郑麦1860品质特性及面条加工适用性分析

为明确郑麦1860的品质及加工适用性,对2020-2021年河南省29个地点收获的郑麦1860的籽粒性状、磨粉品质、面团流变学特性、淀粉糊化特性和面条加工品质指标进行了测定与分析。结果表明,郑麦1860为优质中强筋面条小麦品种,特点是籽粒大、容重高、出粉率高,面条弹性好、色泽白亮、褐变较轻。在不同地点间郑麦1860的多数品质性状变异程度小,品质表现较稳定;相比较而言,其粉质参数、拉伸参数变异程度较大,淀粉糊化特性和面筋特性变异程度次之,籽粒品质性状、磨粉品质和面条加工参数变异程度较小。籽粒硬度、粒径、容重与出粉率呈显著正相关;容重、籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉灰分含量与面条总评分呈显著负相关;面粉色泽L^*值、吸水率、峰值黏度、低谷黏度、终值黏度、回生值与面条总评分呈显著正相关。综上所述,籽粒蛋白质含量、面粉色泽和淀粉糊化特性是影响郑麦1860面条品质的主要因素。郑麦1860制作的面条感官评分高、品质稳定,在豫北、豫东和豫南等区域种植均适合制作优质面条。     

基于速冻青稞鱼面加工的青稞品种适宜性评价体系构建

为寻求速冻青稞鱼面加工品质的客观评价方法,筛选适宜加工速冻青稞鱼面的优良青稞品种,选取10个青稞品种,根据主成分分析和灰色关联度筛选关联度较大的核心青稞理化指标作为自变量,以PLS方法建立评价模型筛选适宜速冻青稞鱼面加工的品种。结果表明:(1)与成品鱼面品质综合评分关联度较大的7个青稞理化指标是蛋白质含量、灰分含量、总淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、β-葡聚糖含量、b值、水分含量,其中,青稞蛋白质含量关联度最大(0.703);(2)基于青稞籽粒理化指标的速冻青稞鱼面品质预测模型预测效果良好,可靠性较高;(3)适宜鱼面加工的青稞籽粒理化指标最佳取值范围:直链淀粉含量26.02%～28.97%,总淀粉含量60.56%～63.17%,蛋白质含量9.02%～10.61%,灰分含量1.13%～1.39%,水分含量9.83%～11.46%,β-葡聚糖含量6.00%～7.96%,b值12.27～18.15。     

大豆籽粒品质对干豆腐加工特性的影响及适用性评价

选用来自黑龙江和吉林两省区的25个大豆品种(品系),进行干豆腐加工,对大豆品种原料理化指标、干豆腐品质特性指标等进行测定、分析,并对不同大豆品种的干豆腐加工适用性进行评价。结果表明:不同大豆品种理化指标及干豆腐品质指标均呈现了较大的差异。大豆品种籽粒品质指标与干豆腐品质指标之间存在复杂的相关关系,籽粒蛋白含量、水溶性蛋白含量与干豆腐品质指标存在显著或极显著正相关关系,籽粒脂肪含量、7S的含量与干豆腐品质指标呈显著或极显著负相关关系。通过基于因子分析的大豆品种加工干豆腐适用性评价,筛选出东农42、吉育204、东农48、2010-60和2003-342-24-4共5个干豆腐加工品质优良的大豆品种(品系)。     

小麦主要品质性状与面粉色泽的关系

选用面粉色泽性状差别较大的16个不同品种（系）在山东省8个不同的生态类型区种植，分析了小麦主要品质性状和面粉色泽，以研究这些品质性状与面粉色泽的关系。结果表明，面粉R457白度与面粉色泽亮度（L^＊值）、面粉色泽红度（α^＊值）呈极显著正相关，与面粉色泽黄度（b^＊值）呈极显著负相关，面粉色泽亮度（L^＊值）和面粉色泽红度（α^＊值）与面粉色泽黄度（b^＊值）呈极显著负相关。面粉R457白度和面粉色泽亮度（L^＊值）均与淀粉含量呈极显著正相关。与籽粒硬度、面粉颗粒度、蛋白质含量、灰分含量和类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著负相关，面粉R457白度与出粉率呈显著负相关。籽粒硬度和蛋白质含量共同决定了面粉R457白度变异的81．9％。而面粉颗粒度、蛋白质含量和灰分含量共同决定了面粉色泽亮度（L^＊值）变异的94．5％。面粉色泽红度（α^＊值）与各面粉品质指标的相关性均未达到显著水平。面粉色泽黄度（b^＊值）与籽粒硬度、面粉颗粒度、蛋白质含量、灰分含量、类胡萝卜素含量呈极显著正相关．与淀粉含量呈极显著负相关。硬度、出粉率和蛋白质含量可以解释面粉色泽黄度（b^＊值）变异的75％     

