粉垄耕作对甘蔗土壤微生物群落的影响

粉垄耕作是一种新型的深耕深松的耕作技术,与常规耕作方式不同,粉垄耕作能增加耕层土壤深度,从而更好地改善土壤结构.为揭示不同耕作方式对甘蔗种植土壤细菌和真菌群落的影响,本研究以粉垄耕作和常规耕作的土壤为研究对象,通过16S rRNA和18S rRNA高通量测序技术分析不同生态位(非根际、根际和根表)土壤的细菌和真菌群落的...     

基于高通量测序技术分析不同耕作方式下水稻根际土壤真菌多样性

为研究不同耕作方式下水稻根际土壤真菌群落多样性,本研究以旋耕、免耕和粉垄耕作处理的水稻根际土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术分析了真菌群落结构和多样性,并结合土壤环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明：3种耕作处理水稻根际土壤中优势菌门为子囊菌门、接合菌门、担子菌门和球囊菌门,优势菌属为镰刀菌属、被孢霉属、Pyrenochaetopsis、柄孢壳属、毛壳菌属、支顶孢属、隐球菌属、Westerdykella、顶囊壳属、绿僵菌属。接合菌门和被孢霉属、支顶孢属、隐球菌属、顶囊壳属真菌相对丰度在不同处理间差异显著。Alpha多样性指数分析显示,3种耕作处理间无显著差异。PCoA分析表明,不同耕作处理下的土壤真菌群落分布特征存在明显差异。冗余分析表明前两个排序轴共解释了3种耕作处理间土壤真菌群落变化的87.46%。相关性分析显示,土壤pH与接合菌门真菌丰度呈极显著正相关关系,土壤速效磷、碱解氮和有机质含量与接合菌门真菌丰度呈极显著负相关关系,土壤速效磷与担子菌门真菌丰度呈显著正相关关系。综上表明,短期不同耕作方式处理下水稻根际土壤真菌群落结构和多样性存在差异,不同处理下真菌群落分布受土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮和速效磷影响。     

橡胶树红根病患病与健康植株根际土壤微生物结构及多样性分析

为探究红根病对橡胶树根际土壤微生物多样性的影响,分别以患红根病和健康橡胶树根际土壤为研究对象,采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序,分析了样本间的微生物群落结构和组成差异;同时测定根际土壤理化性质,分析其与土壤微生物群落的相关性。结果表明：患红根病橡胶树根际土壤真菌多样性显著降低,OTU数量和Alpha多样性指数均低于健康橡胶树根际土壤;患病植株根际土壤细菌多样性略高于健康植株根际土壤;患病植株根际土壤中真菌的群落结构发生明显改变,细菌群落结构变化较小;在属水平上,共检测出289类土壤真菌、525类土壤细菌,病原菌Ganoderma在患病植株根际土壤中相对丰度高达31.32%,在健康植株根际土壤中未检测到;有机质、有效磷、速效钾含量和pH在健康植株根际土壤中含量高,碱解氮在患病植株根际土壤中含量高;相关分析结果显示,Ganoderma丰度与土壤有机质含量和pH呈显著负相关。该结果为揭示红根病发生的根际微生态机制及研发红根病综合防控技术提供理论参考。     

稻蟹共作模式生态效应研究进展

主要从土壤、水环境和杂草防控三个方面,对目前我国稻蟹共作模式下田间生态的研究现状进行了总结与分析.提出了几种目前比较常见的稻蟹共作模式,即有机稻蟹和常规稻蟹两种普遍模式.分析了稻蟹共作对土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性和根际微生物区系的影响.养蟹稻田可以显著降低土壤容重,而总孔隙度及全氮、全磷、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾和土壤有机质含量都显著增加;显著提高0~10 cm土壤脲酶、蛋白酶、脱氢酶以及过氧化氢酶的活性;土壤根际微生物以细菌为主要菌群,氨化细菌、反硝化细菌、嫌气性纤维素分解菌、好气性自生固氮菌、亚硝酸细菌数量显著高于单作水稻;与常规稻蟹相比,有机稻蟹的土壤性状表现更好.稻蟹模式下浮游动植物的多样性和生物量显著低于单作水稻,而水体中溶解氧(DO)明显偏低,硝酸盐、磷酸盐含量显著高于不养蟹稻田.稻田养蟹能够显著抑制稻田4种优势杂草的密度,对于稻田杂草的防控效果明显.     

