鸽新城疫病毒的分离鉴定

用SPF鸡胚从疑似鸽新城疫的信鸽饲养场分离到一株新城疫病毒。分离株利用电镜负染技术观察到典型的新城疫病毒粒子。生物学试验表明,该株病毒具有较强的毒力,最小致死量鸡胚平均致死时间（MDT）为68.4小时,1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数（ICPI）为1.375,6周龄雏鸡静脉接种致病指数（IVPI）为1.34,在鸡胚成纤维细胞上能引起细胞病变。动物回归试验证明,分离株能致2月龄鸽死亡。     

两株新疆新城疫强毒株的分离与鉴定

从新疆乌鲁木齐市郊区疑似新城疫的发病鸡场采集了2份病料,处理后接种鸡胚和非免疫鸡分离鉴定病毒,同时检测病毒血凝特性,观察病毒形态并测定病毒致病力。试验结果表明,分离株均能致死鸡胚,非免疫鸡出现典型的鸡新城疫病病理变化;分离毒株均有血凝特性,而且可被新城疫阳性血清所抑制;病毒形态结构与鸡新城疫病毒一致;EID50分别为10-8.0/0.1mL、10-8.6/0.1mL,MDT分别为57.6h、52.8h,ICPI分别为1.875、1.925,IVPI分别为2.39、2.82,均有很强的致病力,符合NDV强毒株的毒力标准。所有结果显示,以上2个分离株均为新城疫强毒力毒株。病毒免疫原性结果显示,2株病毒均有有良好的免疫原性,同源保护率分别为90%、80%。     

1株鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒的分离与鉴定

本试验采集病死鸽临床样品,用SPF鸡胚接种传代分离病毒后,通过血凝（HA）与血凝抑制（HI）试验、RT-PCR及F基因部分片段测序与分析对分离株进行鉴定,并通过测定鸡胚平均死亡时间（MDT）、1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数（ICPI）和动物回归试验评估分离株的毒力和致病性。结果表明,从病鸽组织病料中分离获得1株鸽Ⅰ型副黏病毒（PPMV-1）,命名为GXP120012。分离株GXP120012的F基因裂解位点112－117位的氨基酸组成为R-R-Q-K-R-F,符合强毒株特征;GXP120012与PPMV-1参考毒株pi/CH/LLN/110713的核苷酸序列同源性高达98.9%,并处于同一遗传分支,基因型为Ⅵ型。该分离株的MDT为102 h,ICPI为0。动物回归试验发现,分离株GXP120012对鸽具有较强的致病性,而对鸡没有致病力。本试验结果为今后鸽新城疫的分子流行病学研究和疾病防控提供理论依据。     

Isolation and Identification of One Strain of Pigeon Paramyxovirus SerotypeⅠ

A pigeon paramyxovirus serotypeⅠ(PPMV-1) isolate was recovered from samples collected from dead pigeons and initial isolation of the virus was performed in 9-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicken embryos.The isolate was identified by the hemagglutination (HA) test,hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) assays,RT-PCR,sequencing and analysis of partial of F gene of the virus.The virulence and pathogenicity of the isolate were determined by mean death time (MDT),intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in 1-day-old chicks and animal regression experiment.The results indicated that one PPMV-1 was isolated from dead pigeon and named as GXP120012.The F gene sequence analysis of PPMV-1 GXP120012 strain showed that the cleavage sites of the virus was ¹¹²R-R-Q-K-R-F¹¹⁷ motif in accordance with characteristic of velogenic strains;The nucleotide sequence homologies of F gene between strain GXP120012 and PPMV-1 reference strain pi/CH/LLN/110713 were high and reached 98.9%.They located the same branch on phylogenetic tree and fell into genotype Ⅵ.The MDT and ICPI values of isolate were 102 h and 0,respectively.The results of animal regression experiment showed that GXP120012 isolate was virulent for pigeons and avirulent for chickens.The present study provided useful material and theoretical basis for the study of molecular epidemiology and prevention and control of Newcastle disease in pigeon in future.     

Pathogenic properties of Newcastle disease virus isolates in the Sudan.

Six Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from disease outbreaks on different poultry farms in the Sudan between 1988 and 1991. The pathogenic properties of these isolates were studied in comparison to those of strain Herts 33/56. All the isolates were similar in that they killed chicken embryos quickly, in mean death time (MDT) and embryo lethal dose 50 per cent (ELD50), had higher intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPI), and produced viscerotropic lesions in the infected chickens. The field isolates had the characteristics of the velogenic viscerotopic strains of NDV. The pathogenesis of infection caused by one of the isolates was studied. The virus was first detected in different organs and in oral and cloacal swabs on the third day after infection.     

