs were 4.3 and 5.8 cM respectively.The result could be used in molecular-assisted breeding.     

2002年部分麦区小麦白粉病菌对三唑酮的抗药性监测及苯氧菌酯敏感基线的建立

 采用拌种离体叶段法测定了2002年采自北京、江苏、山东、山西、河北、新疆和四川7省市部分麦区的109个小麦白粉病菌菌株对三唑酮和苯氧菌酯的敏感性,结果表明小麦白粉病菌群体对三唑酮敏感性EC₅₀平均值是63.70 μg/mL,平均抗性水平为30.48倍,最高抗性水平达142.97倍。其中江苏、山东、四川三地的菌株抗药性水平明显高于河北、北京、山西和新疆。同时测得病菌群体对苯氧菌酯的敏感基线EC₅₀值为85.82μg/mL,且白粉病菌对甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂苯氧菌酯和三唑类杀菌剂三唑酮之间无交互抗性。该结果可为这两类杀菌剂在生产上的合理应用和抗药性治理提供依据。     

2012年部分麦区小麦白粉菌群体对三唑酮敏感性及其与毒性的关系

 抗病品种和化学防治是控制植物病害最有效的两种措施,病原菌在长期选择压下可改变其群体结构,以逐步适应品种抗性和杀菌剂压力。本研究采用拌种离体叶段法对 2012年采自我国9个省(市)的129个小麦白粉病菌Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici单孢堆分离物进行了三唑酮敏感性检测,同时采用31个已知抗病基因品种(系)对其进行苗期毒性测定,并对二者之间的相关性进行分析结果表明:129个供试菌株对三唑酮的EC₅₀为 109.97 mg/L,平均抗药性水平达到52.62倍,变异系数为 107.2。所有供试菌株中,99.22% 的菌株产生了抗药性,其中高抗菌株占58.91%,中抗菌株占37.98%。北京菌株的抗药性水平明显高于其他8个省市。利用Popgen1.32软件对9个省(市)小麦白粉病菌群体的毒性多样性分析结果表明,四川群体毒性基因多样性水平最高,Nei基因多样性H值为0.224 1,浙江群体最低,H值为0.096 8。小麦白粉菌群体对三唑酮的敏感性和毒性的相关性分析表明,EC₅₀或EC₅₀变异系数与毒性多样性之间均不存在显著的相关性,但EC₅₀与毒性基因数目之间的关系符合对数方程。此结果可为杀菌剂和抗性品种的合理利用提供依据。     

利用AFLP分子标记和无毒基因构建小麦白粉菌遗传连锁图谱

 本研究以具有8个无毒基因差异的2个小麦白粉菌亲本菌株CPW-1和E17进行杂交,获得97个后代菌株。以此为材料,利用AFLP分子标记的方法,对小麦白粉菌亲本及其杂交后代群体进行多态性分析,应用MAPMAKER/EXP(3.0b)并结合MapDrawV2.1软件构建小麦白粉菌的遗传连锁图谱。该图谱有10个连锁群,含117个标记位点(5个无毒基因位点和112个AFLP位点),总长1425.1cM。此图谱为首个在小麦白粉菌中构建的具有117个位点的遗传连锁图谱,而且首次获得了与无毒基因紧密连锁的AFLP分子标记位点。这些工作为无毒基因的定位和克隆、为全面进行小麦白粉菌的遗传学研究奠定了基础。     

2008年我国主要麦区白粉菌群体对三唑酮和喹氧灵的敏感性监测

采用拌种离体叶段法对我国6个省(市)分离的小麦白粉菌108个和104个单孢堆菌株分别对三唑酮和喹氧灵的敏感性进行了测定,并对两者之间的交互抗性进行分析。结果表明,供试菌株对三唑酮的平均EC50为94.34mg/L,平均抗性水平达45.14倍,有97.25%菌株产生了抗性,其中高抗菌株(抗性水平40)占35.19%,中抗菌株占55.56%。河北菌株的抗性水平明显高于其他五省。小麦白粉病菌群体对喹氧灵的敏感基线为0.0059mg/L,且与三唑酮无交互抗性。此研究信息可为小麦白粉病抗药性持续治理措施的制定以及杀菌剂生产和使用策略提供依据。     

