Spatial variability of bulk soil electrical conductivity in a Malaysian paddy field: key to soil management

On-the-go EC sensor is a useful tool in mapping the apparent soil electrical conductivity (EC_a) to identify areas of contrasting soil properties. In non-saline soils, EC_a is a substitute measurement for soil texture. It is directly related to both water holding capacity and cation exchange capacity (CEC), which are key ingredients of productivity. This sensor measures the EC_a across a field quickly and gives detailed soil features (1-s interval) with few operators. Hence, a dense sampling is possible and therefore a high resolution EC_a map can be produced. This paper presents experiences in acquiring detailed EC_a information that is correlated to other soil properties for precision farming of rice. The study was conducted on a 9 ha rice plot in MARDI Seberang Prai Station, Penang. The VerisEC3100 was pulled across the field in a series of parallel transects spaced about 15 m apart. The study showed that shallow and deep EC_a had high correlation and shallow EC_a had significant correlation to P. Deep EC_a had significant correlation to P, K and yield. Regression equations showed that N and P could be estimated by shallow EC_a but, pH, K and yield were better estimated by deep EC_a. This study was able to draw some basic ideas of nutrient zone management according to precision farming technique.     

Evaluation of <Emphasis Type="Italic">sawah</Emphasis> rice management system in an inland valley in southeastern Nigeria. I: Soil chemical properties and rice yield

Failures in agricultural development in parts of West Africa may have been caused by the inability of the farmers to develop the abundant inland valleys for cultivation of such crops like rice, using appropriate water management systems. An inland valley in southeastern Nigeria was used to evaluate the influence of sawah and non-sawah water management using inorganic and organic soil amendments on the soil chemical properties and rice grain yield. Soil chemical properties tested were soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, exchangeable K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. Others were CEC, percent base saturation and exchangeable acidity while the grain yield of rice was also measured. The soils are loose, low in pH and poor in plant nutrient elements. In spite of that, the sawah-managed system was able to improve the pH of the soil by raising it slightly both in the first and second year of planting. Generally, essential plant nutrients such as exchangeable K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺, including fertility index like the CEC, were improved within sawah management within the period. Also, rice grain yield increased significantly (5.62 and 6.25 tons/ha in the first year and 5.32 and 6.53 tons/ha in the second year for non-sawah and sawah, respectively) with sawah system such that about 11 and 23% yield increases were obtained in sawah over the non-sawah in the two years, respectively. Although organic carbon can be used to explain the variation in total grain yield in the first year, it was the CEC that explained the total grain yield in the second year. The study revealed the superiority of sawah over non-sawah in the production of lowland rice in an inland valley in southeastern Nigeria.     

不同原料商品有机肥对土壤肥力性状及冬瓜产量的影响

分析明月海藻有机肥（CH01）、海腾鸡粪有机肥（HK05）、荣达豆粕有机肥（BT03）和博泰虾肽氨基酸有机肥（CJ01）4种不同原料商品有机肥养分含量,研究其对土壤肥力和冬瓜产量的影响。结果表明：海藻有机质含量最高,豆粕氮含量最高,鸡粪磷和钾含量最高;经过360 d的培养实验后,海藻对有机质提升效果最好;豆粕对碱解氮和全氮含量提升效果最好;鸡粪对速效磷提升效果最好;鸡粪和虾肽对速效钾提升最大。对土壤pH和CEC提升效果最好的有机肥分别为鸡粪和海藻。大田试验中豆粕对碱解氮含量提升效果最好,海藻对CEC提升效果最好,鸡粪对pH提升效果最好,与培养试验结果相一致。但各处理土壤中的养分含量,pH和CEC差异不显著。施用虾肽能显著提高冬瓜产量,其余处理与空白对照无显著差异。不同原料商品有机肥培肥土壤的能力受到有机肥基本理化性质的影响,增产效果与其钾含量高低有关,施用虾肽有机肥能显著提高冬瓜产量。短时间的田间试验无法体现商品有机肥的肥效。     