Pathogenicity and cross-protection of pigeon paramyxovirus-1 and Newcastle disease virus in young chickens

Avian paramyxovirus-1 (PMV-1) isolates from Delaware racing pigeons were compared with Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in pathogenicity and cross-protection studies in young chickens. The pathogenicity of pigeon PMV-1 isolates was more closely related to mesogenic (Roakin) NDV than to lentogenic (La Sota) or velogenic (Texas GB) NDV strains. Pigeon PMV-1 produced 100% mortality in 1-day-old NDV-susceptible chickens following intratracheal and intracerebral inoculation. Laboratory tests often used in conjunction with chicken pathogenicity procedures for patho-typing NDV gave conflicting results. Pigeon PMV-1 isolates produced large clear plaques (up to 3.5 mm) in chicken-embryo-fibroblast cultures. Chicken embryo mean death times were considerably greater for pigeon PMV-1 (88 and 109 hr) than for Roakin (66 hr) and Texas GB (48 hr). B1 strain NDV and pigeon PMV-1 produced complete cross-protection in challenge studies in chickens. Extensive cross-reaction between pigeon PMV-1 and NDV occurred in hemagglutination-inhibition tests using polyclonal antisera. However, pigeon PMV-1 and NDV were readily distinguishable using a NDV monoclonal antibody, 2F12.     

Characterization of pigeon-origin Newcastle disease virus isolated in China

Fourteen pigeon-origin Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates were obtained from sick pigeons in China between 1996 and 2005. The mean death time (MDT) of embryonated eggs and the intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPI) were tested to determine the virulence of the field isolates. The result indicated that most isolates were proved to be mesogenic (MDT 60-90 hr and ICPI > 1.2). The main function regions of F protein gene of the isolates were amplified and sequenced for phylogenetic and residue substitutive analysis. The fusion protein cleavage site sequences of most isolates had multiple basic amino acids R/KRQKRF at positions 112-116 and a phenyl alanine at position 117, characteristic of velogenic isolates. In the phylogenetic tree, the majority of the isolates were clustered into a single genetic lineage, termed genotype VIb, and were typical pigeon paramyxovirus type 1, whereas a small number of recent isolates (three strains) were grouped into genotype VIId, a predominant genotype responsible for most Newcastle disease outbreaks in chickens and geese since the end of last century. One isolate, PK9901, was proved to be a lentogenic strain, of genotype II NDV, to which the vaccine strain La Sota belongs.     

新城疫病毒山东强毒株的分离鉴定

从山东流行烈性传染病的鸡群中分离出7株具有血凝活性的病毒，该7株病毒的血凝活性均能被新城疫La Sota株标准阳性血清所抑制，但病毒不能被中和，仍能致死鸡胚。经分离鉴定，分离毒均为新成疫病毒株。通过鸡胚半致死量（ELD50）、最小致死量致鸡胚的平均时间（MDT）、1日龄雏鸡脑内致死指数（ICPI）、6周龄雏鸡静脉致死指数（IVPI）、血凝解脱及血凝素稳定性等试验表明：7株分离病毒均为新城疫病毒强毒性，其毒力与标准强毒株F48E9株相似。     

鸡新城疫地方强毒株的分离与毒力鉴定

在河北保定地区疑似新城疫的鸡群中,分离到两株具有血凝性的病毒,与多种阳性血清进行血凝抑制试验,确定两株分离株均为新城疫病毒。对两株病毒的毒力进行了鉴定,测定鸡胚最小致死量平均死亡时间(MDT)分别为52h和54h;1日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数(ICPI)分别为1.93和1.86;6周龄鸡静脉内接种致病指数(IVPI)分别为2.92和2.72。结果表明:这两株分离株均为新城疫强毒株。     

Characterization of a velogenic Newcastle disease virus isolated from broilers in Saudi Arabia

A highly virulent Newcastle disease virus (SA84) was isolated from a large broiler operation in Saudi Arabia. The mean death time of chicken embryos given the minimum lethal dose, the pathogenicity of the isolate for 8-week-old chickens, the plaque characteristics, and the intracerebral pathogenicity index indicated that the isolate is of the viscerotropic velogenic pathotype.     

