河北省不同地区棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性动态

为了明确河北省不同地区棉蚜种群对主要杀虫剂的抗性水平及其发展趋势,采用浸渍法,于2014—2020年分别测定了河北省保定、沧州和邯郸地区棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的敏感性。结果表明:与国内历史敏感基线相比较,河北省棉蚜对高效氯氰菊酯、丁硫克百威、吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性均达到高抗至极高抗水平,抗性最高分别达到242、13353、1367和205倍;对氧乐果和噻虫嗪的抗性也达到中等至高水平抗性。应用Pearson相关性分析评估各药剂的logLC₅₀值的相关性,发现保定种群对吡虫啉和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.77, p = 0.041)、噻虫嗪和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.98, p < 0.001) 的抗性呈显著正相关;沧州种群对高效氯氰菊酯和丁硫克百威 (r = 0.81, p = 0.027)、高效氯氰菊酯和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.90, p = 0.006)、丁硫克百威和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.91, p = 0.005) 的抗性呈显著正相关;邯郸种群对高效氯氰菊酯和噻虫嗪 (r = 0.83, p = 0.022)、高效氯氰菊酯和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.97, p < 0.001)、丁硫克百威和氟啶虫胺腈 (r = 0.77, p = 0.045) 的抗性呈显著正相关。本研究结果表明,河北省棉蚜种群对6种杀虫剂的抗性显著,且可能存在严重的交互抗性。     

新型杀虫剂对新疆抗药性棉蚜的田间防效

测定新疆棉区沙湾的棉蚜种群对常用杀虫剂吡虫啉、丁硫克百威、溴氰菊酯、氟啶虫酰胺和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性水平,并在当地棉田开展了新型杀虫剂防治棉蚜试验。室内抗药性监测结果表明,2021—2022年新疆沙湾棉蚜种群对溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉处于高水平抗性（抗性倍数分别大于4 500倍、大于3 500倍）,对丁硫克百威处于中等至高水平抗性（抗性倍数96～237倍）,对氟啶虫胺腈处于中等水平抗性（抗性倍数17～27倍）,对氟啶虫酰胺处于低至中等水平抗性（抗性倍数7.8～15.0倍）。田间试验结果表明,50 g/L双丙环虫酯可分散液剂、20%氟啶虫酰胺悬浮剂喷施处理第3天对棉蚜的防效为86.0%、83.4%,第7天防效为93.1%、96.0%,第14天防效为92.6%、92.0%,明显优于其他4种供试药剂,表现出较好的速效性和持效性。由此得出新型杀虫剂品种双丙环虫酯、氟啶虫酰胺可作为轮换或替代药剂用于新疆抗药性棉蚜的治理。     

褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性监测与生化抗性机制

为明确我国褐飞虱田间种群对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性现状及生化抗性机制,2017年-2019年采用稻茎浸渍法测定了采集自7省共13个褐飞虱田间种群对氟啶虫胺腈的抗性,并研究了氟啶虫胺腈抗性种群与其他杀虫剂的交互抗性以及增效剂对氟啶虫胺腈的增效效果。结果表明：近3年来褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈产生了中等水平抗性(RR=10.3～30.9)。氟啶虫胺腈抗性品系对呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和烯啶虫胺分别产生了9.1倍、7.9倍和4.1倍的低水平交互抗性,与噻嗪酮、毒死蜱、吡蚜酮、三氟苯嘧啶和吡虫啉不存在交互抗性。增效剂PBO对氟啶虫胺腈抗性品系和浙江龙游19(Longyou-19)田间种群分别具有4.2倍和3.8倍的明显增效作用。综上,褐飞虱田间种群已对氟啶虫胺腈产生中等水平抗性。多功能氧化酶参与了褐飞虱对氟啶虫胺腈的代谢抗性。     