稻蟹共作田不同生育期水稻根际土壤细菌群落结构和功能分析

为了研究稻蟹共作田不同生育期水稻根际土壤细菌的群落结构组成及功能,利用Illumina 平台Miseq 高通量测序技术对水稻分蘖期、拔节期、抽穗期和成熟期的根际土壤细菌进行高通量测序及分析。结果表明,测序共获得的6 637个OTUs,可分为54个门,171个纲,381个目,600个科,1 028个属,2 162个种。4个生育期共有的细菌OTU数目为3 122个,4个生育期中抽穗期的Chao1指数最高,4个生育期间Shannon指数无显著差异。PCA分析显示,拔节期和抽穗期的细菌群落具有一定相似性,但与分蘗期及成熟期有一定差异性。4个生育期的稻田根际土壤细菌优势菌门（相对丰度>10%）有绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、放线菌门（Actinobacteriota）、变形菌门（Proteobacteria）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteriota）,优势菌属（相对丰度>1%）有31个。PICRUSt分析表明,抽穗期在269条代谢通路的丰度值最高。研究结果说明,根际土壤的细菌群落结构和功能会随着水稻生育期发生相应的变化,其中抽穗期的细菌物种数目最多且代谢功能最强。     

不同甘蔗品种根际土壤酶活性及微生物群落多样性分析

通过桶栽试验,比较了8个甘蔗品种吸氮效率的差异以及不同品种根际土壤酶活性和微生物群落多样性的差异,以期为甘蔗生产上的选种以及蔗地土壤生产力的维持提供科学支持。在甘蔗大生长期末期收集甘蔗植株和根际土壤,比较不同品种甘蔗植株的吸氮效率和氮肥利用率、测定根际土壤蔗糖酶以及脲酶活性、利用Miseq高通量测序技术对甘蔗根际细菌群落多样性进行分析。研究结果表明,不同甘蔗品种在大生长期末期的吸氮效率存在一定差异,8个品种的植株平均吸氮效率为17.95%~27.57%,氮肥利用率为22.15%~34.02%,其中吸氮效率及氮肥利用率最高的品种是‘桂糖44号’,最低的是‘桂选B9’;8个品种的根际土壤蔗糖酶活性3.51~6.56 mg/(g·d),脲酶活性1.12~ 1.42 mg/(g·d),不同品种间存在一定差异,土壤酶活性表现较高的品种为‘桂糖48号’和‘新台糖22号’,而‘粤糖93159’的土壤酶活相对较低。高通量测序分析结果显示,8个不同品种甘蔗根际土壤细菌种群结构存在一定差异,不同品种间在优势菌群组成上差异不显著,主要差异表现在优势菌属的丰度上,其中‘桂糖44号’和‘粤糖93159’均以Bacillus为最主要的优势菌属,而其他6个品种的主要优势菌属均为Chryseolinea。冗余分析结果显示,甘蔗氮吸收率、土壤碱解氮含量以及土壤pH对土壤微生物群落结构的影响最大;相关性分析表明,不同甘蔗品种吸氮效率的差异以及部分土壤理化指标均与根际土壤微生物群落中不同优势菌门存在一定的相关性;根系微生物菌群结构的差异可能在一定程度上影响了甘蔗的吸氮效率。本研究结果初步揭示了不同甘蔗品种氮肥利用率与根际微生物群落结构的相关关系,为深入研究甘蔗根际微生物多样性及功能与环境因子之间的关系提供了借鉴。     

海南水稻土养分状况分析与质量评价

采用网格布点法收集海南岛较大的洋田水稻土样52份,分析测定土样的pH值、全磷、全氮、全钾和有机质5个养分指标,并对其进行分析与评价。结果表明：海南水稻土为酸性土壤,其pH值平均为5.94;海南水稻土养分水平以中低级为主,占总数的74.9%,普遍表现为土壤有机质和钾的含量低;不同母质形成的水稻土之间土壤养分差异不显著。     