不同灭酶处理对燕麦粉品质的影响

为了探讨不同灭酶方式对燕麦籽粒磨粉品质及燕麦粉加工品质的影响,采用炒制、蒸制和红外烘烤三种灭酶方式处理燕麦籽粒,测定了出粉率及燕麦粉灰分、β-葡聚糖、蛋白质和脂肪含量,同时对燕麦粉的黏度参数进行了比较研究,用不同灭酶处理的燕麦粉制作燕麦-小麦混合粉馒头并对其进行了感官评定.结果表明,燕麦籽粒经过灭酶后出粉率较对照组平均高出3.12个百分点,其中红外灭酶处理出粉率增加了6.84个百分点;炒制和蒸制处理使燕麦粉灰分和β-葡聚糖含量显著高于对照组,蛋白质和脂肪含量略高于对照组,而红外烘烤对样品组分影响不大;炒制、蒸制和红外烘烤均降低了燕麦粉的糊化起始温度,蒸制和红外烘烤提高了燕麦粉的峰值黏度、最终黏度和低谷黏度;经红外烘烤后的燕麦粉制作的燕麦-小麦混合粉馒头感官评分最高.红外烘烤灭酶有助于提高出粉率和适合燕麦传统食品制作.     

新疆小麦品种籽粒性状、磨粉品质及其关系的研究

为给新疆冬、春小麦品种籽粒性状与磨粉品质改良提供参考依据,以30个新疆冬小麦品种和36个新疆春小麦品种为试验材料,研究了新疆小麦品种籽粒性状、磨粉品质特性及其两者的关系。结果表明,新疆冬、春小麦品种籽粒性状基本相近,各有优劣,主要差异表现在硬度大小不同,冬小麦品种的硬度（47.1）小于春小麦品种（61.8）;冬小麦品种的出粉率和黄度分别高于和低于春小麦品种,说明冬小麦品种的磨粉品质优于春小麦品种。新疆本地育成冬小麦品种的籽粒硬度（51.8）小于春小麦品种（62.9）,出粉率高于春小麦品种,灰分、红度和黄度也高于春小麦品种。综合来看,新疆本地育成春小麦品种的籽粒性状略优于冬小麦品种,磨粉品质优于冬小麦品种。相关分析表明,新疆冬、春小麦籽粒硬度与破损淀粉率呈极显著正相关,与L*值呈极显著负相关;籽粒蛋白含量与面粉灰分呈显著正相关。说明籽粒硬度和籽粒蛋白含量与新疆小麦磨粉品质关系最为密切。总之,在新疆小麦籽粒性状与磨粉品质改良中,应以籽粒硬度和面粉色泽改良为重点,同时也要提高新疆小麦籽粒蛋白含量和出粉率。     

酿酒专用小麦籽粒品质特性研究

为探明酿酒专用小麦的主要籽粒品质特征,对12个常用酿酒小麦品种及6个非酿酒小麦品种的主要籽粒品质指标进行了分析与比较。结果表明,12个酿酒小麦品种的硬度指数均小于45%,角质率均小于70%,平均总淀粉含量大于60%,其中支链淀粉占比大于70%;籽粒硬度指数、角质率、饱满度及淀粉含量与弱筋小麦皖西麦0638相近;蛋白质、湿面筋含量显著低于非酿酒小麦西农20、周麦36,符合中国中筋小麦标准。相关性分析表明,酿酒小麦籽粒硬度指数与角质率呈极显著正相关,与千粒重呈极显著负相关;支链淀粉含量与千粒重呈显著正相关。通过聚类分析将12种酿酒小麦分为3个类群,类群Ⅰ包括9个品种,较其他2个类群总淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量高,硬度、蛋白质含量适中。综上所述,供试酿酒小麦籽粒具有软质、饱满、胚乳呈粉质-半角质、蛋白质含量适中、支链淀粉含量高等特点;籽粒特性和淀粉含量接近弱筋小麦并具备中筋小麦的蛋白质、湿面筋含量的小麦品种具有更大优势成为酿酒小麦。     

