木材损伤断裂过程的声发射特性与Felicity效应

以2种针叶材、2种阔叶材为试材,研究无缺陷试件和含横纹裂纹试件在弯曲破坏过程中材料内部微结构演化的声发射特性,并利用声发射特征参数对几种损伤类型进行辨识.结果表明:1)无缺陷试件在加载初期声发射事件发展较为缓慢,且出现的主要是一些低振幅的AE信号,而大量高振幅AE信号出现在峰值载荷附近及韧性断裂阶段;2)利用声发射监测含裂纹试件在三点弯曲载荷下的损伤并断裂全过程,可以明显地识别裂纹尖端启裂和扩展的不同阶段;3)声发射信号的特征与损伤模式有关,胞壁断裂对应的AE特征为高幅值、高能量及长持续时间,而胞壁界面损伤与层裂损伤和细胞屈服与压溃损伤对应的AE特征为低幅度、低能量及短持续时间;4)木试件在低载荷水平下呈现Kaiser效应,而在高载荷水平下呈现Felicity效应,应用Felicity比能够较好地反映木结构的损伤程度.     

含LT型裂纹木梁起裂载荷确定方法的试验研究

木材裂纹萌生的准确判定对木材损伤断裂的评估具有重要的意义,起裂载荷是标定裂纹萌生的关键参数。本试验以杉木为研究对象,利用声发射技术(AE)、数字图像相关法(DIC)和电测法(EM),对含LT型裂纹木梁的损伤断裂特性进行了试验研究。通过研究木梁在加载过程中声发射参数变化规律以及裂尖区域的表面应变信息的演变,分析木梁裂纹萌生规律并确定起裂载荷Pini。结果表明:声发射累计振铃计数、幅度可有效反映木梁内部损伤的产生和演化,利用声发射参数的变化规律能准确确定含LT型裂纹木梁的起裂载荷Pini;数字图像相关法、电测法可以实时监测木梁表面裂缝尖端区域的应变变化,根据应变演变特征可以有效监测木梁表面裂纹的萌生和扩展。声发射技术、数字图像相关法、电测法在确定木梁起裂载荷Pini方面有较好的适用性,所确定的起裂载荷大小为:电测法>数字图像相关法>声发射。试验结果为研究监测含LT型裂纹木材裂纹萌生的试验方法提供了依据,应用时可结合实际工况选择合适的测量方法。     

不同含水率云南松声发射信号特征

【目的】研究不同含水率条件下云南松试件声发射信号的传播规律,探讨含水率对声发射信号波形的响应,为云南松声发射源定位提供依据,为木材内部缺陷无损检测提供基础数据。【方法】以云南松为试验材料,采用NI高速数据采集设备和LabVIEW软件构建云南松试件声发射信号采集平台,利用铅芯折断模拟声发射源,对绝干、气干、生材和饱水4种含水率状态下的试件表面进行声发射信号采集,通过时差法计算信号在4种含水率状态下的平均传播速率,并运用小波分析对声发射信号波形进行分解和重构,根据软阈值量化方法消除各通道系数和经阈值量化后的各高频层系数,去除非主能量信号以便从噪声中析取微弱的声发射信号。【结果】试验中传感器均以接收表面波信号为主;随着含水率增加,云南松试件表面声发射信号波形和平均声速均大幅度衰减,绝干状态下声发射信号时域波形幅值达到±5.2 V,平均声速可达4 208.77 m·s^-1 ,而饱水状态下信号时域波形幅值仅为±0.6 V,平均声速降至1 414.07 m·s^-1 ,气干和生材状态下信号时域波形幅值和平均声速分别为±4、±2 V和 3 331.79 、 2 328.73 m·s^-1 ,且各含水率状态之间平均声速差在876.98~1 003.06 m·s^-1 范围内;小波变换能有效将“淹没”在噪声中的声发射信号析取出来,4种含水率状态下试件声发射信号频域波形范围在40 ~150 kHz之间,且气干状态下波形峰值出现在110 kHz左右,其余3种均在50 kHz左右达到峰值。【结论】含水率增加可显著改变云南松声发射信号和传播特征,其信号波形和平均声速均与含水率降低呈正比;小波变换在信号降噪处理方面具有明显优势,不仅可去除信号中的大量噪音,而且不会破坏有用信号,保证信号完整性,能更大程度降低对不同含水率云南松试件声发射信号的分析误差,为云南松表面声发射源定位研究及内部无损检测给予试验数据支持;作为一种木材声发射信号采集与分析平台,研究结果可为不同含水率云南松受压变形破坏全过程的声发射特征分析提供必要的基础理论依据。     