Soil Microbial Communities Reflect both Inherent Soil Properties and Management Practices in Wisconsin Potato Fields

Microbial communities in soils provide numerous functions vital to agricultural productivity, and there is growing interest in understanding and manipulating these communities to achieve more sustainable production systems. We investigated microbial communities in potato fields in Wisconsin to determine the extent to which microbial communities were structured by inherent soil properties versus factors under grower control. We found that soil properties, including texture and chemistry, shaped microbial communities at broad levels, determining the diversity and abundance of phyla. Organic versus conventional management, however, correlated with finer scale differences in microbial communities, while crop variety was not associated with microbial community composition in this study. These results suggest that grower practices have the potential to alter microbial communities, but these effects will take place within an existing soil context. Future research is necessary to determine how these patterns in microbial community structure relate to functional outcomes for plant health.     

头季稻氮肥运筹对再生稻根际机能及产量的影响

【目的】再生稻是头季稻生长的延续。本研究尝试从根际微生态系统的变化来阐明机械化栽培下头季稻氮肥管理对头季-再生季水稻产量形成的影响,为再生稻高产高效栽培提供参考。【方法】以“甬优1540”为材料,通过2年的田间试验,在头季总施氮量(225.00 kg/hm²)不变的前提下,设置头季不同氮肥运筹处理,分析了机械化栽培下再生稻产量、根系伤流强度、根际土壤酶活性及其微生物多样性的变化特点。【结果】头季前氮后移施肥处理(N1、N2)有助于根系保持较高活力,尤其在头季生长中后期N1处理(基肥∶一次分蘖肥∶二次分蘖肥∶孕穗肥=3∶1∶2∶4)根系伤流强度比对照(N0)和当地常规施肥处理(N4)显著提高;N1处理两季总产量最高,2年平均达17 351.23 kg/hm²,比当地常规施肥处理(N4)提高了23.00%。土壤酶活性分析表明,蔗糖酶活性在头季齐穗期表现为N2>N1>N3>N4>N0,之后则表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;过氧化氢酶与硝酸还原酶活性在头季生长期均表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;脲酶活性从头季齐穗期至再生季齐穗始终表现为N1>N2>N3>N4>N0;各生育时期土壤酶活性与根系伤流强度间均呈显著或极显著正相关。细菌 16S rDNA 测序表明,施肥与不施肥处理细菌群落结构多样性差异显著,N1处理细菌 Chao1 指数和香农指数显著高于其他处理。菌群结构分析表明,施肥处理增加了与土壤碳氮循环、有机质含量及抗逆性密切相关的细菌数量,尤其是N1、N2处理硝化螺旋菌属相对丰度较高,有利土壤氮素循环。【结论】机械化栽培下,头季氮肥适当后移有利于再生稻根际微生态系统的改善,从而提高根系活力,促进水稻生长,获得两季水稻的高产。     

近30年来桐庐县稻田土壤肥力演变趋势

为了解浙江省桐庐县稻田耕层土壤肥力现状及其演变趋势,利用历史资料和近期地力评价调查数据,探讨了近30年来桐庐县稻田耕层土壤主要肥力指标的变化特征。结果表明,近30年来,桐庐县稻田耕层土壤主要肥力指标发生了较大变化,但变化方向和变化程度因养分种类和区块而异。土壤p H值有轻微的酸化趋势,平均降低0.07个p H值单位;土壤阳离子交换量总体上以中低水平为主;土壤有机质显著降低,平均降幅为17.32%,以分水区块下降最为明显,降幅为24.17%;土壤有效磷和速效钾显著提升,平均增幅分别为173.75%和63.05%。其中,土壤有效磷已出现了累积现象,以桐君区块累积最为明显,增幅高达316.24%;土壤速效钾虽提升显著,但仍处于中等水平,桐君区块提升最多,增幅为112.62%。分析认为,施肥结构和种植制度的改变是引起桐庐县稻田土壤肥力变化的主要原因。     

