西南桦人工林木材纤维形态株内变异研究

为研究西南桦人工林的木材物理力学性能,对其禾材纤维形态进行了测试.结果表明:径向上纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比在髓心处较小,沿髓心向外逐渐增大并渐趋稳定,纤维壁腔比在髓心处较大,沿髓心向外逐渐减小并渐趋稳定;轴向上纤维长度、宽度、长宽比在树根处较小,随树木长高逐渐增大并逐步趋于稳定,纤维壁腔比在树根处较大,随树木长高逐渐减小并逐步趋于稳定.西南桦人工林木材纤维较长,纤维长宽比较大,纤维壁腔比较小,纤维形态表明西南桦人工林木材是适合用于制浆造纸工业的极好原料.     

浙江桂幼龄材的生长特性及主要材性

以3株6年生浙江桂幼龄材为试材,研究了其生物量、材积、基本物理力学性能及生长轮的宽度、纤维长度、宽度、微纤丝角和结晶度的径向变异规律。结果表明,浙江桂幼龄材单株平均总生物量27.93 kg,平均材积0.0124 m3,生长轮平均宽度9.15 mm（3.12~10.57 mm）,基本密度为0.414 g/ cm3,除髓心外其余各生长轮宽度和密度无明显差异,反映浙江桂生长较为稳定;顺纹抗压强度、抗弯强度和弹性模量等物理力学综合性能中上等;纤维长度为830.6μm（581~1043μm）,纤维宽度为23.6μm（21~24μm）,结晶度为38.46％~58.43％,微纤丝角为13.6°~24.6°;纤维长度、宽度和结晶度自髓心向外逐渐增加,微纤丝角自髓心向外逐渐减小,结晶度与纤维长度、宽度间相关性极显著。     

3种不同树龄桉树无性系木材纤维特性研究

为了解不同树龄桉树无性系木材的纤维特性，以尾巨桉DH32-26(Eucalyptus urophylla×E. grandis DH32-26)、尾巨桉DH32-29(E. urophylla×E. grandis DH32-29)和巨尾桉广林9号（E. grandis×E. urophylla GLGU9）3种桉树无性系为材料，分别测试其4年生、6年生和8年生木材的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比和纤维壁厚，对其木材纤维特性进行研究。结果表明，3种桉树无性系木材的纤维长度和纤维壁厚均随树龄增加逐渐增加，径向上（自髓心向外）呈增加趋势；木材纤维宽度随树龄增加略有增加，变化不大，径向上（自髓心向外）逐渐增加。3种桉树无性系木材的纤维长宽比变化规律基本一致，均随树龄增加缓慢增大后小幅度波动，径向上（自髓心向外）增大。不同树龄间，尾巨桉DH32-26和DH32-29木材纤维长度、尾巨桉DH32-26木材纤维宽度及巨尾桉广林9号木材纤维壁厚均差异极显著；巨尾桉广林9号木材纤维长度、尾巨桉DH32-29木材纤维宽度及尾巨桉DH32-26和DH32-29木材纤维壁厚均差异显著；巨尾桉广林9号木材纤维...     

6年生大花序桉不同种源木材纤维特性的差异分析

以广西钦廉林场6年生9个种源的大花序桉为材料,通过解析木法,测量其木材的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维腔径,比较9个种源6年生大花序桉的木材纤维特性。结果表明,种源间纤维长度、宽度、长宽比存在显著差异;种源的纤维形态(宽度除外)与树高、胸径生长性状相关关系不显著,据此可对各性状进行独立选择,可望培育出木材性状好又速生的种源;树高、纤维宽度与种源地的经纬度因子存在显著的相关性;9个大花序桉种源作为中大径材培育有更大的发展空间。     

18年生尾巨桉无性系木材纤维形态和基本密度变异研究

对18年生尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophlla×E．grandis）无性系木材纤维特征与基本密度进行研究,通过测定木材的纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径、木材基本密度,分析结果表明：木材基本密度、纤维长度、纤维长宽比、壁厚、壁腔比在树干径向方向由髓心向外有逐渐增大的规律。纤维长度与基本密度之间呈显著的负相关,纤维宽...     

毛白杨枝条木质部细胞分化的动态变化及其与形成层活动的相互关系

应用定量解剖学和显微图像分析技术 ,得到了毛白杨枝条形成层细胞与其衍生木质部细胞解剖特征在形成层活动期内的变化情况 ,并探讨了两者之间的关系。采用X射线微密度测定技术 ,了解了同一生长轮内木材密度沿径向方向上的变异 ,讨论了其与木质部细胞解剖特征之间的关系。结果表明 ,形成层纺锤形细胞的径向和弦向宽度在活动期不同阶段差异不显著 ,而纤维长度、纤维宽度、壁腔比、微纤丝角、导管分布频率和胞壁率差异极显著 ;导管组织比量差异显著 ;导管分子长度、纤维比量和射线比量差异不显著。同一生长轮内木材密度的径向变异与活动期不同阶段形成的木质部细胞数量及其解剖特征直接相关。形成层带细胞层数与纤维长度、纤维长宽比和壁腔比呈极显著负相关 ,与纤维宽度呈显著正相关 ;形成层纺锤形细胞的径向宽度与纤维长度、纤维长宽比和射线比量呈显著负相关 ;形成层纺锤形细胞的弦向宽度与纤维宽度呈显著正相关。总体看来 ,在整个形成层活动期 ,形成层纺锤形细胞与木纤维的解剖特征之间随时间变化的相关性较好 ,而与导管分子的相关关系则不明显     

