奶浊剂的应用特性研究

研究了奶浊剂的应用特性。用奶浊剂和100倍稀释液在几种不同环境状态下观察其稳定性变化情况,实验结果表明,奶浊剂在不同糖度下具有良好的浊度、热稳定性和耐酸性;在38℃恒温培养下,也具有良好的稳定性。根据这些特性,对奶浊剂的应用作了简单论述。     

橘皮黄色素的制备及其性质的研究

以橘皮为原料,从影响橘皮黄色素提取率的主要因素:提取温度、时间和溶剂出发,通过设计正交实验对黄色素的制备工艺进行了优化,并对制备后橘皮黄色素的性质进行了初步研究。研究表明,体积分数为70%的乙醇以1∶8(g/mL)的料液比在温度60℃下浸提5h,得到的黄色素浓度最高,在370nm处的吸光度为1.372,且具有很好的水溶性,对光和热的耐受性强,受pH值变化的影响小。     

Stability-indicating Method of Specnuezhenide in Bulk Drug and Its Kinetics and Mechanisms of Degradation in Aqueous Solutions

The stability of specnuezhenide( SPN) extracted from FRUCTUS LIGUSTRI LUCIDI( a commonly used official Chinese herbal)was investigated by using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography( HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry( UPLC/MS/MS) with a triple quadrupole( QQQ) mass detector( UPLC-MS-MS).SPN was subjected to forced decomposition under the alkaline,acidic,thermal,irradiation and oxidation conditions.The hydrolytic kinetics was calculated.Maximum stability of SPN was found at pH 7( t0.5= 288.81d).SPN was unstable in acidic,alkaline and irradiation conditions.The activation energy( Ea)of SPN degradation in aqueous solution at pH 7( most frequently applied condition) was 47.17kJ/mol.The results showed that the degradation of SPN was pH-,temperature- and irradiation-dependent and all followed first-order kinetics.Five degradation products were detected under those conditions,which were identified as salidroside,oleoside 11-methyl,oleoside dimethyl ester,nuezhenide and ligustroside.The possible hydrolytic pathway of SPN was proposed as epimerization reaction under irradiation,meanwhile hydrolysis and methylation in acidic,alkaline and thermal conditions.The stability-indicating method was established and validated by simultaneous determination of SPN and five degradation products in bulk drug.     

天然花色苷的资源收集及稳定性测定

通过天然花色苷材料野外采集，共得到50种植物的花色苷样品，采用pH 1.0/pH 4.5溶液吸光值（△OD）差值法，对这些花色苷提取液进行了1年的测定和筛选，筛选出了花色苷颜色稳定性较好的桔梗（Platycodon grandiflorua A.）、蜀葵（Althaea. Rosea L.）、翠雀（Delphinium grandiflorum L.）和日本红菊（Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat）等4种植物资源。对这4种花色苷进行酸碱性、光照、金属离子、热处理等条件下的稳定性测定，表明在pH4.0以下稳定，高于pH4.0稳定性则明显下降。日光、pH 1.0条件下上述4种花色苷溶液的半衰期分别为339d、255d、226d和234d。钙、镁离子对花色苷的稳定性无影响，铝、铜、锡和铁的存在降低花色苷的稳定性，其中铝影响较小，铜锡影响较大，铁影响最大。在100℃ 20min pH1.0热处理下色素损失率分别为2.7%、29.2%、20.0%和7.1%。桔梗花色苷稳定性明显优于其余3种花色苷。结果表明上述4种花色苷有希望开发成为食品色素添加剂。     

Hydrolysis and Condensation of Silane Agent for Metallic Surface Treatment

Novel surface treatment technique by silane film is developing for metallic anti corrosion and coat improvement. The key points, hydrolysis and condensation, for the stability of the Silane agent(SA) solution is investigated, and the effective factors of stability for silane agent solution and the relative rule are discussed. It is found that stability of SA solution is related to the temperature, pH, solvents, SA concentration and additive by studying the state of the solution and the conductivity-time curve of SA solution. Meanwhile, controlling factors and improving methods for SA stability are proposed to guide the practical application of metallic surface anti-corrosion treatment by SA.     