农田根际土壤微生物多样性研究进展

农田根际土壤微生物对农业生产具有重要影响,不同的经营(管理)措施对根际土壤微生物影响差异较大,长期非保护性耕作、化肥大量使用使农田根际土壤微生物的多样性降低;而施用有机肥、采用保护性耕作可以使农田根际土壤微生物群落结构多样性增加,有利于实现农田养分高效利用和可持续绿色发展。     

Rice husk biochar application to paddy soil and its effects on soil physical properties,plant growth,and methane emission

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of the application of rice husk biochar on selected soil physical properties, rice growth, including root extension, and methane (CH₄) emissions from paddy field soil. Three replication experiments were conducted using outdoor pot experiments utilizing commercial rice husk biochar mixed with paddy soil at a rate of 0 (control), 2, and 4 % (weight biochar/weight soil) in which the rice was cultivated for 100 days under a continuously flooded condition. The physical properties of soils were analyzed before and after the growing periods. Some parameters of rice growth and CH₄ emissions of paddy soils were monitored weekly during the experiment. Root extension was also analyzed after harvesting. The experiments showed that the application of rice husk biochar improved the physical properties of paddy soils. It led to a decrease in bulk density and an increase in saturated hydraulic conductivity, including the total pore volume as well as the available soil water content. The shoot height of rice plants was significantly higher in soil amended with 4 % biochar than that in the control soil. However, other plant growth parameters and root extension were only slightly affected by the application. It was also found that amending soil with biochar led to a reduction of the total CH₄ emissions by 45.2 and 54.9 % for an application rate of 2 and 4 %, respectively, compared with the control. Our results showed that the higher the application rate, the stronger the effect of biochar was observed. More research is still necessary for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms.     

Transition of Ethiopian highland forests to agriculture-dominated landscapes shifts the soil microbial community composition

Background

Land use changes and related land management practices significantly alter soil physicochemical properties; however, their effects on the soil microbial community structure are still unclear. In this study, we used automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis to determine the fungal and bacterial community composition in soils from different land use areas in the Ethiopian highlands. Soil samples were collected from five areas with different land uses, natural forest, eucalyptus plantation, exclosure, grassland and cropland, which had all historically been natural forest.

Results

Our results showed a significant shift in the soil bacterial and fungal community composition in response to land use change. We also identified soil physicochemical factors corresponding to the changes in bacterial and fungal communities. Although most soil attributes, including soil organic carbon, total soil nitrogen, labile P, soil pH and soil aggregate stability, were related to the change in bacterial community composition, the total soil nitrogen and soil organic carbon had the strongest relationships. The change in fungal community composition was correlated with soil nutrients, organic carbon, soil nitrogen and particularly the labile P concentration.

Conclusions

The fungal community composition was likely affected by the alteration of vegetation cover in response to land use change, whereas the bacterial communities were mainly sensitive to changes in soil attributes. The study highlights the higher sensitivity of fungal communities than bacterial communities to land use changes.

     

转Bt基因水稻Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水稻土中的降解

室内研究了转 Bt基因水稻克螟稻 2号和华池B6 叶片中的Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在稻田水稻土中的降解动态。分别将克螟稻 2号的粉碎叶片和华池B6 的整张叶片埋入 3种土壤 (即老黄筋泥田、青紫泥田和黄松田 )中 ,此后每隔 6～ 10d测定土壤或叶片中的Cry1Ab含量。克螟稻 2号粉碎叶片中的Cry1Ab均以处理后的前 36d,尤其是前 6d的降解较快 ,其中在青紫泥田中最快 ,黄松田中最慢。在处理后 6～ 36d内 ,不同土壤中的Cry1Ab残留量有显著差异 ,黄松田中的明显最高 ,老黄筋泥田中的次之 ,青紫泥田中的为最低 ;此后土壤间的残留量差异逐渐缩小 ,至处理后 78d差异已不明显。土壤淹水可显著加快华池B6 叶片中Cry1Ab的降解 ,且淹水后其降解动态在不同土壤之间十分相似 ;淹水对Cry1Ab降解的促进作用仅发生在前 12d之内 ,此后多数时间内残留量在淹水与非淹水处理间无显著差异。建立了各处理中Cry1Ab降解的动力学指数方程 ,相应地得出了其降解的半衰期。还讨论了土壤有机质和微生物等因子对土壤中Cry1Ab降解的影响。     

