Q型烟粉虱对20个烟草品种的选择性

为了明确不同烟草品种对Q型烟粉虱的抗性及其与叶背茸毛密度的相关性,研究了Q型烟粉虱对20个烟草品种的选择性及其生长发育和存活情况,并分析了烟草抗虫性与叶背茸毛密度的关系。结果表明,Q型烟粉虱成虫对烟草品种的选择性、产卵趋性及卵-成虫的存活率在不同烟草品种间差异显著。在20个供试烟草品种中,抗虫性较弱的品种有‘闽烟9号’、‘闽烟57号’;抗虫性较强的品种有‘云烟97’、‘V2’、‘云烟100’、‘长脖黄’,这4个品种在生产上可优先安排种植。烟草叶背茸毛密度与成虫量和着卵量均呈极显著正相关,即烟草叶背茸毛密度越高,烟草抗虫性越弱。因此,选育茸毛较少的烟草品种,可以提高烟草对Q型烟粉虱的抗性。     

Q型烟粉虱对20个茄子品种的选择性

为明确茄子不同品种对Q型烟粉虱抗性水平的差异,在室内条件下即温度为（26±1）℃、相对湿度60%~80%、光周期L∥D= 14 h∥10 h,研究了Q型烟粉虱对不同品种茄子的选择性及不同品种对其生长发育和存活率的影响。结果表明,茄子品种对Q型烟粉虱成虫选择性、产卵趋性及卵成虫的发育历期、存活率影响显著。在供试的20个茄子品种中,Q型烟粉虱成虫的选择性和产卵趋性均以‘增丰巨茄’、‘引茄1号’、‘原种紫长茄’最强,‘淄博长茄’、‘海南野茄’、‘紫罐茄王’最弱。卵成虫的发育历期以‘海南野茄’和‘阳春三月茄’上较长,显著长于‘紫红长茄’、‘快圆茄’、‘原种紫长茄’。卵成虫存活率以‘海南野茄’、‘原种紫长茄’、‘紫罐茄王’较低,显著低于‘增丰巨茄’、‘三月茄’、‘引茄一号’、‘特早紫圆茄’。综合分析,从20个茄子品种中筛选出对Q型烟粉虱存在抗性差异的品种为：‘海南野茄’、‘淄博长茄’、‘紫罐茄王’、‘阳春三月茄’为抗性品种,其中‘海南野茄’抗性最强,‘增丰巨茄’、‘引茄一号’、‘原种紫长茄’、‘紫红长茄’、‘快圆茄’、‘三月茄’、‘特早紫圆茄’为敏感品种,其中‘增丰巨茄’敏感性最强。     

B型烟粉虱成虫对五种寄主植物的取食和产卵行为

为明确烟粉虱的寄主选择机制,利用刺吸电波技术(EPG)记录了B型烟粉虱在苘麻、棉花、黄瓜、甘蓝和烟草上的刺吸取食波型,并比较了烟粉虱在寄主植物上的产卵行为.研究结果表明,烟粉虱在5种寄主植物上的刺吸过程由A、B、C、E、G和np波组成,但取食不同植物的波型比例、频次及平均持续周期等指标有显著性差异.烟粉虱取食苘麻时,反映被动取食行为的E波比例和平均周期分别达83.8%和20.2min,明显高于其它寄主植物.总体上,B型烟粉虱取食5种寄主植物的适宜度为苘麻>黄瓜>棉花>烟草>甘蓝.烟粉虱在不同寄主植物上的产卵量随产卵时间延长而增加,但增加量明显低于接虫24 h的产卵量.烟粉虱对苘麻的产卵选择性显著高于棉花,但与黄瓜、甘蓝、烟草没有显著的差别.在本试验烟粉虱雌虫密度的范围内,各种寄主植物的产卵量与烟粉虱成虫密度成正相关,高密度下烟粉虱成虫在甘蓝和苘麻上的产卵量显著高于黄瓜、烟草和棉花.     

烟粉虱成虫对不同寄主植物的选择性

选用棉花、烟草、番茄、甘蓝进行非选择性和选择性试验研究 ,探讨烟粉虱成虫对 4种寄主植物的嗜食性。结果表明 ,在 4种寄主作物共同存在时 ,烟粉虱成虫喜欢取食烟草 ,排列顺序为 :烟草 >番茄 >棉花、甘蓝 ;产卵量排列顺序为 :烟草、番茄 >甘蓝、棉花。当只有番茄和烟草两种寄主植物时 ,烟粉虱成虫趋向于取食烟草 ,但在番茄上产卵 ;只有烟草和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱倾向于取食烟草并产卵 ;只有棉花和番茄时 ,烟粉虱对两种寄主没有明显的趋向 ;只有棉花和烟草时 ,烟粉虱显著的喜好在烟草上产卵 ;只有棉花和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱趋向在棉花上取食产卵 ,但没有达到显著水平 ;同样只有番茄和甘蓝时 ,烟粉虱喜好在番茄上取食产卵 ,但没有达到显著水平。     

五种杀虫剂对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫搜索烟粉虱行为的影响

利用Y形嗅觉仪观测了5种杀虫剂影响异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫对烟草叶片与烟粉虱复合体的选择行为。结果表明,在正常生长状况下,烟草叶片释放的挥发物对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫无明显引诱作用,而烟草叶片受到烟粉虱危害后所释放的挥发性次生物质则对异色瓢虫和龟纹瓢虫有明显的招引作用;在杀虫剂处理后,30%毒死蜱和25 g/L溴氰菊酯几乎不会影响到瓢虫的搜索行为,30%啶虫脒则会显著降低瓢虫对猎物的选择率,20%吡虫啉和1.8%阿维菌素处理后,则会明显有利于瓢虫寻找猎物的行为。     

