Bio-PCR方法检测葫芦科作物种子携带 西瓜嗜酸菌的特异性引物筛选

 由西瓜嗜酸菌(Acidovorax citrulli)引起的细菌性果斑病是一种毁灭性的种传病害,可为害多种葫芦科作物并造成重大经济损失。该病原菌为检疫性有害生物,种子带菌是田间病害发生的最重要初侵染来源,因此,种子健康检测成为病害综合防控过程中的重要环节。Bio-PCR是当前种子携带细菌检测的常用方法,而特异性引物的选择和使用是检测的关键。本研究使用已报道的7对引物对17株西瓜嗜酸菌、10株嗜酸菌属其它种的菌株和6株其它属的植物病原细菌进行了Bio-PCR检测,筛选出对西瓜嗜酸菌特异性最好的引物为SEQID4^m/SEQID5。研究表明:使用该引物对西瓜嗜酸菌MH21纯菌菌悬液的检测限度为10² CFU·mL^-1;在人工添加菌悬液的模拟带菌西瓜种子中,使用ASCM和EBBA两种半选择性培养基结合引物SEQID4^m/SEQID5进行Bio-PCR检测,ASCM对种子中带菌量的检测限度可达到0.01 CFU·g^-1,EBBA对种子中带菌量的检测限度为0.1 CFU·g^-1。     

利用环介导等温扩增方法快速检测瓜类细菌性果斑病菌和番茄细菌性溃疡病菌

为建立简单、快速和灵敏地检测瓜类细菌性果斑病菌Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli(Aac)和番茄细菌性溃疡病菌Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis(Cmm)的环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)方法,以Aac的ugpB基因和Cmm的micA基因为靶标,分别设计、合成和筛选特异性引物,摸索和优化各项反应条件和反应体系,成功建立了以钙黄绿素颜色为指示且只需要金属浴恒温反应30～60 min的LAMP扩增体系。特异性分析表明该LAMP方法可以快速检出5株不同的Aac菌株和2株不同的Cmm菌株,其它对照菌株如燕麦嗜酸菌燕麦亚种A. avenae subsp. avenae、丁香假单胞菌Pseudomonas syringae、水稻黄单胞菌水稻致病变种Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae和茄科雷尔氏菌Ralstonia solanacearum则呈现阴性反应;引物比目前报道的LAMP引物有更高的DNA样品检测灵敏度,Aac和Cmm的灵敏度分别为1.72×10~2fg/μL和1.26×10~2fg/μL。研究结果表明,所设计的Aac和Cmm引物特异性好、灵敏度高,更有利于从源头上控制这2种检疫性细菌病害的流行和传播。     

小麦白粉菌环介导等温扩增检测技术体系的建立与应用

为建立简便、快速和灵敏的小麦白粉菌Blumeria graminis f.sp.tritici(Bgt)分子检测技术体系，基于环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)技术，以BGT96224V316＿LOCUS1725基因(GenBank:VCU40465.1)为靶标序列，设计并筛选特异性引物，建立小麦白粉菌的LAMP检测方法，并对其特异性、灵敏度和应用效果进行测定。结果表明，基于筛选出的1套特异性引物建立的LAMP方法能够从8种白粉菌属菌株和1种腐生菌中特异性地检测到小麦白粉菌；对小麦白粉菌DNA样品的检测灵敏度可达到300 fg/μL;对发病叶片的检测显示该LAMP方法能从人工接种的小麦叶片中准确检测出小麦白粉菌，检出时间为接种4 h及以上。综上，本研究建立了一种小麦白粉菌的LAMP检测方法，具有简便快捷、灵敏度高等特点，丰富了小麦白粉菌的检测体系。     