小豆品种资源的蛋白质含量及与生育特性的关系

通过分析１９２份山东省小豆品种资源籽粒的蛋白质含量及与品种生育特性的关系表明,品种间的蛋白质含量变异幅度较大,且来源于不同地区的品种间也有较明显的差异,以胶东地区的品种的蛋白质含量较高,变异系数最大,红小豆和绿小豆品种蛋白质含量较高,蛋白质含量与品种的百粒重呈极显著的正相关,生育期长的品种其籽粒的蛋白质含量较高。     

新疆冬、春小麦品种磨粉品质与面粉及新疆拉面品质的关系

为给新疆冬小麦品种新疆拉面加工品质改良提供理论依据,本文选用30个新疆冬麦品种为试验材料,研究新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质与面粉（团）品质性状、新疆拉面加工品质的关系。结果表明：冬小麦磨粉品质对新疆拉面加工品质具有显著影响作用,其中,出粉率与色泽、适口性、光滑性间呈显著正相关（r=0.396,0.466,0.475）,灰分与适口性、食味呈显著或极显著负相关（r=-0.364,-0.524）,破损淀粉与适口性呈极显著正相关（r=0.485）,a*值与食味呈显著负相关（r=-0.565）,而b*值与食味呈显著正相关（r=0.402）。研究结果还表明,新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质性状间关系密切,各性状之间相互联系、相互作用;磨粉品质对主要品质性状具有显著影响,其通过影响面粉（团）品质性状进而影响新疆拉面加工品质,如出粉率、灰分、破损淀粉通过对面团吸水率、形成时间、延展性等品质性状的影响对新疆拉面表观、适口性、光滑性等产生间接影响。总之,新疆冬小麦品种磨粉品质与新疆拉面加工品质关系密切,在冬小麦品种新疆拉面加工品质改良中应该重视磨粉品质的改良,要注重提高出粉率、降低灰分和破损淀粉,同时还应改良面粉色泽。对冬小麦优质新疆拉面品种的磨粉品质性状研究后认为优质新疆拉面的磨粉品质指标为：出粉率≥66.04%,灰分(14%MB)≤0.62%,破损淀粉率≤3.69%,面粉颗粒度≤104.28%,L*≥90.78,a*≥-0.81,b*≤8.54。     

新疆冬小麦品种资源籽粒性状和磨粉品质与新疆拉面品质的关系

为了给新疆冬小麦品种拉面品质改良提供理论依据,选用109份新疆冬小麦品种资源为试验材料,分析籽粒性状和磨粉品质与新疆拉面品质的关系.结果表明,籽粒性状中,千粒重与拉面手感、表观状态、光滑性显著正相关;籽粒硬度与适口性显著正相关;蛋白质含量与表观状态、黏弹性、光滑性、食味、拉面总分极显著负相关.磨粉品质中,出粉率与适口性显著正相关;灰分含量与食味显著负相关;L*值与适口性显著负相关;a*值与拉面手感、黏弹性、色泽、拉面总分显著正相关;b*值与拉面手感、黏弹性、光滑性、拉面总分显著负相关,与色泽极显著负相关.总体来看,籽粒蛋白质含量和面粉色泽是影响新疆拉面品质的重要籽粒性状和磨粉品质.其中籽粒蛋白质含量和面粉黄度(b*值)与新疆拉面评分呈显著线性负相关关系.因此,在优质新疆拉面冬小麦品种选育中,籽粒蛋白质含量应保持适当范围,并降低面粉黄度(b*值),从而达到改善新疆拉面品质的目的.对优质新疆拉面冬小麦品种资源的籽粒性状和磨粉品质进行综合分析后认为,优质新疆拉面冬小麦品种品质性状的指标为:千粒重≥40.34 g,粒径≥2.77 mm,籽粒硬度≥63.78,容重≥779.85 g·L-1,蛋白质含量(14％水分基)14.27％～16.90％,出粉率≥61.91％,灰分含量(14％水分基)≤0.45％,L*值≥90.87,a*值≥-1.16,b*值≤10.01.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.