Q型烟粉虱对不同番茄品种的适生性

为探究烟粉虱对不同番茄品种的适生性差异,于温室条件下采用生态测定和生化方法,研究了Q型烟粉虱在不同番茄品种上的生物学参数及不同番茄品种叶片营养物质和次生物质含量的差异,并利用"Y"型嗅觉仪测定了Q型烟粉虱成虫对不同番茄品种的行为反应。结果表明,Q型烟粉虱在供试5个不同番茄品种上的存活率、产卵量及种群生命表参数均存在显著差异,其存活率、产卵量、净增殖率和内禀增长率均以在绿肩2号上最高,分别为80.43%、314.00、42.21和0.12,在精品淑娇上最低,分别为41.58%、93.33、12.05和-0.10。不同番茄品种的营养物质和次生物质含量差异显著,可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量均以绿肩2号最高,分别为4.13、2.50 mg/g,总黄酮和总酚含量以金陵红玉最高,分别为9.60、9.04 mg/g。行为反应结果显示Q型烟粉虱对绿肩2号的选择性较强,与苏红2003相比,选择率为61.5∶38.5;对精品淑娇最弱,与绿肩2号相比,选择率为41.3∶58.7。     

不同温度锻炼对高温胁迫下Q型烟粉虱存活及生殖的影响

［目的］ 明确不同温度锻炼对高温胁迫下Q型烟粉虱存活及生殖的影响。［方法］ 将Q型烟粉虱成虫在45 ℃下暴露1 h直接进行高温胁迫,及温度锻炼后再胁迫,即在不同温度(10、33、39 ℃)下暴露0.5 h,再45 ℃处理1 h,然后在26 ℃条件下饲养,观察其存活率、寿命及产卵量。 ［结果］ 在产卵量无明显变化时,低温锻炼后雌雄虫寿命缩短,以存活率升高的方式维持其种群。高温锻炼后存活率降低,以延长雌虫寿命的方式,使其种群数量维持在一定水平。［结论］ 不同温度锻炼后,Q型烟粉虱的种群动态与存活率、寿命、产卵量的变化之间存在着权衡。     

烟粉虱嗅觉行为反应在抗烟粉虱豇豆种质筛选中的应用

为明确24种豇豆种质对Q型烟粉虱的抗性差异,以便更好地筛选抗性种质资源,采用昆虫嗅觉行为反应测定法,结合盆栽试验与豇豆形态特征调查,研究了Q型烟粉虱对不同豇豆的趋性选择、72 h内产卵量以及趋性与豇豆形态特征的关系。结果表明,Q型烟粉虱对不同豇豆的趋性选择差异显著,在参试豇豆材料中,夏豇1号对Q型烟粉虱的引诱作用显著高于其他种质,而金富翠柳的驱避作用显著高于其他种质,后者可作为豇豆抗Q型烟粉虱育种的亲本或栽培品种。参试豇豆种质的蔓性、荚型、荚色等形态特征对Q型烟粉虱趋性选择的影响不大。     

烤烟‘K326’抗TMV防御物质初探

烤烟主栽品种‘K326’在打顶后,随着次生代谢产物的积累,烟草花叶病症状呈减轻趋势。本试验利用半叶枯斑法对‘K326’的全株、根、茎、叶甲醇提取物及根部不同极性溶剂萃取物进行抗烟草普通花叶病毒活性筛选,结果表明:在浓度为1mg/mL时,‘K326’各部位甲醇提取物中,根部甲醇提取物的活性最强,对TMV体外钝化、初侵染和复制增殖作用的抑制率分别为74.50%、68.82%和47.76%;利用不同极性溶剂对根部甲醇提取物萃取处理后,乙酸乙酯萃取物活性增强明显,对TMV体外钝化、初侵染和复制增殖作用的抑制率分别为76.81%、78.02%、61.42%;经普通烟‘K326’进一步验证,根部甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物活性最强。综上,‘K326’中抗病毒防御物质可能存在于根部甲醇提取物的乙酸乙酯萃取物中。     

螺虫乙酯对B型烟粉虱毒力及部分生物学参数的影响

为系统评价新药剂螺虫乙酯(spirotetramat)对B型烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci biotype B)的生物活性及生物学参数的影响,采用浸渍法测定了螺虫乙酯及对照药剂吡虫啉对B型烟粉虱各个虫态的室内毒力、成虫寿命、产卵量及所产卵孵化率的影响。结果表明,螺虫乙酯对2龄若虫毒力最高,LC₅₀为4.07 mg/L,为吡虫啉的2.73倍,对卵及成虫毒力较低,且显著低于吡虫啉;12.5 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理后,成虫寿命为17.3天,较空白对照显著缩短,吡虫啉与空白对照无显著差异;12.5 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理后平均产卵量为5.0粒,所产卵的平均孵化率为3.23%,显著低于空白对照和吡虫啉处理,吡虫啉与空白对照无显著差异;100 mg/L螺虫乙酯处理24 h后对烟粉虱成虫驱避率为52%,驱避效果较差。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.