杨木粉与纤维素热解特性的对比研究

利用热重红外联用的分析方法对杨木粉和纤维素的热解失重特性和产物生成特性进行了对比研究。结果表明,杨木粉与纤维素热解失重的主要阶段在210～400℃范围内,裂解速率均约在350℃时达到最大。由于纤维素与杨木粉组成成分不同,杨木粉发生热失重的时间更早过程更长,而结构单一的纤维素在热失重过程中反应更为剧烈,分解速度较快裂解更完全。在线红外分析结果表明,杨木粉和纤维素热解产生的气体主要为CO2、CO、H2O及饱和小分子烷烃类,由于杨木粉中还有除纤维素以外的组分,使其热裂解过程变得更为复杂。     

新型胶合板水性木质复合覆面填补材料的制备和评价北大核心

探究了基于木纤维粒径/木粉种类差异填充胶合板缝隙的复合腻子配方、影响因素、性能评价,致力于胶合板素板表面缝隙填充、平整度调控的技术开发。采用单因素条件探讨了温度、木粉种类、木纤维目数等对腻子性能的影响。结果表明:添加木纤维的腻子填充材料除表干时间略高于未添加木纤维的对照组外,耐磨性、干强度、湿强度、相容性、稳定性相比于未添加木纤维的腻子填充材料均有了明显提高。在木纤维目数一致的情况下,添加木纤维的种类不同也会对腻子的各项性能产生影响。其中湿强度与粗糙度优劣排列依次是:桉木粉、杨木粉、杂木粉、松木粉、竹粉;干强度优劣排列依次是:桉木粉、杂木粉、杨木粉、松木粉、竹粉;耐磨性优劣排列依次是:杨木粉、松木粉、杂木粉、桉木粉、竹粉。木纤维的种类对腻子的表干时间、相容性、稳定性没有显著影响。     

磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂阻燃性能的热重分析

膨胀型阻燃体系因其高效低毒的特性而受到广泛的关注.研究了以二氨基双酚A、三氯氧磷和三聚氰胺为原料合成磷酰胺类磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂的反应条件,并用热重分析和灼烧实验方法初步研究了它对杨木粉的阻燃特性.结果表明:用乙醚作分散介质,二氨基双酚A、三氯氧磷、三聚氰胺的摩尔比为1:3:8,回流时间5 h的条件下,磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂的得率较高、产品质量好;热重分析表明,杨木粉经磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂处理后,炭化阶段的峰温有所下降,活化能减小,速率常数变大,残余炭量由22.5%增加到36.3%,增加比例达到61.3%;灼烧实验表明,低于230 ℃时,经磷氮系膨胀型阻燃剂处理的杨木粉的灼烧失重大于对照样品,而在高于230 ℃以后,阻燃处理杨木粉的灼烧残余质量大于对照样品;经阻燃处理后350 ℃残余量由24.9%增加到38.4%,比对照样增加54.2%;600 ℃残余量由7.3%增加到22.3%,比对照样增加205%;灼烧残渣为黑色泡沫炭层,具有金属光泽.因此,该阻燃剂在受热时能有效地促使木材形成更多的木炭,并形成石墨样光泽的泡沫炭层.     

添加落叶松树皮粉对杨木粉/HDPE复合材料性能的影响

本文用落叶松树皮粉替代部分或全部杨木粉,采用挤出法制备落叶松树皮粉/杨木粉/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)复合材料,测试其抗弯性能、拉伸性能、冲击强度和流变性能。研究发现,添加少量落叶松树皮粉(10份)对杨木粉/HDPE复合材料的力学性能没有显著影响,过高则使性能有所下降,但能够改善物料流动性,有利于提高生产效率。方差分析发现,与未添加落叶松树皮粉复合材料相比,添加10份落叶松树皮粉后,对材料的弯曲模量,拉伸强度和拉伸模量的影响不显著。旋转流变测试发现,当落叶松树皮粉份数增加时,复合材料熔体的储能模量和粘度系数都在降低,当落叶松树皮粉份数大于20份时,复合材料熔体的储能模量和粘度系数变化趋势比较相似。而转矩流变发现,当落叶树皮粉份数增加时,熔体的平衡温度和平衡转矩都在增加。     