Impacts on soil quality from long-term irrigation with treated greywater

Drought condition in many places leads to the imperative use of greywater for irrigation. There is a serious concern on the impact of such prolonged uses on soil sustainability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term impacts of greywater irrigation on soil electrical conductivity (EC) and other soil quality parameters in field conditions. Six locations were monitored in this study where home gardens have been irrigated with treated greywater for 2 years. Results showed a general reduction in EC levels of soil samples along all depth intervals at all locations. The average soil EC before greywater irrigation was 0.97 dS/m and decreased to 0.41 dS/m, which may be due to the use of greywater as well as the rainwater effect. The reduction in soil EC and irrigation water quantity shows positive correlation (correlation coefficient r = 0.64). Calcium precipitation might also have a major role in soil EC reduction. Soil calcium content was 81 mg L^?1 before using treated greywater and decreased to 43 mg L^?1 after 2 years of treated greywater usage, which might have been caused by calcium carbonates (CaCO₃) precipitation. The results of other soil chemical analyses clearly show that using treated greywater for irrigation has reduced the concentration of organic matters, K, Cd, Pb, P, Mg, Cl, Na, exchangeable sodium percentage, and sodium adsorption ratio after 2 years of application. Zn concentration increased from 11 to 15 mg L^?1, and soil pH became slightly higher from 7.6 to 7.8.     

Assessment of different methods of rice (Oryza sativa. L) cultivation affecting growth parameters, soil chemical, biological, and microbiological properties, water saving, and grain yield in rice–rice system

Field experiments were conducted at DRR farm located at ICRISAT, Patancheru, in sandy clay loam soils during four seasons, Kharif 2008, Rabi 2008–2009, Kharif 2009 and Rabi 2009–2010, to investigate growth parameters, water-saving potential, root characteristics, chemical, biological, and microbial properties of rhizosphere soil, and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by comparing the plants grown with system of rice intensification (SRI) methods, with organic or organic + inorganic fertilization, against current recommended best management practices (BMP). All the growth parameters including plant height, effective tillers (10–45 %), panicle length, dry matter, root dry weight (24–57 %), and root volume (10–66 %) were found to be significantly higher with in SRI-organic + inorganic over BMP. With SRI-organic fertilization, growth parameters showed inconsistent results; however, root dry weight (3–77 %) and root volume (31–162 %) were found significantly superior compared to BMP. Grain yield was found significantly higher in SRI-organic + inorganic (12–23 and 4–35 % in the Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively), while with SRI-organic management, yield was found higher (4–34 %) only in the Rabi seasons compared to BMP. An average of 31 and 37 % of irrigation water were saved during Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively, with both SRI methods of rice cultivation compared to BMP. Further, total nitrogen, organic carbon%, soil dehydrogenase, microbial biomass carbon, total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were found higher in the two SRI plots in comparison to BMP. It is concluded that SRI practices create favorable conditions for beneficial soil microbes to prosper, save irrigation water, and increase grain yield.     

云南澜沧县景迈古茶园土壤养分和土壤酶活性研究

云南省分布着大量的古茶园,被认为是普洱茶的起源。澜沧县景迈古茶园是典型的栽培型古茶园,在古茶园区内大平掌处选择相邻的古茶园、台地茶园和天然林三种利用类型的土壤,进行了土壤养分和土壤酶活性的调查。结果表明:三种类型的土壤都呈明显的酸性,土壤pH在3.80~3.91,茶园土壤的酸度相对更低;三种类型的土壤主要养分含量和酶活性在表层0~20cm都比下层20~40cm高,但Mg、Al和K无明显的垂直分布;三者有机质含量都很高,有机质和氮的含量分布为台地茶园<古茶园<天然林,而磷含量为古茶园最高;土壤酶活性的差异与养分的差异不一致,不同的酶活性在三种土壤中的大小规律不一样;土壤pH与金属元素相关性显著,氮元素与其它养分相关性最强,养分与土壤酶活性有显著相关性,尤其是C、N、P和K等主要营养元素。     

生物炭对双季水稻产量、养分吸收和土壤性状的残留效应

生物炭对改良酸性土壤质量和提高作物产量具有重要作用。本研究以常规稻中嘉早17(早稻)和杂交稻五优308(晚稻)为供试品种,于2015年开始设置不施生物炭(C0)和一次性施用生物炭20 t/hm^2(C20)处理,以阐明施用生物炭3年后对双季稻产量、养分吸收和土壤性状的残留效应。结果表明,与C0处理相比,C20处理显著提高双季早稻产量,但对晚稻产量无显著影响;C20处理显著提高早、晚稻钾素吸收,对早稻氮素和磷素吸收有增加的趋势,但未达显著水平。试验进行4年后,C20处理显著提高土壤有机质含量和pH值。因此,在本试验中的酸性红壤上一次性施用生物炭后的第4年,生物炭仍然对双季水稻产量和土壤肥力具有提升效应。     

Effects of soil types and fertilizers on growth,yield, and quality of edible Amaranthus tricolor lines in Okinawa,Japan