禾谷丝核菌环介导等温扩增检测技术体系的建立

为建立简便、快速和灵敏的小麦纹枯病菌——禾谷丝核菌Rhizoctonia cerealis的分子检测技术体系,基于环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)技术,以核糖体DNA内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)为靶标序列,设计并筛选特异性引物,建立禾谷丝核菌的LAMP检测方法,并对其特异性、灵敏度和应用效果进行测定。结果表明,基于筛选获得的4条禾谷丝核菌特异性引物建立的LAMP方法能够从15种植物病原菌中特异性地检出禾谷丝核菌,近缘种立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia solani和引致早期症状易混淆病害的病原菌禾顶囊壳菌Gaeumannomyces graminis、麦根腐平脐蠕孢菌Bipolaris sorokiniana和禾谷镰孢菌Fusarium graminearum均未检出;该LAMP方法在日光下的灵敏度为10^-1 ng/μL,在蓝光下的灵敏度为10^-3 ng/μL;对发病组织的检测显示该LAMP方法能从人工接种的小麦发病组织中...     

应用微滴数字PCR同时检测瓜类种子携带果斑病菌和角斑病菌

细菌性果斑病和角斑病是葫芦科作物两大重要细菌病害,病原菌分别为西瓜嗜酸菌Acidovorax citrulli和丁香假单胞菌黄瓜致病变种Pseudomonas syringae pv.lachrymans。两种菌均可通过种子、种苗带菌进行远距离传播。种子检测是预防和控制这两种病害发生的首要环节。本研究应用微滴数字PCR技术(droplet digital PCR,ddPCR)建立了同时检测种子携带西瓜嗜酸菌和丁香假单胞菌的方法。结果显示:两种细菌菌悬液和DNA样品等浓度混合时,ddPCR能同时检测到两种靶标菌的最低混合菌悬液浓度和最低DNA浓度分别为10³ cfu/mL和10^-3 ng/μL,其检测灵敏度是平行测试的real-time PCR方法的10倍;对于非等浓度混合的菌悬液和DNA样品,两种靶标菌菌悬液按浓度比1∶1000(10³∶10⁶ cfu/mL)混合或其DNA浓度比为1∶10000(2.28×10^-3 ng/μL∶22.8 ng/μL)条件下,ddPCR可检测到低浓度的靶标菌,检测灵敏度同样是real-time PCR的10倍。此外,在人工接菌种子测试中,西瓜、甜瓜单粒种子平均带菌量10⁵~10⁶ cfu/粒时,ddPCR方法可检测到带菌率0.2%(n=500)的西瓜、甜瓜种子样品。将分别携带两种菌的种子按比例1∶10混合时ddPCR方法可以准确检出浓度相对低的靶标菌;而使用相同检测引物的real-time PCR检测方法则只能检出西瓜嗜酸菌和丁香假单胞菌带菌率分别为0.2%和2%(n=500)的甜瓜种子混合样品中的西瓜嗜酸菌,未能稳定检出丁香假单胞菌。综上所述,本研究基于ddPCR技术建立了可同时检测两种重要葫芦科种传细菌的方法,检测结果稳定可靠,丰富了当前种传病原细菌的检测技术体系。     

环介导等温扩增实时荧光检测玉米内州萎蔫病菌

选择玉米内州萎蔫病菌基因组DNA高度特异保守区域设计环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)引物,通过对其反应条件优化,建立玉米内州萎蔫病菌的LAMP检测体系。实验得出内引物与外引物最佳比例为6∶1,反应最佳温度为64℃。运用玉米内州萎蔫病菌克隆质粒梯度稀释液对LAMP检测体系的灵敏度进行了验证。LAMP检测体系的检测限达到100 fg,与常规PCR相比,该方法的检测限提高了100倍。以多种参比菌DNA为模板对LAMP检测体系的特异性进行了验证,结果表明LAMP检测体系仅对玉米内州萎蔫病菌有扩增,对非靶标菌没有扩增。为玉米内州萎蔫病菌快速高效检测提供了一种新型的检测方法。     

柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP及快速LAMP检测方法的建立

建立柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测方法,使其能应用于基层检验检疫部门对病害的快速检测.利用柑橘溃疡病菌基因组特有的保守区域设计LAMP引物,通过优化反应条件,建立柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP检测体系;在普通LAMP引物的基础上设计一对环引物,建立柑橘溃疡病菌的快速LAMP检测体系,并以多种参比菌DNA以及健康柑橘叶片基因组DNA为模板对普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测体系的特异性进行了验证,利用柑橘溃疡病菌菌液和DNA溶液梯度稀释液对普通LAMP和快速LAMP检测体系的灵敏度进行了验证.普通LAMP检测体系菌体和DNA检测灵敏度分别达到了2.25×104 cfu和2.03×10-1 ng,快速LAMP检测体系菌体和DNA检测灵敏度分别达到了2.25 cfu和2.03×10-5ng.在特异性测试中,普通LAMP检测体系与快速LAMP检测体系均仅对柑橘溃疡病菌进行扩增,对非靶标菌和柑橘叶片基因组DNA不产生扩增,普通LAMP与快速LAMP检测体系特异性测试结果一致.快速LAMP检测体系在0.5h内就可以达到普通LAMP检测体系的扩增量,是普通LAMP检测体系反应时间的一半,大大提高了检测的效率;快速LAMP检测体系菌悬液和DNA检测灵敏度均比普通LAMP检测体系提高了10 000倍.成功地建立了柑橘溃疡病菌的普通LAMP及快速LAMP检测方法,为柑橘溃疡病菌的检测提供了一种新的简便、快速的检测手段.     

水稻细菌性条斑病菌LAMP快速检测方法的建立

以SYBR Green I荧光染料为指示剂,针对水稻细菌性条斑病菌糖基转移酶,设计了4条普通LAMP引物,并在此基础上设计了2条LAMP环引物,建立了水稻细菌性条斑病菌的环介导等温扩增可视化快速检测方法。结果表明:水稻细菌性条斑病菌呈荧光的阳性反应,近缘菌株则呈橙色的阴性反应;检测灵敏度DNA为100 fg/μL,菌悬液为3×103 cfu/m L。LAMP技术的建立为现场检疫和大规模检测提供了新的方法。     

快速鉴定草莓枯萎病的LAMP检测技术

[目的]建立草莓枯萎病的镰刀菌快速检测方法.[方法]利用环介导等温扩增技术(LAMP)针对镰刀菌保守区域ITS设计一套LAMP扩增引物,利用Bst DNA聚合酶完成LAMP扩增反应,对7种常见病原菌进行检测,分析LAMP引物的特异性;比较LAMP与传统PCR方法的敏感性.[结果]建立的LAMP法能够特异性的检测尖孢镰刀...     

水稻种子携带稻瘟病菌LAMP检测方法的建立与应用

稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae可通过种子带菌实现远距离传播,导致病害发生并造成严重经济损失。建立灵敏高效且便于操作的水稻种子携带稻瘟病菌的检测方法,是确保种子健康和控制病害发生的先决条件。本研究选取稻瘟病菌的3-磷酸甘油酰基转移酶基因MoSPC3设计合成3对特异性引物,并对反应体系进行优化,建立了环介导等温扩增(loop-mediated isothermal amplification, LAMP)方法。该方法可特异性地检测稻瘟病菌,对稻瘟病菌DNA样品的检测灵敏度可达到0.24拷贝/μL,远高于普通PCR的检测灵敏度。将该方法用于从中国和马来西亚不同水稻种植区收集的92份水稻种子样品携带稻瘟病菌的检测,结果显示,LAMP方法共检测到89份阳性样品,而普通PCR仅显示有2份样品为阳性。综上,本研究建立了一种适用于水稻种子携带稻瘟病菌的LAMP检测方法,具有简便快捷、灵敏度高等特点,丰富了稻瘟病菌的检测体系,可用于大批量水稻种子样品的健康检测。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.