猪苓多糖苯酚-硫酸法测定条件的优选

【目的】建立猪苓多糖快速定量分析方法;【方法】苯酚-硫酸法,以葡萄糖含量为指标,检测波长490nm,用L9（34）正交试验设计优选测定条件;【结果】1.0ml样液,加5%苯酚液0.8ml、硫酸5.0ml,100℃水浴保温15min结果最佳;硫酸加量对结果影响最大,水浴温度次之,苯酚量影响最小;葡萄糖含量呈线性关系范围在5.0～40.0μg/ml;精密度RSD=1.58%(n=6);测定稳定性好(3h内);平均回收率99.22％,RSD=1.87％（n=3）;实测猪苓菌丝多糖含量3.46%,RSD=2.07%(n=4)。【结论】本优选法灵敏度高、操作简便、数据稳定性好、误差小、重现性好,值得推广     

冬枣果皮红色素提取及其性质的分析研究

以冬枣为试验材料,分别用蒸馏水、无水乙醇、丙酮、乙醇-盐酸、0.2 mol/L氢氧化钠和0.2 mol/L碳酸钠溶液为提取剂,从冬枣果皮中提取冬枣红色素.试验结果表明,0.2mol/L氢氧化钠提取效果最佳.同时对提取色素进行酸碱性、光谱以及典型特征性试验进行研究,结果显示,该色素提取物至少含有两种色素化合物,初步判定为黄酮类和花色苷类.此外,对冬枣色素稳定性研究表明,其对热及直射光稳定性较差.     

β-环糊精对毒死蜱的分子识别研究

为研究β-环糊精(β-Cyclodextrin, β-CD)在农药高效利用和环境保护等领域中应用的可行性,本试验采用研磨法、超声波法和饱和水溶液法制备了β-CD与毒死蜱的包合物,并利用紫外光谱、差示热分析和红外光谱法分析验证了包合物的形成以及毒死蜱在β-CD溶液中的包结行为。结果表明饱和水溶液法的包合效果最佳,包合率达到45.8%;最佳条件为：投料比为1：1（摩尔比）,恒温搅拌时间为3h,包合温度为60℃;验证结果表明反应形成了包合比为1：1的包合物,且稳定常数为K=33.33 L/mol,吉布斯函数△G =-8.69 KJ/mol;本试验证明了β-CD能够对毒死蜱产生包合作用,毒死蜱分子部分功能基团进入了β-CD空腔,并形成了稳定包合物。     

红肉火龙果果皮色素的纯化及稳定性的研究

为了研究大孔吸附树脂纯化火龙果果皮色素的条件和纯化后色素的稳定性,采用静态试验和动态试验确定纯化条件,计算纯化色素的色价,并观察纯化色素在不同条件下的稳定性。结果表明：在供试的5种大孔吸附树脂中,HPD100树脂的吸附和洗脱效果最好。室温下,以30%乙醇为洗脱剂,吸附流速和洗脱流速10 mL/min时,纯化的红肉火龙果果皮色素色价为72.33,是未纯化前的5.39倍。光照不利于色素的稳定,Na+、K+、Mg2+、Ca2+、EDTA以及葡萄糖对色素的稳定性影响不大,而Sn2+、柠檬酸和酒石酸加快色素的降解。由此得出,大孔吸附树脂能有效分离纯化火龙果果皮色素,色素应避光保存,避免接触Sn2+、柠檬酸和酒石酸。     

气相色谱法测定蔬菜和水果中有机磷及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留不确定度分析

本文旨对气相色谱法测定蔬菜和水果中有机磷及拟除虫菊酯类农药残留量的不确定度进行评定。以NY/T 761—2008标准方法为研究对象,选择毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯分别代表方法的第一部分和第二部分,从样品前处理过程、仪器测定、标准溶液配制等7个方面对方法的测量不确定度进行了评估。毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯农药残留的相对扩展不确定度分别为0.9%和1.0%(k=2),其中气相色谱仪峰面积、标准溶液配制和加标回收率引入的不确定度分量是主要来源。为降低检测结果的不确定度,在实际检测工作中应从提高设备稳定性、简化标准溶液配制过程和提升检测人员操作能力等方面改善,并将不确定度结果应用于检测数据处于限量临界值的判断中。     

黑米红色素的优化提取及在乳酸中稳定性研究

试验主要研究脂肪对黑米色素的影响、提取方案的优化以及色素在乳酸中的稳定性。结果表明,脂肪对色素的提取影响较大。通过正交实验,得出最佳的提取条件:以pH值为3的醋酸-乙醇为浸提剂,物料配比为1∶5(gmL),浸提温度60℃,浸提时间30min。色素在乳酸中pH值越小越稳定,pH值小于3稳定性最好,温度小于80℃无明显变化,随光照时间延长其稳定性下降。     

