遗传发育所在小麦DNA-free基因组编辑方法研究中取得进展

<正>CRISPR/Cas9是目前应用最为广泛的基因组编辑技术,已在作物基因功能研究以及品种改良中取得了巨大的成功。常规植物基因组编辑手段多通过农杆菌或基因枪的方法将CRISPR/Cas9DNA表达框转入并整合到植物基因组中,进而发挥功能对目的基因进行编辑。但是这些方法多存在许多不足,如较高的潜在脱靶效应、易出现嵌合体、     

CRISPR/Cas9技术在作物基因功能研究和育种中的应用

CRISPR/Cas是一种在细菌和古细菌中发现的获得性免疫防御系统,目前已发现的CRISPR/Cas系统包括Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ型,其中Ⅱ型系统的组成较简单,由其改造成的CRISPR/Cas9技术已成为一种便捷、高效的基因组编辑工具,广泛地应用于动物、植物、微生物等基因功能和遗传改良研究。本研究主要介绍了CRISPR/Cas9的组成和原理,及其在作物基因功能研究和育种中的应用,并对其进一步在作物遗传改良中的发展进行了探讨。     

基于棉花U6启动子的海岛棉CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑体系的建立

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术是基因功能研究的一种强有力的工具, 目前已在许多生物体中成功实现内源靶向基因的突变。利用已克隆的海岛棉新海16的2个U6启动子, 分别构建带有新海16内源基因(GbGGB和GbERA1)靶位点DNA片段的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑载体。以新海16的胚性愈伤组织为供试材料, 制备海岛棉的原生质体。通过PCR方法大量富集构建好的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑载体的核心片段(包括GbU6::sgRNA和CAMV35S::Cas9两部分), 并利用PEG法转化海岛棉的原生质体。对原生质体基因组DNA进行酶切后PCR, 成功检测到内源靶基因的突变现象。对PCR产物进行克隆测序, 结果显示序列突变的类型主要以碱基替换为主, 少数为碱基缺失。结果表明基于海岛棉U6启动子的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统能在海岛棉中实现靶向基因编辑的功能, 为棉花功能基因组学研究提供了重要的技术基础。     

CRISPER/Cas9系统在植物基因组定点修饰及作物遗传育种中的应用研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9系统是一项简单、高效的基因定点编辑技术,在植物遗传改良及作物良种选育等方面具有重要的应用价值。本研究主要介绍了CRISPR/Cas9的原理及构建方法,论述了近年来CRISPR/Cas9技术在植物基因功能及基因表达调控、植物基因组的定向编辑以及作物分子育种中的应用及研究进展,分析了该基因编辑系统的主要影响因素及优化改进方式,探讨了该系统在应用中的问题及解决途径并对今后发展方向进行了展望,为该技术在植物基因组定点编辑及作物遗传育种等领域研究提供参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9系统在作物基因组编辑中的研究进展

CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑技术通过向导RNA的介导和Cas9蛋白的切割来实现对靶基因的定点编辑,由于该技术简便、高效的特点,在作物基因组编辑中被广泛使用。本研究主要对CRISPR/Cas9系统的组成与分类,工作原理以及g RNA构建方法进行了系统的介绍,并针对该系统存在的脱靶效应,总结了相应策略。同时,总结了在作物基因组编辑中CRISPR/Cas9系统的应用及研究进展情况,并对CRISPR/Cas9系统在作物基因编辑研究的方向做了展望,为作物的基因功能研究和分子设计育种提供参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9系统及其在粮油作物遗传改良中的研究进展

CRISPR是细菌或古生菌对入侵到体内的病毒,通过核酸特异性识别、Cas9蛋白酶切割产生的一种天然免疫系统。基于CRISPR/Cas9系统的基因组编辑技术,通过sgRNA介导和Cas9蛋白切割实现对靶基因的定点编辑。因其操作简便、编辑效率高、适用范围广的特点,迅速成为研究植物、动物、微生物基因功能的重要手段。同时,随着大量基因组信息和相应数据库的广泛建立,CRISPR/Cas9技术利用反向遗传学,配合生物信息技术,成为遗传改良、创新特异种质的一种极有效的新手段。本文主要对CRISPR/Cas系统的基本原理、CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术的作用机制,以及CRISPR/Cas9技术在粮油作物遗传改良、品种选育研究中取得的进展进行了综述,为遗传育种工作者利用该技术进行遗传改良和品种优化升级育提供有效的参考。     