鸽新城疫病毒的分离及鸽群自然感染状况的调查

将在北京某信鸽群采集的两只具神经症状的病鸽脑组织悬液接种ＳＰＦ鸡胚后，分离出二株病毒分离物ＰＢ９６０１和ＰＢ９６０２，通过对鸡红血球的血球凝集试验，用已知鸡新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）高免血清任务在球凝集抑制试验（ＨＩ）及２～３月龄鸽的攻毒试验，证明这两个毒株为对鸽呈高致病性的ＮＤＶ。交叉ＨＩ试验表明，鸽ＮＤＶ分离株与鸡ＬａＳｏｔａ株间有很高的血清交叉反应，但也存在着一定抗原性差异。对扬州地区若鸽群中２－     

Paramyxovirus type 1 infections of racing pigeons: 1 characterisation of isolated viruses

Viruses isolated from field outbreaks of disease in racing pigeons in continental Europe and Great Britain were shown to be identical by serological tests using conventional chicken antisera and mouse monoclonal antibodies. The pigeon viruses showed high levels of cross-reaction to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in haemagglutination inhibition tests and Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells infected with pigeon virus isolates bound three out of nine mouse monoclonal antibodies prepared against NDV Ulster 2C. These results confirm their classification in the paramyxovirus type 1 serotype of avian paramyxoviruses. However, the pigeon viruses could be distinguished from more classical paramyxovirus type 1 viruses by the significantly different titres obtained in haemagglutination inhibition tests, the failure of mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against the HN1 epitope of NDV Ulster 2C to inhibit their haemagglutinating activity and a unique binding pattern seen with the nine mouse monoclonal antibodies.     

不同禽源的禽Ⅰ型副黏病毒株毒力、免疫原性及抗原相关性研究

从病死的鸡、鹅、鸽中分离到3株禽I型副黏病毒(CPMV、GPMV、PPMV)。毒力测定结果显示,CPMV、GPMV的毒力与鸡新城疫病毒(NDV)F48E9株的毒力相似,为强毒型;PPMV的毒力与鸡NDVLaSota株的毒力相似,为自然弱毒株。对该分离株F基因裂解位点的序列分析结果表明,CPMV、GPMVF裂解位点氨基酸序列为112K-R-Q-K-R-F117,符合强毒株的序列特征;PPMV F裂解位点氨基酸序列为112G-R-Q-G-R-L117,属于弱毒株的特征性序列。将该3株病毒制成灭活疫苗,分别免疫鸡,结果都能诱导鸡体产生较高水平的HI抗体;再分别以CPMV、GPMV攻击免疫鸡群,结果显示免疫鸡群可得到保护,而非免疫鸡群被攻击后全部致死。用HI方法检测3株病毒与Lasota株之间的交叉血凝抑制试验,结果表明LaSota与GPMV两毒株间的抗原性无明显差异,LaSota与CPMV、PPMV两毒株间的抗原性有较小的差异。本研究将有助于进一步开展禽Ⅰ型副黏病毒的致病机制和新型疫苗等方面的研究。     

鸡新城疫山东强毒株的分离鉴定及致病性研究

从山东省不同地区的发病鸡群中分离了6株病毒，经HA、HI试验、病毒回归试验和血清中和接种鸡胚试验确定所分离的毒株为新城疫病毒。分别对6个毒株MDT、ICPI和IVPI进行了测定，结果表明这些毒株为鸡新城疫强毒，但各个毒株的致病性有所差异。     

Comparative pathogenicity tests of eight pigeon paramyxovirus 1 variant isolates in pigeons, turkeys and chickens]

Eight pigeon paramyxovirus-1 isolates which were isolated from diseased pigeons were comparatively tested for their pathogenicity in chickens, turkeys and racing pigeons. Intramuscular inoculation of all of the eight viruses resulted in all pigeons in clinical signs like polyuria, lameness of wings and in parts also in torticollis. Also, intravenously inoculated chickens developed distinct signs such as apathy, liquid droppings and in part also torticollis. Six of the eight PMV-1 isolates induced in turkeys similar signs as in chickens; inoculation of two isolates yielded no signs in turkeys. Legal sanitary consequences of the disease due to pigeon PMV-1 infection in chickens and in turkeys should be identical to that of velogenic Newcastle disease.     