小麦白粉菌的联合致病性分析

 根据传统应用的生理小种研究方法存在着因鉴别品数的不同及其数目的改变而引起小种命名的混乱;同小种不同菌株致病性不同及有限的鉴别寄主不能及时区分出危险性小种等问题,本文改用病菌群体对品种的毒力频率和联合致病性方法,用河南各地的90个小麦白粉菌株分别接种9个已知抗性基因的品系和8个推广或区试品种所得到的侵染型资料,分别计算菌株群体对各对品种的联合致病性系数和联合毒性系数.结果表明本省小麦白粉菌群体中的V₁和V₃c、V₁和V₅及V₃b和V₃C等毒性基因是联合的;花培28和周80—48及周80—48和郑州831等品种组合搭配种植可有效地控制小麦白粉病.因此这套方法对生产和抗病育种的作用是直接的.文中提出应根据研究对象和研究目的不同,选择适当的研究方法,以提高病原物致病性研究结果的有用性.     

小麦白粉病菌侵染机率的研究

 在感病的小麦品种上影响白粉病菌(Ery siphe graminis f.sp.tritici)侵染机率变化的主要因素是平均温度(T)和平均相对湿度(RH)。平均温度与侵染机率的关系符合ŷ=X/(a+bX+cX²)的二次抛物线函数关系,最适温度范围在5.15-10℃之间。平均相对湿度与侵染机率的关系一般符合直线关系,最适湿度范围在81.15-97.0%之间。通经分析表明,平均相对湿度较平均温度对白粉病菌侵染机率的直接影响更大。     

青海东部小麦条锈菌转主寄主小檗资源调查与鉴定

 青海省是中国小麦条锈病的重要流行区。研究证实小檗是小麦条锈菌的转主寄主。然而,关于青海省分布的小檗能否作为小麦条锈菌转主寄主鲜有报道。本研究对青海东部的小檗资源进行调查,并对该地区小檗能否作为小麦条锈菌转主寄主进行了室内人工鉴定。结果表明:有10种小檗在青海东部常见且分布广泛,其中匙叶小檗、置疑小檗、松潘小檗、甘肃小檗和近似小檗,是小麦条锈菌的转主寄主小檗的新种类。本研究对进一步研究青海东部条锈菌有性生殖与毒性变异和小麦条锈病的流行奠定了基础。     

小麦白粉菌群体的毒性基因研究

 1987-1989年间,自四川收集的85个小麦白粉菌株接种在11个已知抗白粉病单基因小麦品种及近等基因系上。试验结果表明:v1,v3b,v3c,v5毒性基因频率很高,达90%以上,次为v3a,v7,v8(88.2-65.9%),v2,v6分别为42.4%和37.6%,v4a,v4b频率最低(15%以下),毒性基因组合中,以v2+v6,v2+v4a,v2+v4b,V4b+v6,v4a+v8的出现极少,表示含有相对应抗性基因组合的品种是高度抗病的。供试的四川小麦白粉菌株,多数均具有7-8个已知毒性基因,毒谱较广。这给该地区小麦抗白粉病育种工作增加了难度。     

小麦条锈菌转主寄主小檗(Berberis germanensis)的人工接种鉴定

正条形柄锈菌小麦专化型(Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici),简称小麦条锈菌,是引起小麦条锈病(wheat stripe rust or yellow rust)的病原菌。近年通过人工室内接种证实小檗(Berberis spp.)是小麦条锈菌的转主寄主~([1]),由此揭示了小麦条锈菌是具有性、锈、夏、冬和担孢子5种孢子类型的全孢     

白粉菌侵染后田间小麦叶绿素含量与冠层光谱反射率的关系

 本文对白粉菌侵染后田间小麦叶片叶绿素含量与光谱反射率的关系进行了研究。用不同浓度的药液控制田间病害的发生梯度,于灌浆期对不同严重度小麦冠层的光谱反射率进行了测量,同时测定小麦叶绿素含量并调查病情指数,分析叶绿素含量与病情指数、冠层光谱反射率的关系。结果表明,药剂对叶绿素含量无显著影响;受白粉病危害后,小麦叶片叶绿素含量明显降低,抗性不同的品种之间下降速度存在差异,与病情指数之间也有极显著的相关性。绿光波段与叶绿素含量之间的相关性达到了显著水平;基于多波段建立的模型要优于单波段,可以利用绿光、红光波段的反射率估计叶绿素含量。红边参数与叶绿素含量之间也有较好的相关性,其中以红边面积的相关系数最大。