氟啶虫胺腈对麦蚜的防治效果

测定了河南许昌、山东汶上、江苏邗江3地两种麦蚜对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和氟啶虫胺腈的抗性水平,并在3地开展了田间防效试验。室内抗性监测结果表明,禾谷缢管蚜种群对吡虫啉处于敏感至低水平抗性状态(抗性倍数0.30~7.00倍),对氟啶虫胺腈处于敏感状态;麦长管蚜种群对吡虫啉、氟啶虫胺腈都处于敏感状态。田间试验结果表明,在河南许昌、山东汶上、江苏邗江3地试验田50%氟啶虫胺腈WG对麦蚜田间防治效果药后3d为81.6%~88.0%,药后7d为79.2%~89.7%,明显优于对照药剂10%吡虫啉WP、5%啶虫脒WP的防治效果。结合室内抗药性监测和田间防治效果,说明氟啶虫胺腈作为新型杀虫剂品种,可作为轮换或替代药剂用于麦蚜的抗性治理。     

华北地区棉蚜对5种杀虫剂的敏感性监测

采用浸叶法检测了山东、河北和河南7个棉蚜田间种群对5种常用杀虫剂的敏感性.生测结果表明:山东临沂地区,采自花椒树上的棉蚜对5种杀虫剂的敏感性高,仅对噻虫嗪和高效氯氟氰菊酯产生了低水平抗性,对吡虫啉、氟啶虫胺腈和毒死蜱处于敏感水平.7个棉蚜田间种群对毒死蜱的抗性水平较低,抗性倍数在1.50～7.56倍之间.山东、河南地区...     

山东省不同地区棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗药性检测及酶抑制剂的增效作用研究

为明确山东省棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性水平,采用毛细管微量点滴法测定了泰安、聊城和东营3个田间种群及1个敏感种群对吡虫啉、烯啶虫胺、啶虫脒、噻虫嗪、噻虫啉、噻虫胺6种新烟碱类杀虫剂的敏感性,同时测定了磷酸三苯酯(TPP)、顺丁烯二酸二乙酯(DEM)和增效醚(PBO)3种酶抑制剂的增效作用。结果表明:泰安棉蚜种群对烯啶虫胺的抗性倍数为16.95,处于中等抗性水平,对吡虫啉和啶虫脒的抗性倍数分别为5.69和9.57,已产生低水平抗性,对噻虫胺、噻虫嗪和噻虫啉的抗性倍数均小于3.0,仍较敏感;聊城棉蚜种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为28.51、25.88和18.16,属中等抗性水平,对噻虫啉和噻虫胺的抗性倍数分别为6.01和6.37,已产生低水平抗性,对烯啶虫胺仍处于敏感阶段;东营棉蚜种群对吡虫啉、啶虫脒和噻虫胺的抗性倍数分别为37.95、21.52和12.95,已产生中等水平抗性,对噻虫啉、烯啶虫胺和噻虫嗪的抗性倍数分别为7.07、6.38和4.75,处于低水平抗性阶段。多功能氧化酶抑制剂PBO和羧酸酯酶抑制剂TPP对6种供试新烟碱类杀虫剂的增效作用明显,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶抑制剂DEM对这6种药剂也具有一定的增效作用。研究表明,山东省泰安等3地区棉蚜种群对6种新烟碱类杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗药性,多功能氧化酶和羧酸酯酶可能在棉蚜对该类杀虫剂的抗性中起主要作用,谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶可能也具有一定的作用。     

