栽植密度对小黑杨人工林木材解剖特性的影响

以山西朔州地区的小黑杨人工林为研究材料,研究不同栽植密度(1 000、500、250株·hm-2)对小黑杨木材解剖特性的影响.结果表明:栽植密度对纤维宽度、双壁厚、导管比量、胞壁率、导管个数、导管弦向直径的影响达极显著水平;对壁腔比的影响达显著水平;对纤维长度、长宽比、纤维比量、射线比量虽有一定的影响,但不显著.栽植密度与纤维宽度、导管直径呈负相关关系,与导管个数和比量呈正的相关关系.栽植密度对纤维形态的径向变异有不同程度的影响,但不改变纤维形态变异的一般规律.纤维长度的径向变异为从髓心至树皮向外逐渐增加,到第12 轮达到最大值后略有下降,纤维宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、腔径的径向变异类似于纤维长度;壁腔比的总体径向变异为沿髓心向外,呈先升后降的波动性变异趋势.     

北京地区I-214杨树木材解剖特性与基本密度的株内变异及其预测模型

对北京地区Ⅰ—214杨的纤维和导管分子长及宽度、纤维壁厚、组织比量、胞壁率与基本密度和生长轮宽度在株内不同高度上的变异模式及其之间的相关关系进行了全面的测定与分析。结果表明：纤维长、宽及壁厚，导管分子长、弦径和导管比量径向变异由髓心向外迅速递增，而后趋于平缓；而导管个数、纤维与射线比量、胞壁率的径向变异由髓心向外逐渐递减，再趋于稳定。不同高度间的解剖参数(胞壁率除外)差异不显著。基本密度的径向变化是髓心处较大，往外先略减而后快速递增，然后趋于平缓。木材幼龄期为10～12a，幼龄材比成熟材的基本密度低，纤维和导管分子均短与窄、壁薄，纤维和射线比量大、导管个数多、导管比量小，生长轮宽度窄，且两者间的基本密度、纤维和导管分子长度、导管弦径、导管和射线比量差异均达显著水平。生长速度对解剖性质影响不显著，但与木材基本密度呈显著负相关，解剖参数与基本密度关系密切。基本密度和各项解剖参数均与生长轮年龄为极显著相关，可建立模型预测。     

西江桂和清化桂木材解剖特征的比较分析

以9年生的西江桂(Cinnamomum cassia)和清化桂(Cinnamomum cassia var.macrophyll)人工林木材为研究对象,对其微观结构、木材纤维形态特征和组织比量进行测定分析。结果表明:西江桂木材的的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维腔径、双壁厚、长宽比、壁腔比、腔径比分别为894.00μm、24.63μm、16.67μm、7.97μm、36.30、0.48、0.68;清化桂木材的的纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维腔径、双壁厚、长宽比、壁腔比、腔径比分别为953.67μm、22.37μm、14.40μm、7.97μm、42.65、0.55、0.64。西江桂的木材导管、轴向薄壁组织、木射线、木纤维比量分别为9%、13%、10%、68%;清化桂木材的导管、轴向薄壁组织、木射线、木纤维比量分别为10%、20%、10%、60%。西江桂和清化桂木材的微观构造极为相似;但木材纤维特征中纤维长度、腔径、长宽比、纤维宽度、轴向薄壁组织比量、木纤维比量差异均显著或极显著,其他特征没有显著差异。     

青钱柳解剖性质研究

以青钱柳(cyclocarya paliurus)树干1.3 m处圆盘为研究对象,通过木材解剖测定其生长轮纤维长度、宽度、长宽比、壁厚、腔径、壁腔比和导管长度、宽度、长宽比、壁厚、腔径、壁腔比,研究各个指标随生长轮龄增长的径向变异规律。结果表明:青钱柳纤维长度、纤维长宽比随生长轮龄的增长总体呈增长的径向变异规律;而纤维宽度、纤维壁厚、纤维腔径、纤维壁腔比随生长轮龄的增长没有明显的变异规律。青钱柳导管长度、导管宽度、导管壁厚、导管腔径随生长轮龄的增长总体呈增长的径向变异规律;导管长宽比、导管壁腔比随生长轮龄的增长没有明显的变异规律。     