叶面喷施FeCl3对天然彩色棉纤维色素固定的影响

 以天然绿色棉品种皖棉39和棕色棉品种湘彩棉2号为材料,研究了叶面喷施氯化铁对天然彩色棉纤维色素固定的调节作用。结果表明,（1）喷施FeCl₃能显著提高彩色棉纤维中色素光稳定性。绿色棉皖棉39光稳定性提高幅度大于湘杂棉2号。(2)喷施FeCl₃处理纤维中的铁含量显著增加。吐絮时,皖棉39、湘彩棉2号纤维中铁含量分别为86.00 、84.50 mg·kg^-1,分别比对照提高了21.47％、11.89％,说明天然彩色棉通过喷施FeCl₃可以提高其纤维中铁含量。（3）相关分析表明,天然彩色棉吐絮期纤维中铁含量与阳光照射5  h后纤维中色素溶液吸光度下降值呈极显著的负相关（r＝-0.953^**）。可见,叶面喷施氯化铁提高了天然彩色棉纤维中的铁含量,铁离子可以对纤维色素起固定作用,进而提高色素的稳定性。     

源于陕A群、陕B群玉米自交系在不同密度条件下配合力分析

采用NC-II遗传设计,以郑58、昌7-2为测验种,与17份高密度条件下筛选的玉米自交系组配成34份杂交组合,2014—2015年分别于陕西杨凌、长武、榆林进行3种密度(45 000、67 500和90 000株hm–2)配合力分析试验。采用PROC VARCOMP分析不同密度条件下产量及耐密性相关性状的遗传效应,采用频率直方分布图研究不同密度条件下产量及耐密性相关性状一般配合力(GCA)平均数的变化规律,利用AMMI评价玉米自交系与杂交组合的稳定性。结果表明,产量、倒伏率、茎秆强度主要受加性遗传效应控制,空秆率主要受非加性遗传效应控制。加性遗传效应对产量及耐密性相关性状的贡献率随种植密度的增加呈上升趋势。玉米自交系产量、空秆率、倒伏率、茎秆强度的一般配合力频率均属于正态分布,随着种植密度的增加,产量GCA的平均值提高了0.28,空秆率GCA平均值降低了0.21,倒伏率GCA平均值降低了0.03,茎秆强度GCA平均值增加了0.02。玉米杂交组合产量与玉米自交系产量GCA密切相关(r=0.877**,r=0.811**,r=0.672**)。随着种植密度的增加,表现稳定的玉米自交系及杂交组合的数量呈上升趋势。因此,强化逆境选择压力,实施高密度选择策略,是增强玉米自交系耐密性和抗倒性,提升一般配合力,实现产量增益的有效措施。     

Notes on the Variance of Relative Yield as a Measure of Stability

The actual yields from multilocation variety trials are commonly analysed as a two-way table (rows = varieties, columns = locations) of mean yields. In this paper, relationships between the recently proposed new stability parameter 'variance of relative yield' and the two stability parameters of the 'classical' joint regression approach in stability analysis, are investigated. The variance of relative yield as a measure of stability exhibits an undesirable dependence on the mean yield of the respective variety. Generalizations and improvements of some recent results and conclusions of Piepho (1994) are discussed.     

影响脂肪酸值测定仪测试稳定性的条件研究

采用空白液作为试样,碱液浓度在0.01004 mol/L,环境温度在23℃左右条件下,测试脂肪酸值测定仪的测定条件对测试结果的影响,主要测试内容为：测定时间间隔和预热时间对测定结果稳定性的影响及仪器稳定性测试。     

Chlorophyll Stability is an Indicator of Drought Tolerance in Peanut

Chlorophyll stability during drought might be a promising criterion for selection for drought resistance in peanut. The study describes two field trials conducted at Khon Kaen University, Thailand which investigate genotype × drought interactions in a wide range of peanut germplasm in general and assess the relationship between chlorophyll stability and genotypic performance in particular, under drought. Two field experiments (during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 dry seasons) were conducted in a split plot design with three water regimes [field capacity, 2/3 available water (AW) and 1/3 AW] as main, and 12 peanut genotypes as subtreatments, replicated four times. Observations on total dry matter (TDM), chlorophyll density (ChlD) (chlorophyll content per unit leaf area), chlorophyll content (chlorophyll content per plant) and SPAD chlorophyll meter readings (SCMR) were recorded at 30, 60 and 90 days after emergence. Transpiration (T) and transpiration efficiency (TE) were computed using the data on amount of water input and TDM. Drought stress significantly reduced TDM, T and chlorophyll content across genotypes but significantly increased TE and ChlD in peanut. However, there were significant differences among genotypes for TE and chlorophyll parameters. The genotype × drought interaction effects for chlorophyll characters (content and density) were not significant suggesting a strong genetic effect. The correlation coefficients between TDM and chlorophyll content (r = 0.51, P = 0.01 to r = 0.91, P = 0.01) and between TE and ChlD (r = 0.46, P = 0.05 to r = 0.77, P = 0.01) were positive and significant. These findings suggest that chlorophyll parameters are strongly linked with drought tolerance in peanut. There were highly significant and positive relationships between ChlD and SCMR (r = 0.67, P = 0.01 to r = 0.93, P = 0.01), between SCMR and TE (r = 0.41, P = 0.05 to r = 0.80, P = 0.01) suggesting that SCMR could be used as a tool for rapid assessment of relative chlorophyll status in peanut genotypes as well as for the indirect selection of drought tolerance in peanut.     