中国鹅掌楸纤维素合酶的CRISPR/Cas9基因敲除系统的gRNA表达载体构建

CRISPR/Cas系统最早发现于细菌,对入侵的病毒或噬菌体DNA具有免疫作用。基于CRISPR/Cas的免疫机制,设计开发的CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑系统已经成为真核生物基因编辑的主流工具,在拟南芥、水稻等高等植物的基因组功能研究中已经广泛应用。本研究以中国鹅掌楸纤维素合酶(Cellulose synthase,CESA)为研究对象,首次构建了具有表达中国鹅掌楸纤维素合酶(Cellulose synthase,CESA)gRNA(guide RNA)的CRISPR/Cas9基因敲除系统,以LcCESA1基因外显子5'端的第一个外显子区域的GN19NGG序列设计gRNA引物;以p201N-Cas9为载体,Gibson Assembly誖Master Mix为连接酶,通过Gibson Assembly连接技术,将CESA1-gRNA连入p201N-Cas9中,获得p201N-Cas9-CESA1-gRNA载体。根据载体中插入序列,设计了两对检测引物,经PCR鉴定,均获得了相应大小的序列;测序分析进一步证实确认gRNA已经完整准确地连入载体。p201N-Cas9-CESA1-gRNA载体能对CESA1基因进行定向编辑,对后续研究鹅掌楸纤维素合酶的基因功能具有重要意义。     

靶向BnSVP的CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑载体的构建

基于CRISPR/Cas9的基因组编辑技术是一种新兴的分子修饰工具,可实现基因组特定位点碱基的缺失、插入或替换,造成基因功能丧失,现已广泛应用于基因功能的研究。为深入探讨甘蓝型油菜中Bn SVP的生物学功能,以中双11号基因组(甘蓝型油菜参考基因组,v4.1)中的4个Bn SVP为靶标基因,并针对不同染色体上的Bn SVP基因,应用CRISPR-P 2.0软件共设计了12条特异sg RNA种子序列,以实现4个Bn SVP同源基因的全部或部分敲除;以p YLCRISPR-Cas9P35S-H为基本载体,以At U3b或At U3d为sg RNA转录启动子,采用Golden gate cloning技术分别组装构建了6个双靶点CRISPR/Cas9植物表达载体。测序结果表明,6个CRISPR/Cas9植物表达载体各sg RNA表达盒DNA序列正确,双靶点组装顺序无误。研究结果为进一步原生质体瞬时表达和农杆菌介导的油菜遗传转化奠定了基础,同时也为应用CRISPR/Cas9基因组编辑系统研究植物多拷贝同源基因的功能提供参考。     

CRISPR/Cas9植物基因编辑系统敲除棉花GhSBP基因表达载体的构建

基因编辑技术是研究基因功能的一个有效工具。CRISPR/Cas9系统是基于细菌Ⅱ型免疫系统改造而成的一种全新的基因编辑系统。因其相对于ZFNs、TALENs更加简单高效,适用于普通分子生物学实验室。各种植物特异的CRISPR/Cas9载体被构建并快速应用于多种植物中。本实验以棉花GhSBP基因为编辑对象,构建了CRISPR/Cas9系统敲除GhSBP基因的表达载体,并利用农杆菌介导法转化棉花,以期获得敲除GhSBP基因的棉花转基因株系。     

CRISPR/Cas9系统介导的基因编辑文库筛选在植物中的应用

CRISPR/Cas9系统通过对基因的定向编辑,对基因组编辑产生了革命性的影响,成功促进了突变体筛选在基因组水平上的新发展。虽然该系统构建突变体文库速度快,针对性强,且具有巨大的应用前景,目前在一些重要作物的研究中已取得了重要进展,但其在木本植物中的应用仍处于初级阶段。本研究总结了CRISPR/Cas9系统在植物基因编辑文库构建方面的应用,探究该系统如何应用于构建突变敲除体库。将构建基因编辑突变体文库作为深入研究基因功能的手段,本研究综述的信息将对推进木本植物相关研究提供有益的借鉴。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.