林下耕作对滩地杨树木材解剖性质的影响研究

本文对长江滩地这一特定立地条件下经过人为耕作与未耕作模式下的杨树木材解剖性质及其变异的关系进行了比较研究。结果表明：林下耕作纤维长度变化范围在792．67-1114．33μm,属中等长度纤维,林下耕作杨树的纤维长度明显比未耕作的要长,两者纤维长度、宽度差异显著,长宽比差异极显著;林下耕作木材导管比量为29％,木纤维比量为54％,木射线比量为17％,变异系数分别为13．8％、7．4％、23．5％;低于对照木材,提高了材质均匀性;两者导管与木纤维组织比量轴向变化趋势一致,分别呈波动上升与下降的趋势,但木射线组织比量变异趋势存在较大的差别。林下耕作杨木导管比量自髓心向外呈上升趋势,木射线组织比量随着年龄的增加逐渐下降,并呈现一定的波动性：未经耕作的杨树木材组织比量径向变异规律性不明显。     

人工幼龄印度黄檀木材解剖性质和结晶度的径向变异及预测模型

对元江地区幼龄印度黄檀木材各生长轮间的解剖各参数和结晶度的径向变异趋势及它们的相关性做了全面的测定和分析,结果表明:纤维长度和宽度、导管分子长度和弦径、纤维比量总体径向变化趋势是从髓心往外呈增加趋势;纤维壁厚和生长轮的径向变异趋势是先增加后减小;导管比量、胞壁率和微纤丝角的变化趋势是沿髓心向外呈递减趋势;结晶度的径向变异趋势是先增加后减小.方差分析表明:各生长轮间的解剖参数和结晶度差异均明显.相关分析表明:生长轮年龄与各解剖参数和结晶度相关性显著,据此建立了木材解剖性质和结晶度预测模型,相关系数大都达到0.88以上.     

美洲黑杨不同径级木材纤维、导管形态及其基本密度的差异

通过对美洲黑杨林分内不同径阶木材解剖特性和基本密度的差异分析,结果表明:(1)株内径向年轮宽度先增加,第3轮达最大宽度,之后逐渐减小,10轮后年轮宽度仅2.3mm。纤维、导管形态中的长度、宽度及长宽比径向表现为递增模式,前5轮迅速增加,5轮之后缓慢增加,8轮之后趋于稳定;壁厚径向上总的趋势稍微增加,壁腔比因宽度增大而表现出稍微降低,呈起伏状。树木基本密度径向趋势是随着树龄增加而增大,浸提物含量径向为递减模式;(2)林分内不同径阶个体间同一年轮宽度和木材基本密度随着径阶增加而增大,两者径阶间的差异达到显著性水平。不同径级同一轮纤维形态、导管形态特征株间差异均不显著。这反映了杨树林分内生长量与木材基本密度间为正相关,与纤维形态、导管形态特征值之间没有相关性。基本密度随着径阶增加而增大,可能与木材组织比量中的纤维比例增加有关。     

红树植物白骨壤木材解剖特性及其变异性研究

对采自广西北海禾沟红树林培育基地的白骨壤(Avicennia marina)木材进行解剖特性和变异研究.结果表明:白骨壤木纤维长度属"甚短级",宽度属于"一级",纤维分子长度、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、壁腔比、腔径比平均值分别为674.20 μm、15.30 μm、44.16、6.87 μm、0.85、0.55;导管分子长度和宽度分别属于"很短"和 "甚小"级别,导管分子长度、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、壁腔比平均值分别为174.02 μm、39.89 μm、4.63、4.05 μm、0.12;白骨壤木材的木纤维比量、木射线比量、导管比量、薄壁组织比量平均值分别为71%、7%、22%、1%.不同年轮间纤维和导管的分子长度、宽度、长宽比、双壁厚、壁腔比具有不同程度的变异.     