距离分析的环境稳定性研究

31个小麦品系种植于4种不同的栽培环境下,采用3种不同方法选用研究性状来研究距离分析的环境稳定性.结果表明:1.不同环境下遗传距离的相关系数与所用的研究性状关系密切.按广义遗传力法选用研究性状则相关系数大.2.聚类结果随环境而变化,但仍有不少品系分类结果稳定.3.品系聚类结果的稳定性与品系自身稳定性的关系不明确.     

含大麻叶提取物的润唇喱的制备

提供一种工业化清洁方法制备含大麻叶提取物的润唇啫喱。工业大麻花叶预处理及干燥,乙醇提取后真空减压浓缩、超低温脱脂脱蜡、脱色后,分子蒸馏,得到含量25%~35%的大麻二酚(Cannabidiol,CBD)全谱油。通过工业制备高效液相色谱系统精准分离,先用40%~60%的乙醇溶液平衡,再用50%~85%乙醇溶液洗脱5~10倍柱体积,然后再用50%~85%的乙醇溶液洗脱5~10倍柱体积洗脱目标成分,收集富含目标成分的洗脱液,得到CBD组分富集液;根据洗脱液中CBD图谱,准确把前杂、CBD组分富集液切到不同的储罐,得到CBD组分富集液。真空减压浓缩后,得到CBD含量为40%~80%的精制CBD广谱油。然后用甘油稀释,使其CBD含量稀释至20%~50%备用。按原料配比称量各项原料。将A相原料投入真空乳化锅,加热溶解至透明,降温后,投入B相原料,搅拌5 min后呈油状啫喱状态,最后降温灌装。结果表明,该方法所制备得含大麻叶提取物的润唇啫喱稳定性良好,卫生指标符合相关规定;使用舒适、保湿、防干裂,淡化唇纹效果良好。该方法可成功制备含大麻叶提取物的润唇啫喱,方法简单,适合工业化大规模生产。     

Marker-assisted breeding to develop the drought-tolerant version of Sabitri,a popular variety from Nepal

Sabitri is a rice variety grown in a large part of the rainfed areas of Nepal. It was originally developed for irrigated condition; hence, this variety suffers high yield decline under drought. Two QTLs, qDTY _3.2 and qDTY _12.1 , with large effects on grain yield under drought were identified in the Sabitri background in separate QTL mapping studies. The present study reports the development of Sabitri near isogenic lines (NILs) with combinations of these two QTLs and their characterization under drought. To do so, marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB) was combined with phenotypic selection to develop high-yielding drought-tolerant NILs with Sabitri grain type. Apart from this, drought-tolerant variants for grain type with high yield under non-stress were identified among the developed NILs. Early days to flowering of up to 13 days and reduction in plant height of up to 13 cm as compared to Sabitri were observed in the developed NILs. Some of these NILs showed higher yield compared to Sabitri and relatively higher tolerance to drought, indicating the capture of positive alleles and interactions during the course of selection. The developed NILs possessed high yield potential which make them suitable materials for the testing of water-saving technologies in irrigated areas. Based on their performance, these NILs can be deployed in rainfed areas in Nepal and other countries of South Asia to increase yield stability.     

农业灌溉作用下黄土边坡失稳引起耕地流失分析

为了明确在大面积农业灌溉作用下，水分入渗土壤进而渗入下部黄土体，改变临空耕地黄土边坡的稳定性状态，造成边坡失稳引起耕地流失的过程。在统计分析甘肃天水耕地流失面积、农田灌溉面积、地质灾害数量和由地质灾害造成耕地流失比例的基础上，在典型地层剖面上采集原状土壤和黄土试样，进行天然状态和灌溉作用下土体的物理力学性质和抗剪强度试验，采用理正岩土边坡稳定性分析系统，利用基于极限平衡条分法的瑞典法进行边坡稳定性定量分析。结果表明：在天然状态下，该边坡稳定性系数为1.074，处于基本稳定状态；而在灌溉作用下，随着水分入渗深度的增加，稳定性系数逐步降低，最后失稳。因农田灌溉仅使土壤层饱和，对该边坡稳定性影响不大；当灌溉水持续入渗使饱和层土体厚度大于2 m时，该边坡稳定性降低一个等级，处欠稳定状态；当饱和层厚度大于10 m时，该边坡失稳，发生滑坡，造成耕地流失。