Assessment of different methods of rice (Oryza sativa. L) cultivation affecting growth parameters, soil chemical, biological, and microbiological properties, water saving, and grain yield in rice–rice system

Field experiments were conducted at DRR farm located at ICRISAT, Patancheru, in sandy clay loam soils during four seasons, Kharif 2008, Rabi 2008–2009, Kharif 2009 and Rabi 2009–2010, to investigate growth parameters, water-saving potential, root characteristics, chemical, biological, and microbial properties of rhizosphere soil, and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) by comparing the plants grown with system of rice intensification (SRI) methods, with organic or organic + inorganic fertilization, against current recommended best management practices (BMP). All the growth parameters including plant height, effective tillers (10–45 %), panicle length, dry matter, root dry weight (24–57 %), and root volume (10–66 %) were found to be significantly higher with in SRI-organic + inorganic over BMP. With SRI-organic fertilization, growth parameters showed inconsistent results; however, root dry weight (3–77 %) and root volume (31–162 %) were found significantly superior compared to BMP. Grain yield was found significantly higher in SRI-organic + inorganic (12–23 and 4–35 % in the Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively), while with SRI-organic management, yield was found higher (4–34 %) only in the Rabi seasons compared to BMP. An average of 31 and 37 % of irrigation water were saved during Kharif and Rabi seasons, respectively, with both SRI methods of rice cultivation compared to BMP. Further, total nitrogen, organic carbon%, soil dehydrogenase, microbial biomass carbon, total bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes were found higher in the two SRI plots in comparison to BMP. It is concluded that SRI practices create favorable conditions for beneficial soil microbes to prosper, save irrigation water, and increase grain yield.     

槟榔间作香露兜对土壤微生物丰度与多样性的影响

研究槟榔林下间作香露兜对土壤微生物群落丰度及多样性的影响,不仅为维护热区农田土壤健康提供理论依据,还为优化槟榔林下间作香露兜模式提供数据支撑。本研究采用大田试验的方法,选择万宁、琼海和陵水3个地区建立试验样地,每个试验样地分别设置槟榔单作、香露兜单作和槟榔间作香露兜3种种植模式,测定土壤理化性质、养分含量、土壤微生物丰度与多样性等指标,以槟榔和香露兜单作为对照,探究槟榔间作香露兜模式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响。槟榔间作香露兜模式下真菌丰度显著提高,但多样性没有变化,而间作模式下土壤细菌丰度显著低于香露兜单作和槟榔单作;不同地区试验样地的真菌丰度与多样性不存在差异,但细菌丰度与多样性差异显著;土壤细菌丰度和多样性指数与土壤pH、速效钾、土壤容重以及有机质含量之间存在显著正相关关系,与土壤含水量之间呈显著负相关关系。本研究中,槟榔间作香露兜模式通过降低土壤有机质和速效钾等养分含量,抑制土壤细菌群落丰度与多样性。在不同地区或种植模式下,维持较高的土壤养分水平有助于保持土壤微生物群落结构相对稳定以及维护土壤健康。     

添加秸秆和黑炭对水稻土碳氮转化及土壤微生物代谢图谱的影响

 通过向水稻土中添加秸秆和黑炭进行水稻盆栽实验（秸秆的添加量为2 g/kg和10 g/kg,黑炭的添加量为5 g/kg和25 g/kg）,分别在孕穗期和成熟期取样研究土壤碳氮转化及微生物代谢剖面的变化。对土壤有机碳、全氮、铵氮等含量的测定结果显示,秸秆和黑炭均能于一定程度上促进土壤碳氮转化,提高水稻产量;Microresp方法检测的微生物代谢图谱表明,秸秆和黑炭的添加量越大,对微生物的代谢影响越大。造成这些差异的主要原因是添加秸秆和黑炭后微生物对果糖、丙氨酸、乙酰葡萄糖胺和赖氨酸盐酸盐的利用率上升。另外,秸秆对微生物碳和净碳矿化速率的影响显著高于黑炭,而黑炭对水稻产量和土壤固碳的影响更大。     