声发射技术在木材加工领域的应用

作为一种主动无损检测方式, 声发射技术通过分析被测物体内部因能量变化所引发的弹性波的特征, 判断物体内部损伤程度并确定损伤位置。声发射技术为木材加工过程应力监测提供了一种主动无损检测模式, 但受木材自身各向异性等特点的限制, 目前声发射技术在木材工业中的应用尚处于探索阶段。为此, 文中重点介绍了目前声发射技术在木材切削加工、木材及木质结构、木材力学性能、木材干燥过程等木材加工过程的应用现状, 并在此基础上根据木材声发射信号特点, 提出一种基于LabView及高速采集设备的木材干燥过程声发射监测系统设计方案。     

基于熵和波形特征的木材损伤断裂过程声发射信号处理

为了通过声发射信号(AE)对木材内部损伤状态进行评估,本研究选择能够表征信号复杂程度(熵值)以及波形变化(脉冲因子、裕度因子、峰值因子、波形因子)的特征,并通过对木材试样三点加压弯曲实验采集原始声发射信号.另外,为了抑制干扰,提高信号特征对损伤状态的敏感性,提出了一种采用EMD分解方法,基于信号能量、瞬时频率、峭度值的...     

木质材料损伤断裂中声发射特性的研究进展及趋势

介绍声发射技术的定义、原理和特点,以及声发射技术作为一种新型的动态无损检测方法在木材工业中的应用,重点分析当前国内外学者对木材及木基复合材料损伤断裂中声发射特性的研究情况,指出由木材及木基复合材料损伤断裂中的声发射特性,可以在线监测木质材料裂纹尖端起裂时间、破坏源的位置以及材料损伤的严重性,较好的识别木质材料损伤断裂的不同阶段,对构件的安全性检测具有重要意义。在此基础上,指出今后声发射技术在木质材料科学领域的发展趋势。     

木材干燥过程中声发射信号分析

对木材在干燥过程中产生的声发射信号进行采集和特征分析,结果表明:木材干燥过程中主要采集到两种不同类型的声发射信号:一种信号来自木材内部自由水的蒸发,与木质部导管内水分空穴化过程的声发射信号一致;另一种信号与木材干燥过快时自身形变开裂相关.作为一种木材干燥质量的控制方法,测量和分析声发射信号,可为木材干燥温度和湿度的控制提供依据,实现防止木材干裂、提高木材干燥质量的目的.     

木材干燥过程中声发射信号分析北大核心

对木材在干燥过程中产生的声发射信号进行采集和特征分析,结果表明:木材干燥过程中主要采集到两种不同类型的声发射信号:一种信号来自木材内部自由水的蒸发,与木质部导管内水分空穴化过程的声发射信号一致;另一种信号与木材干燥过快时自身形变开裂相关。作为一种木材干燥质量的控制方法,测量和分析声发射信号,可为木材干燥温度和湿度的控制提供依据,实现防止木材干裂、提高木材干燥质量的目的。     

微米木纤维模压制品握钉结合部弹性变形与载荷分布系数的解析

微米木纤维模压制品握钉结合部的承栽能力与其受力时的弹性变形及螺纹牙栽荷分布情况有关,弹性变形由螺纹牙受弯曲、剪切和挤压情况进行分析和求解,进而结合弹性变形和有关几何参数、物理参数间的关系,推导出微米木纤维模压制品握钉结合部载荷分布系数的计算方法,为承载能力计算和结构设计提供理论依据.     

声发射及其在木材工业中的应用

介绍了声发射的定义、性质,声发射的计测工作原理、信号类型和信号处理方法,并介绍了声发射在木材工业中的应用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.