杨树微纤丝角的变异及其与木材性质的相关关系

微纤丝角为细胞次生壁S2层微纤丝排列方向与细胞主轴所形成的夹角,与木材的物理性质、力学性质和化学性质都有着直接的关系。应用x射线衍射法测定了7个杨树无性系(14株样木)胸径处各年轮的微纤丝角,并对应分析和测定了各年轮的木材基本密度、纤维长度、纤维宽度和纤维素含量。研究结果表明,杨树微纤丝角在年轮间存在显著差异,其径向变异规律为从髓心向外以微纤丝角逐渐降低,年轮间的平均微纤丝角在7.8旱?8褐洌荒静幕久芏取⑾宋ざ取⑾宋矶群拖宋睾吭谀曷旨湟泊嬖谙灾钜臁O喙胤治霰砻鳎⑾怂拷怯肽静幕久芏取⑾宋ざ取⑾宋矶群拖宋睾看嬖谙灾母合喙毓叵??0.01),相关系数分别为-0.450、-0.586、-0.516和-0.660。回归分析结果表明,多项式方程可较好地描述杨树微纤丝角与所测定的木材性质的关系,相关系数均在-0.45以上(n=125)。本文的研究结果认为,在今后针对杨树材性改良的育种计划中,微纤丝角是一个重要的选育和改良指标。图3表3参34。     

火炬松不同种源纸浆材材性的变异

1983年火炬松31个种源引种栽培在浙江富阳中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所实验林场,研究表明该批种源间10年生树木生长量和纸浆材材性因子如晚材率、管胞形态特征值(管胞长度、宽度、腔径、壁厚、长宽比、腔径比、壁腔比)、管胞S2层微纤丝角和木材基本密度存在着显著差异,木材主要化学成分中纤维素和木素含量种源间存在着显著差异,而戊聚糖和苯醇浸提物含量种源间差异不显著.这些材性特征除了木材化学性状因子外,均受中等以上程度遗传控制.木材纤维素、木素、戊聚糖和苯醇浸提物含量的广义遗传力分别为0.088、0.003、0.340和0.307,其余性状广义遗传力均大于0.50.引种地栽培环境对木材性状有显著影响.种源原产地纬度与树木生长量、管胞宽度、管胞直径和管胞微纤丝角呈负相关,与晚材率、木材密度呈正相关.31个种源树木胸高直径与管胞长宽比、管胞壁腔比、木材密度呈显著负相关,与管胞宽度、管胞直径、管胞腔径比呈正相关.     

美洲黑杨×青杨F_2代基本材性性状遗传变异研究

利用美洲黑杨×青杨杂交三代谱系探索了木材密度、纤维长、纤维宽、纤维长宽比和微纤丝角等性状的遗传变异规律。结果表明:基本密度与纤维长受主基因的控制,表现为"质量-数量性状",其杂种优势明显且在F2代中继续存在;纤维宽与微纤丝角表现出较为典型的微效多基因控制的数量性状遗传特点;纤维宽与基本密度、纤维宽与纤维长宽比均为显著负相关;基本密度与纤维长和微纤丝角均为弱负相关,与纤维长宽比为弱正相关;纤维长和纤维宽、纤维长和纤维长宽比显著相关;而微纤丝角与纤维长、纤维宽和纤维长宽比之间不相关。     

中山杉和落羽杉木材解剖性质研究

以12年生中山杉和落羽杉胸高处木材为研究对象,利用纤维测定仪测定其管胞长度、宽度,采用图像分析仪测定其管胞壁厚、壁腔比和各种组织比量,利用双因素方差分析方法分析树种因素、距髓心生长轮数对管胞形态和组织比量等特征的影响.中山杉木材的管胞长度、宽度、长宽比均值分别为2 737.84μm、44.84 μm和60.86,落羽杉木材的管胞长度、宽度、长宽比的均值分别为2 698.52 μm、43.44μm和61.51;中山杉木材的早材和晚材管胞弦向壁厚均值分别为5.91 μm和7.57 μm,落羽杉木材的早材和晚材管胞弦向壁厚均值分别为5.89 μm和6.54 μm;中山杉早材和晚材管胞壁腔比均值分别为0.15和0.35,落羽杉的早材和晚材壁腔比均值与中山杉的一致.双因素方差分析的结果表明:除了中山杉晚材的管胞壁厚显著大于落羽杉晚材的管胞壁厚之外,这两个树种其它管胞形态特征、各种组织比量的差异在0.05水平不显著,该结果表明这两种木材的解剖特征很接近;中山杉、落羽杉幼龄木材除了管胞旱材的壁腔比、薄壁细胞组织比量在不同生长轮之间的差异在0.05水平不显著之外,测试的其它特征在不同生长轮之间的差异在0.05水平具有显著性.中山杉、落羽杉木材的解剖特征的径向变异具有相同的规律:管胞长度、管胞宽度、弦向壁厚、管胞组织比量从髓心向树皮都有逐渐增加的趋势,而射线组织比量从髓心向树皮有逐渐降低的趋势,薄壁细胞比量较小,径向变异也较小、没有明显的规律.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。