中山杉和落羽杉木材解剖性质研究

以12年生中山杉和落羽杉胸高处木材为研究对象,利用纤维测定仪测定其管胞长度、宽度,采用图像分析仪测定其管胞壁厚、壁腔比和各种组织比量,利用双因素方差分析方法分析树种因素、距髓心生长轮数对管胞形态和组织比量等特征的影响.中山杉木材的管胞长度、宽度、长宽比均值分别为2 737.84μm、44.84 μm和60.86,落羽杉木材的管胞长度、宽度、长宽比的均值分别为2 698.52 μm、43.44μm和61.51;中山杉木材的早材和晚材管胞弦向壁厚均值分别为5.91 μm和7.57 μm,落羽杉木材的早材和晚材管胞弦向壁厚均值分别为5.89 μm和6.54 μm;中山杉早材和晚材管胞壁腔比均值分别为0.15和0.35,落羽杉的早材和晚材壁腔比均值与中山杉的一致.双因素方差分析的结果表明:除了中山杉晚材的管胞壁厚显著大于落羽杉晚材的管胞壁厚之外,这两个树种其它管胞形态特征、各种组织比量的差异在0.05水平不显著,该结果表明这两种木材的解剖特征很接近;中山杉、落羽杉幼龄木材除了管胞旱材的壁腔比、薄壁细胞组织比量在不同生长轮之间的差异在0.05水平不显著之外,测试的其它特征在不同生长轮之间的差异在0.05水平具有显著性.中山杉、落羽杉木材的解剖特征的径向变异具有相同的规律:管胞长度、管胞宽度、弦向壁厚、管胞组织比量从髓心向树皮都有逐渐增加的趋势,而射线组织比量从髓心向树皮有逐渐降低的趋势,薄壁细胞比量较小,径向变异也较小、没有明显的规律.     

材用和油材两用人工林樟树木材构造对比研究

樟树除常规枝叶蒸油外,综合利用樟树木材,可有效减少资源浪费,同时弥补木材资源的不足。以15年生材用和油材两用樟树木材为研究对象,利用年轮年代仪测定其生长轮宽度;木材解离后在光学显微镜下观察测量木纤维长度和宽度,计算木材纤维长宽比;采用Ifju法测定木材组织比量;研究材用和油材两用樟树木材构造的差异。结果显示:材用和油材两用樟树木材年轮平均宽度分别为7.9mm和6.4mm,木纤维长度、宽度、双壁厚材用樟树分别为1 182μm、23μm、7.8μm,油材两用樟树分别为974μm、25μm、6.3μm;木材纤维长宽比、壁腔比、腔径比材用樟树分别为52、0.51、0.66,油材两用樟树分别为39、0.34、0.75;木纤维、油细胞、薄壁细胞、导管、木射线的组织比量材用樟树分别为50.66%、4.37%、8.63%、16.84%、18.81%,油材两用樟树分别为45.45%、5.5%、13.69%、16.21%、18.53%。两种木材年轮宽度径向变异均由髓心向外先增加后减小,且表现为材用樟树径向生长速度大于油材两用樟树;根据木材解剖分子分级规定:材用和油材两用人工林樟树的木纤维均属于"中"级;纤维宽度均属于"中等";木纤维细胞壁厚度均属于"薄"级,但材用樟树比油材两用樟树木纤维更长、宽度更小、细胞壁更厚,更加适用于纤维制品原料;材用樟树木材导管和木射线组织比量相近、木纤维组织比量大于油材两用木材、油细胞和薄壁细胞组织比量小于油材两用樟树,且两类木材的油细胞、薄壁细胞纵向变异波动均较小,可作为识别材用和油材两用樟树或材质评价的参考因子;材用樟树和油材两用樟树具有非常相近的亲缘关系,材用樟树可能为油材两用樟树的一个变种。该结果为区别油用和材用樟树木材和樟树培育提供了科学依据。     

Understanding the role of the cytoskeleton in wood formation in angiosperm trees: hybrid aspen (Populus tremula x P. tremuloides) as the model species