陕西关中地区小麦田禾谷缢管蚜对7种杀虫剂的抗性监测

为明确陕西关中地区麦蚜田间种群对杀虫剂的抗药性现状,采用浸叶法测定了兴平、礼泉、凤翔、岐山、扶风地区麦田禾谷缢管蚜种群对高效氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、异丙威、毒死蜱、阿维菌素、氟啶虫胺腈等7种杀虫剂的抗性水平。结果表明,禾谷缢管蚜对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性水平最高,其中凤翔种群对高效氯氰菊酯达到高水平抗性(抗性倍数为72.5),岐山和扶风种群对该药产生中等水平抗性(抗性倍数分别为31.4、29.9);5个地区的禾谷缢管蚜对溴氰菊酯、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、异丙威和阿维菌素的抗性水平较低,表现为敏感、敏感性下降或者低抗性;5个地区的试虫对氟啶虫胺腈均表现为敏感。分析认为,高效氯氰菊酯不适合用于关中地区禾谷缢管蚜防治,氟啶虫胺腈作为一种新型杀虫剂,可以在该虫防治中推广使用,吡虫啉、阿维菌素等其他几种杀虫剂可以在禾谷缢管蚜的防治中交替使用。     

21种化学药剂对新疆棉田主要害虫毒力及对多异瓢虫的安全性

为明确现阶段棉田常用化学杀虫剂对新疆维吾尔自治区（简称新疆）棉花主要害虫的毒力以及对新疆本地优势天敌多异瓢虫Hippodamia variegata的安全性,于室内分别测定当前21种棉田常用化学药剂对新疆棉田3种主要害虫棉蚜Aphis gossypii、截形叶螨Etranychus truncatus和棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera以及优势天敌多异瓢虫的毒力,比较不同药剂对各种害虫和天敌的相对毒力指数以及益害毒性比。结果表明,药剂处理24 h后,10种蚜虫防治药剂对棉蚜成蚜的半致死浓度LC₅₀由高到低依次为氟啶虫胺腈、啶虫脒、吡虫啉、环氧虫啶、噻虫嗪、丁硫克百威、烯啶虫胺、呋虫胺、螺虫乙酯和吡蚜酮,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有氟啶虫胺腈和螺虫乙酯;5种叶螨防治药剂对截形叶螨成螨的LC₅₀从高到低依次为阿维菌素、哒螨灵、四螨嗪、噻螨酮和炔螨特,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有四螨嗪、噻螨酮和阿维菌素;6种鳞翅目害虫幼虫防治药剂对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的LC₅₀由高到低顺次为甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐（简称甲维盐）、氯虫苯甲酰胺、茚虫威、灭多威、毒死蜱和高效氯氰菊酯,其中益害毒性比较高的药剂主要有甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺。综合上述2个方面结果,氟啶虫胺腈、阿维菌素、甲维盐和氯虫苯甲酰胺不仅对棉花害虫毒力效果强,而且对有益天敌安全性高。     

氟啶虫胺腈对棉蚜的生物活性及对棉花的安全性

本文通过叶片浸渍法研究了氟啶虫胺腈对棉蚜的室内活性,同时分析了其对棉花的安全性。室内毒力测定结果表明,氟啶虫胺腈处理棉蚜24h的LC50和LC90为1.98mg/L和26.02mg/L,显著低于吡虫啉的8.69mg/L和132.68mg/L,毒效比达4.39;处理48h后,氟啶虫胺腈对棉蚜仍表现出很高的杀虫活性,且显著高于吡虫啉。棉花安全性试验结果表明,在使用浓度40~160g/hm2范围内喷施500g/kg氟啶虫胺腈水分散粒剂,对棉花不同时期的叶色、株高、果枝层以及棉蕾脱落都未造成显著性的影响。     

棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性现状及其治理策略

棉蚜Aphis gossypii Glover是棉花生产中最严重的害虫之一。长期以来防治棉蚜主要依赖于化学杀虫剂,其中新烟碱类杀虫剂扮演着十分重要的角色,但由于其长期、大量的使用,棉蚜已对该类杀虫剂产生了较高水平的抗性,严重影响了对棉蚜的防治效果。抗性机制研究表明,棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生抗性的机制主要涉及解毒代谢能力增强和靶标敏感性下降。细胞色素P450、羧酸酯酶、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶、UDP-葡糖基转移酶等解毒酶基因过量表达介导的解毒代谢增强和烟碱型乙酰胆碱受体β1亚基突变引起的靶标敏感性下降是棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂产生抗性的关键。针对我国棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂抗性问题突出的现状,为更好地利用该类药剂防治棉蚜,亟需根据棉蚜抗性机制制定合理的抗性治理策略。本文将从棉蚜对新烟碱类杀虫剂的抗性现状、抗性机制以及抗性治理策略等方面进行综述,以期为抗性棉蚜的科学治理提供参考。     

氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力及协同增效作用

为探寻防治瓜蚜的高效协同增效药剂组合，采用叶片带虫浸渍法测定了氟啶虫胺腈等11种杀虫剂对瓜蚜的毒力。结果表明:处理后24 h，氟啶虫胺腈对瓜蚜的毒力最高，吡蚜酮最低，LC₅₀值分别为10.15和369.63 mg/L；48 h时依然是氟啶虫胺腈毒力最高，而高效氯氟氰菊酯最低，LC₅₀值分别为2.35和117.57 mg/L。在此基础上进行协同增效药剂筛选，结果表明:按质量比计，氟啶虫酰胺与吡蚜酮1 : 1、氟吡呋喃酮与吡蚜酮1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与吡蚜酮1 : 3、氟吡呋喃酮与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5、氟啶虫胺腈与高效氯氟氰菊酯1 : 5几种组合的增效作用显著，共毒系数分别达1 271、820、561、1 277和478。研究结果可为田间瓜蚜的高效化学防治提供科学依据。     

Effects of mutations in Drosophila nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits on sensitivity to insecticides targeting nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

Several strains of Drosophila melanogaster possess mutant alleles in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits, Dα1 and Dβ2 that confer resistance to neonicotinoids such as imidacloprid and nitenpyram, and Dα6, that confers resistance to spinosyns. These mutant strains were bioassayed with a selected set of nAChR active insecticides including neonicotinoids, spinosad, and sulfoxaflor, a new sulfoximine insecticide. All of the neonicotinoids examined, except dinotefuran showed reduced insecticidal efficacy on larvae of the Dα1 mutant, suggesting that this subunit may be important in the action of these insecticides. All of the neonicotinoids, including dinotefuran, showed reduced insecticidal efficacy on larvae possessing the Dβ2 mutation. A similar pattern of broad neonicotinoid resistance to that of Dβ2 alone was also observed for larvae with both the mutations (Dα1 + Dβ2). The Dβ2 mutation exhibited a lower level of cross-resistance to sulfoxaflor (<3-fold) than to any of the neonicotinoids (>13-fold). In contrast, there was no cross-resistance for any of the neonicotinoids or sulfoxaflor in adult flies with the Dα6 mutation, which confers high levels of resistance to spinosad. Thus in the D. melanogaster strains studied, target site resistance observed for the neonicotinoids and the spinosyns does not translate directly to resistance towards sulfoxaflor.     

Development of a high‐throughput real‐time PCR assay for the detection of the R81T mutation in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor of neonicotinoid‐resistant Myzus persicae

BACKGROUND: Myzus persicae is a globally important aphid pest that is mainly controlled through the application of chemical insecticides. Recently, a clone of M. persicae exhibiting control‐compromising levels of resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides was described. The resistance of this clone was associated with reduced affinity of imidacloprid for the target site (the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor) as a result of mutation of a key amino acid residue (R81T) in the loop D region of a nAChR β1 subunit. The potent levels of resistance conferred by this mechanism are cause for considerable concern, and the frequency and distribution of the mutation in worldwide populations of M. persicae require careful monitoring. In this study, a high‐throughput assay has been developed that allows detection of the mutation in individual aphids. RESULTS: A real‐time TaqMan assay to detect the R81T substitution was developed that proved to be sensitive and specific in tests of analytical sensitivity and in a blind genotyping trial of DNA extracted from individual aphids comprising the three possible genotypes. The assay was then used to examine the frequency of the R81T mutation in aphids collected and stored in ethanol from peach orchards in southern France. The R81T frequency varied from 33 to 100% in seven populations from the department of Gard, France. CONCLUSIONS: This study describes a rapid and sensitive assay that very effectively detects the R81T mutation in individual aphids. The results also have practical significance for the control of M. persicae in southern France and provide contemporary data to inform current resistance management strategies. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Biological characterization of sulfoxaflor, a novel insecticide