Determining the effect of salt-induced soil on paddy rice development and yield using GIS mapping

The effect of salt-induced soil on growth and yield development of paddy rice in Akure, Nigeria was determined. This was to ascertain effect of various salt-inducing parameters on rice yield. Fifteen soil samples were collected and 13 parameters were analysed using standard procedures. The parameters include electrical conductivity (EC), pH, particle size, cation exchange capacity (CEC), exchangeable acidity (EA), organic matter (OM), organic carbon (OC), phosphorus, sodium, calcium (Ca), potassium (K), and magnesium. Geographic information System (GIS) mapping was also carried out on the affected areas and results compared with the international standards. From the results, predominant soil class was clay loam which is excellent for rice growth while salinity levels were not in excess to lead to stress or low rice yield although very low values of N and K were recorded. EC, CEC and EA were well below critical levels in the soil and with the exception of OM, OC, MC and pH which were statistically significant at P < 0.05, other parameters were statistically non-significant. GIS mapping also showed traces of salt but not in high concentration levels as to result in crop stress.     

Effects of temperature and soil moisture on gross nitrification and denitrification rates of a Chinese lowland paddy field soil

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation is widely adopted to save water in rice production. AWD practice shifts lowland paddy fields from being continuously anaerobic to being alternately anaerobic and aerobic, thus affecting nitrogen (N) transformations in paddy field soils. Using the barometric process separation technique, a large number of soil cores sampled from lowland paddy field soil profiles were measured for gross nitrification and denitrification rates under different temperature and soil moisture conditions. The gross nitrification and denitrification rates vary with rice growth stages and range between 1.18–30.8 and 0.65–13.54 mg N m^?3 h^?1, respectively. Results indicate that both gross nitrification and denitrification rates increased with the increase in temperature in all three studied soil layers. Gross nitrification rates significantly decrease with increasing soil moisture while denitrification rates increase, and different soil layers demonstrated different rates of variation to the increase in soil moisture. Gross nitrification rates in the cultivated horizon layer decreased more sharply with the increase in soil moisture. High soil water content is favorable to denitrification of all soil layers.     

Effect of water management on soil respiration and <Emphasis Type="Italic">NEE</Emphasis> of paddy fields in Southeast China

Water management is an important factor in regulating soil respiration and the net ecosystem exchange of CO₂ (NEE) between croplands and atmosphere. However, how water management affects soil respiration and the NEE of paddy fields remains unexplored. Thus, a 2-year field experiment was carried out to study the effects of controlled irrigation (CI) during the rice season on the variation of soil respiration and NEE, with flooding irrigation (FI) as the control. A decrease of irrigation water input by 46.39% did not significantly affect rice yield but significantly increased irrigation water use efficiency by 0.99 kg m^?3. The soil respiration rate of CI paddy fields was larger than that of FI paddy fields except during the ripening stage. Natural drying management during the ripening stage resulted in a significant increase of the soil respiration rate of the FI paddy fields. Variations of NEE with different water managements were opposite to soil respiration rates during the whole rice growth stages. Total CO₂ emission of CI paddy fields through soil respiration (total R _soil) increased by 11.66% compared with FI paddy fields. The increase of total R _soil resulted in the significant decrease of total net CO₂ absorption of CI paddy fields by 11.57% compared with FI paddy fields (p < 0.05). There were inter-annual differences of soil respiration and the NEE of paddy fields. Frequent alternate wetting and drying processes in the CI paddy fields were the main factors influencing soil respiration and NEE. CI management slightly enhanced the rice dry matter amount but accelerated the consumption and decomposition of soil organic carbon and significantly increased soil respiration, which led to the decrease of net CO₂ absorption. CI management and organic carbon input technologies should be combined in applications to achieve sustainable use of water and soil resources in paddy fields.