The involvement of microfilaments and microtubules in the development of the radial and axial components of secondary xylem (wood) in hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x P. tremuloides Michx.) was studied by indirect immunofluorescent localization techniques. In addition to cambial cells, the differentiated cell types considered were early- and late-wood vessel elements, axial parenchyma, normal-wood fibers and gelatinous fibers, and contact and isolation ray cells. Microfilaments were rare in ray cambial cells, but were abundant and axially arranged in their derivatives once cell elongation had begun, and persisted in that orientation in mature ray cells. Microfilaments were axially arranged in fusiform cambial cells and persisted in that orientation in all xylem derivatives of those cells. Microtubules were randomly oriented in ray and fusiform cells of the cambial zone. Dense arrays of parallel-aligned microtubules were oriented near axially in the developing gelatinous fibers, but at a wide range of angles in normal-wood fibers. Ellipses of microfilaments were associated with pit development in fiber cells and isolation ray cells. Rings of co-localized microtubules and microfilaments were associated with developing inter-vessel bordered pits and vessel-contact ray cell contact pits, and, in the case of bordered pits, these rings decreased in diameter as the over-arching pit border increased in size. Although only microtubules were seen at the periphery of the perforation plate of vessel elements, a prominent meshwork of microfilaments overlaid the perforation plate itself. A consensus view of the roles of the cytoskeleton during wood formation in angiosperm trees is presented.     

毛白杨与瘿瘤解剖特性和化学组成变异分析

对1年生毛白杨人工接种后,毛白杨与瘿瘤木纤维和导管分子长、宽、腔径、长宽比、壁厚与化学组成变异进行测定与分析.结果表明:纤维各解剖参数(壁厚除外)在处理组接种处明显下降,上方木质部和接种处导管变小,下方受其影响较小.方差分析表明:处理组毛白杨木质部木纤维及导管分子差异极显著;对照组木质部木纤维和导管分子无明显变化;瘿瘤之间木纤维及导管分子的长、宽均差异显著,说明瘿瘤细胞分裂异常;与木质部相比,瘿瘤中木纤维和导管分子明显减小;毛白杨木质部和瘿瘤之间木纤维及导管分子差异达显著和极显著.处理组毛白杨接种处冷水抽出物、热水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物含量增加,纤维素含量降低,木质素含量最高.方差分析表明:处理组毛白杨化学组成变异极显著,对照组毛白杨各接种部位和瘿瘤之间化学组成均变化平稳.瘿瘤木质部中冷水抽出物、热水抽出物、1%NaOH抽出物含量分别比提高了2.6～4.3,1.5～2.6,1.1～1.8倍,而纤维素含量下降了51%～99%,处理组毛白杨接种处木质素含量是瘿瘤的2.7倍,和其他接种部位相比,瘿瘤木质素含量略高.     

18年生尾巨桉无性系木材纤维形态和基本密度变异研究

对18年生尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophlla×E．grandis）无性系木材纤维特征与基本密度进行研究,通过测定木材的纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径、木材基本密度,分析结果表明：木材基本密度、纤维长度、纤维长宽比、壁厚、壁腔比在树干径向方向由髓心向外有逐渐增大的规律。纤维长度与基本密度之间呈显著的负相关,纤维宽...     

尾叶桉材性指标在株内、株间和无性系间的变异性研究

以8年生尾叶桉(Eucalyptus urophylla S.T.Blake)无性系林为试材,就材性指标在株内、株间和无性系之间变异进行了研究分析。结果表明:纤维长度、纤维宽度、纤维长宽比、管孔弦向直径、纤维双壁厚度和纤维壁腔比在树干水平方向上的不同部位具有极显著性差异,呈由内向外逐渐增大的规律;微纤丝角度、单位面积管孔数和纤维腔径比在树于水平方向上的不同部位亦具有极显著性差异,但呈由内向外逐渐减小的规律;而木材胞壁率、木纤维比量、导管比量、射线比量、轴向薄壁组织比量和木纤维胞腔直径在树干水平方向上没有显著性变异;主要材性指标在同一无性系内的植株之间无显著性差异,但在无性系之间的差异均达到显著或极显著性水平。     

Organization and ultrastructure of the dormant cambial zone in compression wood of Picea abies

Summary This electron microscopy study is concerned with the dormant cambial cells in compression wood of Picea abies (L.) Karst. The cambial zone comprised 4–8 rows of fusiform cells. Each radial file contained the group known as Sanio's four, namely an initial, a mother, and two daughter cells. Groups of three, resulting from a failure of a mother or a daughter cell to divide, were also present. Undifferentiated xylem tissue cells occurred singly, in pairs, or in groups of four. These cells and the last-formed tracheids were often enclosed by a common primary wall. The fusiform cells had a large, elongated nucleus, numerous small vacuoles, and a frequently infolded plasma membrane. Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum were rare, while plastids, amyloplasts, and lipid droplets were common. Cambial ray cells contained much lipid material. The tissues were similar to cambial tissues in normal wood of conifers. The present results can only be interpreted in terms of the single layer of initials and sequence of cell divisions established by Sanio. The initial can be located by several criteria in dormant and active cambial regions in conifers. It could be shown that the existence of the group of Sanio's four is better documented in the literature than has so far been recognized. The occurrence of a variable number of primary cell walls is discussed with reference to the concentration of lignin in the middle lamella of mature xylem.     