杨木粉在EmimAC离子液体中溶解性能的研究

采用离子液体1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐(Emim AC)溶解杨木木粉,研究杨木粉在Emim AC中的溶解性能。通过单因素和正交试验优化得到溶解最佳条件为:溶解温度160℃,溶解时间16 h,木粉含水量7.5%,超声波预处理时间10 min,在此条件下,杨木粉溶解率为48.30%。在溶解过程中,未溶部分的总木质素含量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,在溶解时间为6 h时总木质素由原料的26.29%增至最大29.43%。通过SEM、XRD、FT-IR对溶解前后木粉结构进行了表征,结果表明,溶解过程中Emim AC对杨木粉结构造成了一定破坏,在溶解时间为16 h时,结晶度由原来的45.43%降至29.03%,但此过程中并没有相应衍生物的产生,Emim AC是杨木粉的强而有效的直接性溶剂,为生物质的高效利用打下了基础。     

桐马酸酐甲酯接枝改性杨木粉的制备及其表征

以N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)为溶剂、吡啶为催化剂,采用桐马酸酐甲酯(MEMA)对杨木粉(PWP)表面接枝化学改性。研究了反应物料配比、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂用量对杨木粉改性反应的影响,并通过接触角测量、元素分析、红外光谱(FT-IR)、13C固体核磁共振光谱(13C CP-MAS NMR)及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了改性杨木粉的结构与表面性能。实验结果表明:以MEMA与PWP质量比7.5∶1,催化剂吡啶用量为杨木粉质量的5%,120℃反应6 h,制备的桐马酸酐甲酯改性杨木粉的质量增加率为20%～25%;改性后杨木粉疏水性增强。     

软木复合矿质塑合材料地板生产工艺研究

以玉米秸秆粉替代栓皮栎木栓质软木材料,研制软木复合矿质塑合材料地板生产技术,结果表明:玉米秸秆粉完全可替代木栓质软木材料来生产软木复合材料,秸秆粉添加量为3%时,按工艺生产的软木复合矿质塑合材料地板技术指标达到最理想效果,板材静曲强度≥15 MPa,弹性模量≥1 500 MPa,24 h吸水厚度膨胀率≤1%,甲醛释放量达到E0级≤0.2 mg·L-1国际标准。     

无催化条件下乙酰化杨木的工艺与性能

采用纯乙酸酐为处理液,在无催化剂条件下,分析反应温度和反应时间对乙酰化杨木增重率和反应速率的影响,并测试乙酰化杨木的性能.结果表明:随反应时间的延长和反应温度的升高,乙酰化杨木的增重率增大,密度略增,抗胀率增大,吸湿率减小;乙酰化对杨木弹性模量和抗弯强度的影响不显著.红外光谱分析表明,乙酰化木材中亲水性的羟基被乙酰基所取代,形成巯水性基团酯基,从而提高处理木材的尺寸稳定性.     

BL-环保型阻燃剂对杨木单板吸湿性和尺寸稳定性的影响

该研究采用BL-阻燃剂溶液浸渍处理杨木单板,比较分析BL-阻燃杨木与未阻燃杨木的吸湿性和尺寸稳定性的影响。结果表明:①在不同的湿度条件下,阻燃处理后试件的吸潮率递增值明显高于未处理材。②BL-阻燃剂浓度越高的试件吸潮率也越高,相同浓度的试件在不同湿度中,湿度越高,其吸潮率也越高。③阻燃后杨木单板的尺寸变化率明显高于未处理材的,BL-阻燃剂具有较高的吸湿性,其对杨木单板尺寸稳定性的影响规律为:厚度弦向径向。     

FRW阻燃杨木胶合板物理力学性能和阻燃性能的研究

选用新型木材阻燃剂FRW处理杨木单板,研制阻燃性能优异的FRW阻燃杨木胶合板,并对其各项物理力学性能和阻燃性能进行了测试.结果表明:FRW阻燃杨木胶合板的物理力学性能可达到GB 9846-2004《胶合板普通胶合板通用技术条件》的规定,阻燃性能达到日本标准JISD1322-77中规定的难燃一级品标准和中华人民共和国公共安全行业标准GA/T42.1-92《阻燃木材燃烧性能试验方法--木垛法》的规定.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。