Soil types and fertilizer regimes were evaluated on growth, yield, and quality of Amaranthus tricolor lines, IB (India Bengal), TW (Taiwan), BB (Bangladesh B), and BC (Bangladesh C) in developing management practices in Okinawa. Growth and yield of all amaranth lines were higher in gray soil (pH 8.4) than in dark red soil (pH 6.6) and red soil (pH 5.4). The combined NPK fertilizer resulted in highest growth parameters and yield of amaranths in all soils. Nitrogen fertilizer alone did not affect growth parameters and yield of amaranths in dark red and red soils. Growth parameters and yield increased similarly with the 30, 40, and 50 g m^?2 of NPK fertilizer in BB line, and with the 20, 30, 40, and 50 g m^?2 in BC line. Agronomic efficiency of NPK fertilizer at 50 g m^?2 was not prominent on the amaranths, compared to the fertilizer at 40 g m^?2. Amaranth lines had higher Na in dark red and red soils, while K and Mg in gray soil, Ca in gray and red soils, and Fe in dark red soil. The NPK fertilizer resulted in higher Na, Ca, Mg, and P in BB line in glasshouse. These minerals in BB line were not clearly affected, but in BC line were lower with NPK fertilizer at 20–50 g m^?2 in field. These studies indicate that gray soil is best for amaranth cultivation and combined NPK fertilizer at 20–40 g m^?2 is effective in gray soil in Okinawa for higher yield and minerals of amaranth.     

Chemical properties of Niger floodplain soils,eastern Nigeria,in relation to mineralogy

The agricultural potentials of the floodplain soils of river Niger have been less exploited due to lack of information on their chemical and mineralogical characteristics. We studied five soil profiles within the floodplain to determine the levels of plant nutrients and relate them to their clay mineralogy and total element. The soils flooded for eight months of the year are low in pH and plant available nutrients while the dominant clay mineral is kaolinite. Kaolinite and interlayered vermiculite were negatively correlated with all the exchangeable bases, CEC and available P, indicating the negative contribution of these clay minerals to the plant nutrient reserve of these soils. Illite correlated positively with Na⁺ and K⁺ (r=0.51; 0.50), while smectite correlated significantly with Na, K, Ca and CEC. Also positive significant correlation existed between illite/smectite and Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, CEC and base saturation thus confirming the positive role of smectite and illite to the plant nutrient reserve in the soils. Kaolinite and CaO could be used for the prediction of exchangeable K (R²=0.62, 0.78 respectively). Although the level of nutrient cations are low, the depositional effect of the river and traditional cultivation practices can boost crop yield especially paddy rice.     

氮磷钾肥对红壤区水稻增产效应的影响

通过红壤区水稻试验,分析了长期使用氮磷钾肥条件下双季水稻的生物量（包括稻谷产量和秸秆量）、养分增产效应和土壤肥力的变化。氮磷钾肥的配合施用对双季水稻生物量的影响顺序为NPK>NP>PK>NK>CK。N、P、K对水稻的增产效应系数分别为41.2%~54.8%、66.3%~88.2%和10.3%~10.9%。N、P和K增产效应的变异系数规律与其增产效应相反,说明养分对双季水稻增产效应越高,其稳定性越好。双季水稻的增产效应及其稳定性均表现为早稻优于晚稻。氮磷钾肥的配施可显著提高土壤有机质和全氮含量。磷肥的使用明显增加了土壤全磷和有效磷含量。钾肥使用提高了土壤全钾和交换性钾含量,然而水稻生物量的输出却与之相反,两者的平衡决定着土壤全钾和交换性钾含量的变化。氮磷钾肥对土壤pH值影响则不一致,氮肥（尿素）的长期使用降低土壤pH值,而磷肥（钙镁磷肥）的使用减缓了土壤pH值的降低。     

Influence of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Biochar on Floodwater pH and Yield Components of Rice Cultivated on Acid Sulphate Soil under Rice Intensification Practices