鸽新城疫病毒的分离及其生物学特性测定

用ＳＰＦ鸡胚从疑似鸽新城疫（鸽ＮＤ）病鸽群中分离到一株病毒ＱＬ株,该病毒株能凝集鸡红细胞（ＲＢＣ）,这种凝集作用能被抗新城疫病毒（ＮＤＶ）阳性血清抑制;用抗ＮＤＶ单抗ＰＥＧ夹心ＥＬＩＳＡ测定分离株为阳性。分离株经肌肉注射能使鸽发病和死亡,出现与自然发病鸽一致的症状和病变,但肌注ＳＰＦ鸡只感染,不见临床症状。对该分离株作进一步生物学特性鉴定,按照国际上规定的ＮＤＶ毒力判定标准,测定了该毒株最低致死量致死鸡胚的平均死亡时间（ＭＤＴ）、１日龄雏鸡脑内接种致病指数（ＩＣＰＩ）和６周龄雏鸡静脉接种致病指数（ＩＶＰＩ）,结果ＭＤＴ为１０５小时、ＩＣＰＩ为１．３３、ＩＶＰＩ为１．０。试验结果表明本分离株为鸽新城疫病毒。     

Characterization of Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus-1) isolated from pigeons

Newcastle disease virus (avian paramyxovirus-1) was isolated from pigeons in 12 states between May 1984 and December 1985. One of the isolates was from a feral pigeon; the remainder were from privately owned pigeon lofts. Use of monoclonal antibodies showed seven of the eight isolates tested to be indistinguishable from the 1982 and 1983 Great Britain and European isolates. Clinical signs were paralysis, torticollis, tremors, incoordination, and death. Pigeons inoculated with the paramyxovirus-1 isolates intravenously or intramuscularly developed clinical disease identical to that described for natural infection; however, only one pigeon inoculated intranasally developed clinical signs. The mean death time for inoculated pigeons was 9.5 days, with a range of 4 to 25. Virus was shed for up to 20 days. Primary lesions observed on necropsy were gastroenterocolitis and pancreatic necrosis. Chickens experimentally infected by the cloacal, intranasal, or caudal thoracic air-sac route remained healthy. However, the intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in day-old chickens was similar to that observed with velogenic Newcastle disease virus isolates. Four of six isolates inoculated intravenously into 6-week-old chickens induced neurotropic disease.     

鸭副粘病毒强毒株的分离和鉴定

采用鸡胚接种法从安徽凤阳某患病肉鸭群中分离到一株病毒。该素株对鸡红细胞具有凝集性，并可被康复鸭鸭血清和NDV阳性抗血清所抑制，而不能被禽流感标准阳性血清抑制，结合血清中和鸡胚接种试验，病毒回归试验和免疫防治效果的研究结果，确认为鸭副粘病毒。参照国际上规定的新城疫病毒毒力判定的标准及其方法，测定该分离株的鸡胚最小致死量平均死亡时间（MDT），1日龄鸡及脑内接种致病指数（ICPI）和6周龄鸡静脉内接种致病指数（IVPI）分别为48.9h,1.80和2．45。表明该鸭副粘病天线离株具有新城疫病毒（NDV）速发型相类似的毒力，属强毒力毒株，并定名为WF00D株。     

Velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus strains in Morocco

Isolates of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in Morocco were characterized as velogenic. Two isolates were from tracheal swabs taken at a Moroccan live poultry market, and four isolates were from field cases. Infection of 8-week-old chickens showed that these isolates and previously characterized Moroccan isolates were of the viscerotropic pathotype. Based on hemagglutinin thermostability and the capacity to agglutinate equine erythrocytes, the Moroccan velogenic viscerotropic NDV isolates were classified as belonging to at least three distinct strains.     

鸽感染鸽源I型副粘病毒和鸡新城疫病毒的临诊和病理变化比较

通过人工接种实验，较详细地比较了鸽感染鸽源１型副粘病毒（ＰＭＶ－１）和感染鸡速发性嗜内脏型新城疫病毒（ＶＶＮＤＶ）之后的临诊症状、眼观和组织学病理变化以及超微病变。病鸽均表现头颈震颤或扭颈、翅膀下垂和腿部麻痹的神经症状及绿色的水样下痢。病理变化主要是在中枢神经系统呈典型的病毒性脑炎景象，消化系统病变为卡他性－轻度出血性肠炎。电镜观察，可见大脑和小脑神经元的胞浆和胞核均发生明显病变并可见病毒粒子存在。两个毒株接种发病后，尽管鸽体所表现的症状和病理变化等方面都十分相似，但在潜伏期、体温反应、死亡时间、死亡率、两个毒株的传染性致病力及某些病理变化表现等，均显有差异。这可对鸽感染这两个不同毒株的鉴别诊断，提供重要参考。