BACKGROUND: The commercialization of new insecticides is important for ensuring that multiple effective product choices are available. In particular, new insecticides that exhibit high potency and lack insecticidal cross‐resistance are particularly useful in insecticide resistance management (IRM) programs. Sulfoxaflor possesses these characteristics and is the first compound under development from the novel sulfoxamine class of insecticides. RESULTS: In the laboratory, sulfoxaflor demonstrated high levels of insecticidal potency against a broad range of sap‐feeding insect species. The potency of sulfoxaflor was comparable with that of commercial products, including neonicotinoids, for the control of a wide range of aphids, whiteflies (Homoptera) and true bugs (Heteroptera). Sulfoxaflor performed equally well in the laboratory against both insecticide‐susceptible and insecticide‐resistant populations of sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius, and brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål), including populations resistant to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid. These laboratory efficacy trends were confirmed in field trials from multiple geographies and crops, and in populations of insects with histories of repeated exposure to insecticides. In particular, a sulfoxaflor use rate of 25 g ha^?1 against cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover) outperformed acetamiprid (25 g ha^?1) and dicrotophos (560 g ha^?1). Sulfoxaflor (50 g ha^?1) provided a control of sweetpotato whitefly equivalent to that of acetamiprid (75 g ha^?1) and imidacloprid (50 g ha^?1) and better than that of thiamethoxam (50 g ha^?1). CONCLUSION: The novel chemistry of sulfoxaflor, its unique biological spectrum of activity and its lack of cross‐resistance highlight the potential of sulfoxaflor as an important new tool for the control of sap‐feeding insect pests. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

无人机施药对棉蚜的防治效果及经济效益分析

为探讨采用无人机防治新疆南部地区棉蚜的可行性并筛选防治效果好的杀虫剂及具有增效作用的杀虫剂助剂，研究了采用大疆MG-1S型无人机喷施不同的杀虫剂+助剂对棉蚜的防治效果，并对无人机飞防的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明:采用MG-1S型无人机喷施22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂(SC) 225 mL/hm2(制剂量，下同)时对棉蚜的防治效果最好，优于喷施70%吡虫啉水分散粒剂(WG) 30 g/hm2和70%啶虫咪WG 60 g/hm2。在添加助剂方面，以分别在70%啶虫脒WG 60g/hm2和70%吡虫啉WG 30g/hm2中添加15 mL/hm2的高工效通用助剂的防治效果最好，其次为聚合物类助剂和飞防增效剂；而在22%氟啶虫胺腈SC(150 mL/hm2)中，以添加150 mL/hm2的飞防增效剂的效果最好，其次为矿物源类、有机硅类和聚合物类助剂。采用无人机施药，在施药后3 d和5 d的防治效果与采用机械+人工拖管施药相比均无显著性差异，但无人机田间作业施药液量减少1/3，工作效率提高3倍，机械作业费减少60元/hm2，可满足现代农业高效、节药和降低成本的需要。     

Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii

BACKGROUND: Imidacloprid has been a major neonicotinoid insecticide for controlling Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and other piercing–sucking pests. However, the resistance to imidacloprid has been recorded in many target insects. At the same time, cross‐resistance of imidacloprid and other insecticides, especially neonicotinoid insecticides, has been detected. RESULTS: Results showed that the level of cross‐resistance was different between imidacloprid and tested neonicotinoid insecticides (no cross‐resistance: dinotefuran, thiamethoxam and clothianidin; a 3.68–5.79‐fold cross‐resistance: acetamiprid, nitenpyram and thiacloprid). In the study of sublethal effects, imidacloprid at LC₂₀ doses could suppress weight gain and honeydew excretion, but showed no significant effects on longevity and fecundity of the imidacloprid‐resistant cotton aphid, A. gossypii. However, other neonicotinoid insecticides showed significant adverse effects on biological characteristics (body weight, honeydew excretion, longevity and fecundity) in the order of dinotefuran > thiamethoxam and clothianidin > nitenpyram > thiacloprid and acetamiprid. CONCLUSION: The results indicated that dinotefuran is the most effective insecticide for use against imidacloprid‐resistant A. gossypii. To avoid further resistance development, the use of nitenpyram, acetamiprid and thiacloprid should be avoided on imidacloprid‐resistant populations of A. gossypii. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Lethal and sub-lethal effects of a novel sulfoximine insecticide,sulfoxaflor, against Asian citrus psyllid and its primary parasitoid under laboratory and field conditions

The Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, is the most important international pest of citrus because it transmits the bacteria that cause huanglongbing (HLB). HLB limits citrus production globally. We evaluated the toxicity of sulfoxalor against D. citri and its parasitoid, Tamarixia radiata Waterston. Sulfoxaflor was as toxic as imidacloprid to adult D. citri. The LC₅₀ values for sulfoxaflor and imidacloprid were 8.17 and 5.7 µg AI mL^?1, respectively. The LC₅₀ of sulfoxaflor for T. radiata adults was 3.3 times greater than for D. citri adults. Treatment with sulfoxaflor resulted in reduced oviposition, development of nymphs, and emergence of adult D. citri on plants, as compared with controls. The lowest concentration that reduced adult emergence was 0.6 µg AI mL^?1. There was reduced feeding by D. citri adults on leaves treated with sulfoxaflor. The residual toxicity of sulfoxaflor was equivalent to imidacloprid. Under field conditions, formulated sulfoxaflor reduced populations of D. citri compared with untreated controls. Sulfoxaflor is a novel mode of action and is an effective tool for D. citri management.     

烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯抗性突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

为评价烟草赤星病致病菌链格孢Alternaria alternata对嘧菌酯的抗性风险，以敏感菌株J6为试材，通过菌丝药剂驯化和分生孢子紫外诱变诱导抗性突变体，并对抗性突变体的生物学特性进行了研究，同时对抗性突变体与敏感菌株线粒体的细胞色素b基因 (cyt b) cDNA序列全长进行了测序分析。结果表明:经药剂驯化未获得抗性突变体，而紫外诱变共获得7株抗性突变体，突变频率约为0.007%，抗性水平分别为5.27、8.28、25.28、12.82、6.14、9.28和52.91倍。适合度研究表明，抗性突变体与敏感菌株的分生孢子萌发能力及致病力相当，但分生孢子产生量均高于敏感菌株，菌丝生长速率除突变体6-1外均快于敏感菌株。cyt b基因cDNA序列分析表明:有4株抗性突变体在不同位点上发生了核苷酸突变，其中突变体6-7 cyt b的249位和871位碱基由T突变为C，但其编码的氨基酸未发生突变；突变体6-8 cyt b的734位碱基由T突变为C，引起所编码的245位丙氨酸突变为缬氨酸 (V245A)；突变体6-9 cyt b的510位碱基由T突变为A，所编码的170位由精氨酸替代了丝氨酸 (S170R)；突变体6-11 cyt b的732位碱基由T突变为A，所编码的244位由苯丙氨酸替代了亮氨酸 (L244F)，其776位碱基由T突变为C，所编码的259位由丙氨酸替代了缬氨酸（V259A），其1 156位碱基由A突变为G，所编码的氨基酸未发生变化。研究结果初步表明，烟草赤星病菌对嘧菌酯存在潜在的抗药性风险，其cyt b基因的点突变与其对嘧菌酯的抗药性有关。