Abstract

Rice has a vital role in food security but the production is limited in infertile and degraded soils. Rice is cultivated on acid sulphate soil in the coastal area of Peninsular Malaysia. Soil amendment using biological charcoal (biochar) increases the soil fertility. Thus, empty fruit bunch biochar (EFBB) was applied in a pot experiment under a controlled environment using an organic system of rice intensification (SRI) practice and its effects on the floodwater pH, acid sulphate soil properties and growth performance of rice and yield of rice MR219 were preliminarily investigated. EFBB increased grain yield by 141 to 472%. Plant growth and yield parameters in EFBB amended soils were significantly higher than in soil without biochar. The number of tillers increased significantly with the increase in biochar applied; 28 tillers were produced in the control, while up to 80 tillers were produced in the plots applied 40 t ha^–1 EFBB. Moreover, the decline of Al³⁺ in flood water indicated that EFBB mitigated Al³⁺ toxicity. Soil water pH increased from 3.5 to 6 with increasing EFBB application rates. The grain yield was linearly correlated to the application rate of EFBB. This pot study demonstrates that the application of EFBB combined with organic fertilization and intermittent irrigation has the potential to improve rice yield on acid sulphate soil. Further study in the field is warranted to determine the effect of EFBB on large scale rice production.     

Cooperative effects of sand application and flushing during the sensitive stages of rice on its yield in a hard saline–sodic soil

Application of sand can ameliorate rice paddy fields converted from saline–sodic land. However, the requirement of huge amount of sand has been limiting its practical application. In this study, flushing during saline sodic-sensitive stages of rice plant growth was incorporated into the ameliorating system to reduce the sand usage. A split-plot design was adopted with sand application (SA) with two levels as main plots and flushing during the sensitive stages (FL) with two levels as subplots in a hard saline–sodic soil, Northeast China. Four treatments included CK (no-sand, no-flush flooding), NF (non-sand, flush flooding), SN (sand, no-flush flooding), and SF (sand, flush flooding). The results showed that both SA and FL significantly affected all the investigated yield parameters. The combined effect of SA and FL on the grain yield was additive in the first year in respect of the effect on panicle density and seed weight per panicle; while it showed synergistic effect on the seed weight per panicle and grain yield in the second year. The rice yield in different treatments was in the order of SF > SN > NF > CK in both years, with the highest yield (4.37 t ha^?1) obtained by SF treatment in the second year. Our results demonstrate that half the traditional amount of sand in combination with water-flushing during the saline–sodic-sensitive growth stages of rice is sufficiently effective in ameliorating saline–sodic soil and thereby enhancing rice grain yield in saline–sodic paddy fields.     

南方红壤区稻 稻连作体系下氮肥减施模式研究

 进行了连续3年6季的定位试验,比较了不施氮（N0）、常规施氮（NNL）2个对照处理与6个氮肥减施处理对双季稻产量及其构成因素、经济效益、土壤肥力水平的影响。结果表明,在低于传统施氮量20%的条件下, 30%常规氮肥用量 + 50%厩肥有机氮肥用量（30F + 50M）、30%常规氮肥用量 + 50%缓释氮肥用量（30F+ 50S）产量与NNL持平,比80%传统氮肥用量（80F）分别增产4.7％和5.2％;其余减施氮肥处理与80F产量基本持平。产量构成因子在不同施氮处理之间有明显差异,其中有效穗数、每穗粒数与产量正相关,结实率与产量负相关。经过3年6季水稻种植,土壤肥力除有效钾外,处理30F + 50M有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量和pH值分别比NNL处理提高了21.3％、7.0％、34.7％、4.9％、41％。其中,有机质、有效磷含量、pH值均显著高于80F处理。其余各减施氮肥处理与80F相比无显著差异。因此,在南方双季稻连作区,在减少施氮20％的条件下,30F + 50M、30F+ 50S是值得推荐的施肥措施。     

Assessment of some soil properties by spatial variability in saline and sodic soils in Arsanjan plain, Southern Iran

Spatial patterns for several soil parameters such soil texture, Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP), Electrical Conductivity (ECe), soil pH, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) were examined in saline and sodic soils in Arsanjan plain, Southern Iran, in order to identify their spatial distribution for implementation of a site-specific management. Soil samples were collected from 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm soil depths at 85 sampling sites. Data were analyzed both statistically and geostatistically on the basis of the semivariogram. The spatial distribution model and spatial dependence level varied between soil parameters. Soil pH and ESP had the minimum and maximum variability at all depths, respectively. Soil properties indicated moderate to strong spatial dependence. ECe exhibited moderate spatial dependence at three depths; pH and ESP had a moderate spatial dependence at 0-30 cm and strong spatial dependence at 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. Clay and CEC exhibited strong spatial dependence for the 0-30 cm and weak spatial dependence at 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. Sand and silt had a non-spatial dependence at 0-30 cm and weak spatial dependency at 30-60 and 60-90 cm depths. The spatial variability in small distances of ECe, CEC, pH and ESP generally increased with depth. All geostatistical range values were greater than 1168 m. The results reported herein indicated that the strong spatial dependency of soil properties would lead to the extrinsic factors such as ground water level and drainage. It is important to know the spatial dependence of soil parameters, as management parameters with strong spatial dependence will be more readily managed and an accurate site-specific scheme for precision farming more easily developed.     