青皮竹和慈竹不同发育期竹材解剖特征研究

实验观测了青皮竹(Bambusa textilis McClure)和慈竹(B.emeiensis)不同发育期(竹笋、幼竹和成年竹)的解剖特征,包括组织比量、基本组织、维管束及纤维形态的变化。结果表明,随着发育成熟,2个竹种的基本组织比量都呈现下降趋势,而输导组织和纤维组织则呈现不同程度的增长趋势。基本组织的减小量基本上等于纤维组织和输导组织的增加量。在同一发育期慈竹的维管束密度大于青皮竹。纤维长度随着竹龄的增加而变长和增宽,在同一发育期,纤维细胞的直径中部大于基部和顶部。竹子发育期间,纤维直径、双壁厚、长宽比及腔径比都随竹龄增加而增大,壁腔比则呈现下降趋势。2种竹材维管束的径向宽度均大于其弦向宽度。     

Variation Within Trees of Wood Anatomical Properties in Chinese-Fir Plantation and Their Relationship Modeling Equations

A comprehensive analysis on the variation pattern of early- and latewood tracheid morphological parameters along tree (Cunninghamia lanceolata Hook.) height, including length and width, wall thickness, tissue proportion, cell wall percentage, width of growth rings, and on the relationship among them are conducted. The results indicate an initially rapid and then gentle increase of tracheid length and width, thickness of the radial wall and tangential wall of tracheid, area percentage of tracheid from pith to outward, while S2 microfibril angle (Mfa) of tracheid, and rays percentage gradually decrease and then tend to be stable. The variation of all anatomical parameters but earlywood cell wall thickness shows no significance along tree height. The radial variation pattern of width of growth rings is characterized with initially slight decrease followed immediately by a rapid and then much more gentle increase from pith to outward. The delimitation age between juvenile and mature wood is 14-16 years. Com     

Eucalypt Wood Anatomical and Physical Properties and Their Effects on Plywood Veneer Quality

In order to better understand the reasons why eucalypt veneer checks easily and severely, wood samples of three eucalypt species were selected, and their anatomical and physical properties were examined according to conventional methods and the national standards. The effects of variances in cell wall thickness of wood fibre and vessel, and diameter of the cell lumen as well as the tissue ratio on the quality of plywood veneer were analysed. The results show that： 1） There is a great difference in fibre cell wall thickness and diameter of the cell lumen between early wood and late wood of Eucalyptus delegatensis. 2） E. obliqua has a high wood fibre tissue ratio and the thickest fibre cell wall, but the difference inthe fibre cell wall thickness between early wood and late wood is the smallest. 3） The wood fibre tissue ratio of E. regnans is smaller than that of E. obliqua, and its wood fibre cell wall isthe thinnest and there is only a very small difference in fibre cell wall thickness between early wood and late wood. The difference inthe diameter of wood fibre cell lumen among early wood, transition area and late wood is also small： 4） E. delegatensis has the highest tangential shrinkage rate and radial-tangential shrinkage rate, andE. obliqua has the lowest. It is the variability of wood anatomical properties of these species that cause the difference in the veneer shrinkagei and then affects plywood veneer quality.     

天然林五角槭木材材质径向变异规律初探

以天然林五角槭的木材解剖性质为研究对象,分析其株内木材材质径向变异规律,对幼龄材与成熟材进行初步界定。结果表明:细胞壁厚、壁腔比、胞壁率和径、弦向直径幼龄期波动较大,成熟期波动减弱;木纤维长度符合Pan-shinⅠ模型,幼龄材拟合度较好;组织比量符合y=aebx变异模型;幼龄材和成熟材的界定年限为28～33a之间。