氮肥水平与栽植密度对植稻土壤养分含量变化与氮肥利用效率的影响

【目的】为解决水稻土壤保肥能力较弱，水稻产量较低，氮肥利用效率不高等问题，【方法】于山东省济宁市任城区水稻田设置氮肥水平与栽植密度双因素大田试验，设4个施氮量水平，即无氮(N1，0 kg/hm2)、低氮(N2，216 kg/hm2)、中氮(N3，288 kg/hm2)和高氮(N4，360 kg/hm2)；栽植密度设3个梯度，即低密度(24万穴/hm2)、中密度(27万穴/hm2)和高密度(30万穴/hm2)。以探究不同氮肥水平和栽植密度下水稻成熟期土壤养分含量及氮肥利用效率的变化。【结果】随着土层加深，氮、磷、钾、有机质含量均明显下降。其中D3N4处理碱解氮含量下降了60.8%，D3N3处理速效磷含量降低了72.7%。随着施氮量增加，土壤pH值和有机质含量有所下降，速效钾含量升高，肥料偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率降低，产量先升高后降低；随着栽植密度增加，土壤pH值与速效磷含量有所下降，表层土壤碱解氮含量略有升高，有机质含量与产量及肥料偏生产力均先升高后降低，氮肥农学利用效率降低。【结论】当栽植密度为27万穴/hm2时，氮肥用量288 kg/hm2，水稻产量最高，为14 615.3 kg/hm2；相同密度下氮肥按照216 kg/hm2施用，水稻产量、氮肥农学效率和肥料偏生产力均较高。研究结果可在实际生产中参考应用。     

氮肥水平与栽植密度对植稻土壤养分含量变化与氮肥利用效率的影响

【目的】为解决水稻土壤保肥能力较弱,水稻产量较低,氮肥利用效率不高等问题,【方法】于山东省济宁市任城区水稻田设置氮肥水平与栽植密度双因素大田试验,设4个施氮量水平,即无氮(N₁,0 kg/hm²)、低氮(N₂,216 kg/hm²)、中氮(N₃,288 kg/hm²)和高氮(N₄,360 kg/hm²);栽植密度设3个梯度,即低密度(24万穴/hm²)、中密度(27万穴/hm²)和高密度(30万穴/hm²)。以探究不同氮肥水平和栽植密度下水稻成熟期土壤养分含量及氮肥利用效率的变化。【结果】随着土层加深,氮、磷、钾、有机质含量均明显下降。其中D₃N₄处理碱解氮含量下降了60.8%,D₃N₃处理速效磷含量降低了72.7%。随着施氮量增加,土壤pH值和有机质含量有所下降,速效钾含量升高,肥料偏生产力和氮肥农学利用效率降低,产量先升高后降低;随着栽植密度增加,土壤pH值与速效磷含量有所下降,表层土壤碱解氮含量略有升高,有机质含量与产量及肥料偏生产力均先升高后降低,氮肥农学利用效率降低。【结论】当栽植密度为27万穴/hm²时,氮肥用量288 kg/hm²,水稻产量最高,为14 615.3 kg/hm²;相同密度下氮肥按照216 kg/hm²施用,水稻产量、氮肥农学效率和肥料偏生产力均较高。研究结果可在实际生产中参考应用。     

海南典型农林废弃物生物炭特性分析

原料和裂解温度是影响生物炭属性的重要因子。选取海南椰壳、香蕉假茎、橡胶树枝等9种典型原料,分析其在3个温度下（300、500、700 ℃）真空裂解制备的生物炭属性及其内在关联,结果显示：（1）生物炭pH、碳氢比、比表面积和磷含量随温度升高而增加,而产率、氢和硫含量随温度升高而逐渐降低;碳氮含量、电导率以及钾、钙、镁、阳离子交换量等因原料不同随温度升高变化不一致;重金属含量都不超标。（2）生物炭中碳含量、碳氮比以及磷、钾、钙、镁含量与原料属性呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。原料中钾含量是影响生物炭pH、电导率和阳离子交换量的重要因素。（3）综合考虑产率、含碳量、比表面积、阳离子交换量以及矿质元素等性质,蘑菇渣、椰子壳和香蕉茎生物炭表现最好,本研究可为我国热带地区筛选适宜生物炭原料提供参考。     

有机无机肥配施对冬水田水稻产量和耕层土壤性质的影响

在农业生产要求全面减施化肥农药的大背景下,综合评价四川冬水稻田区有机无机配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的效应具有一定意义。本试验在冬水稻田区,比较了在等氮量替代条件下,无N(CK)、单施化肥N、P、K(T1)、30%有机肥N+70%化肥N(T2)、50%有机肥N+50%化肥N(T3)、100%有机肥N(T4)等处理的水稻产量、氮肥利用和土壤肥力变化情况。结果表明,有机无机肥配施处理的水稻产量较CK增加17.29%~31.43%,T2处理最高,且明显提高了氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力;有机无机肥配施具有提升土壤有机质、培肥地力的作用。可见,冬水稻田区适宜的有机肥替代方案为30%有机N+70%化肥N,既可稳定水稻产量、降低成本,又可提高氮素利用率和降低对农田环境的不良影响。     

As contamination alters rhizosphere microbial community composition with soil type dependency during the rice growing season

Rhizosphere microbes play a cardinal role in transformation and crop uptake of arsenic (As), thereby relieving or intensifying the risk of As contamination in the food webs. How rhizosphere microbiomes respond to As contamination in different paddy soils and rice growth stages is still unclear. Here, we conducted a rice pot experiment to address the effects of rice developmental stage and As contamination on the rhizosphere microbial communities in two contrast paddy soils, a yellow clayey paddy soil (YP, pH 5.1, soil organic matter 20.8 g/kg) and red paddy soil (RP, pH 6.2, soil organic matter 46.1 g/kg). The rhizosphere microbial communities were investigated using phospholipid fatty acids analysis at tillering, panicle initiation, and maturity stages. The results showed that rice growing in YP soil accumulated 2-10 times higher contents of As in root than that in RP soil. There was a significant effect of rice growing stage, independent of soil types and As treatment, on rhizosphere microbial community composition in both YP and RP soils as depicted by canonical correspondence analysis. As contamination significantly altered rhizosphere microbial community composition only in YP soil, which showed the soil type dependency of the As contamination effect. In RP soil, the higher content of soil organic matter reduced the impact of As contamination. Soil pH explained more percentage of variation in microbial community composition than soil DOC and DON did. These influences of soil physiochemical properties on heavy metal available and rhizosphere microbial community may lay the foundation for exploration of bioremediation potential.     

几种改良措施对酸化茶园土壤理化性质和微生物群落结构的影响

茶园土壤酸化是制约茶树可持续生产的重要因素,通过田间小区试验分析比较几种措施对茶园土壤的改良效果,以期为茶园酸化土壤改良提供科学依据。试验设置7个处理：全量化肥（常规施肥,NPK）、全量化肥+10 t•hm^-2生物质炭（NPK+BC10）、有机肥替代50%化肥（OM50）、有机肥替代50%化肥+2 t•hm^-2生石灰（OM50+Lime）、有机肥替代50%化肥+10 t•hm^-2生物质炭（OM50+BC10）、有机肥替代50%化肥+20 t•hm^-2生物质炭（OM50+BC20）、有机肥替代50%化肥+40 t•hm^-2生物质炭（OM50+BC40）。连续施用2年后,对茶园土壤酸度、养分和微生物群落进行测定。与NPK相比,OM50+Lime、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理土壤pH分别显著提高1.10、0.49和0.68,盐基饱和度分别显著提高114.01%、55.92%和58.62%。OM50+BC10、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理的土壤有机碳含量分别比NPK处理显著增加了29.68%、41.04%和59.37%。不同处理对土壤硝态氮含量无显著影响,OM50、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理的铵态氮含量比NPK处理分别显著提高了40.27%、44.77%和41.77%。NPK+BC10、OM50+BC10、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理能显著提高土壤微生物活性、微生物群落物种丰富度、多样性和均一性。OM50+BC10、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理显著降低了真菌/细菌比例,表明这3个处理短期内增加了红壤茶园土壤生态系统稳定性,但OM50+Lime处理的革兰氏阴性菌/革兰氏阳性菌比例显著低于对照处理,表明施用生石灰处理的土壤微生物受到的环境胁迫程度高于其他处理。总之,OM50+Lime、OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理对酸化茶园土壤有较好的改良效果,OM50+BC20和OM50+BC40处理对土壤微生物群落性质方面的改良效果更佳。综合考虑改良效应及成本,OM50+BC20为最佳改良方案。