小麦品种对纹枯病的抗(耐)病性鉴定

比较了安徽省主栽品种以及当前推广和将要推广的小麦品种对小麦纹枯病的抗(耐)病性,结果表明:安徽省生产栽培的小麦品种对纹枯病的抗(耐)病性差异显著,但无高抗品种,且抗性差异主要表现为抗扩展的耐病性。根据品种抗性鉴定结果,将安徽省生产栽培的品种分为3类,即:感病类型,以皖麦38、皖麦19、扬麦5号、扬麦158等为代表,相对抗性系数为1.00;中感类型,以皖麦30等为代表,相对抗性系数为0.62;抗病类型,以豫麦18、豫麦21、宁麦9312等为代表,相对抗性系数为0.46。     

Reactive oxygen species are involved in cell death in wheat roots against powdery mildew

Inoculation of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) leaves with wheat powdery mildew fungus(Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici) induces the cell death in adventitious roots. Reactive oxygen species(ROS) play a key role in respond to biotic stress in plants. To study the involvement of ROS and the degree of cell death in the wheat roots following inoculation, ROS levels and microstructure of root cells were analyzed in two wheat cultivars that are susceptible(Huamai 8) and resistant(Shenmai 8) to powdery mildew fungus. At 18 d after powdery mildew fungus inoculation, only Huamai 8 displayed the leaf lesions, while root cell death occurred in both varieties. Huamai 8 had a high level of ROS accumulation, which is associated with increased root cell degradation, while in Shenmai 8, there was little ROS accumulation correlating with slight root cell degradation. The molecular study about the expression levels of ROS scavenging genes(MnSOD and CAT) in wheat roots showed that these genes expression decreased after the leaves of wheat was inoculated. The difference between Huamai 8 and Shenmai 8 on subcellular localization of H2 O2 and O2–· was corresponded with the different down-regulation of the genes encoding for superoxide dismutase and catalase in two wheat cultivars. These results suggested that ROS were involved in the process by which powdery mildew fungus induced cell death in wheat roots.     

The M43 domain-containing metalloprotease RcMEP1 in Rhizoctonia cerealis is a pathogenicity factor during the fungus infection to wheat

Wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) is an important staple crop for global human. The necrotrophic fungus Rhizoctonia cerealis is the causal pathogen of sharp eyespot, a devastating disease of wheat. Herein, we identified RcMEP1, a zinc metalloproteaseencoding gene from R. cerealis genomic sequences, and characterized its pathogenesis function. RcMEP1 expressed at markedly-high levels during R. cerealis infection process to wheat. The predicted protein RcMEP1 comprises of 287 amino acid residues and contains a signal peptide and a M43 metalloprotease domain harboring the active site motif(HEVGHWLGLYH). The assays of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves indicated that RcMEP1 is an apoplastic elicitor of cell death, and that the predicted signal peptide functions and is required for secretion and cell death-induction. The purified RcMEP1 protein and its M43 domain peptide were individually able to induce plant cell death and H2 O2 accumulation, and to inhibit expression of host chitinases when infiltrated into wheat and N. benthamiana leaves, while the M43 domain-deleting peptide and negative control lacked the capacity. Moreover, compared with the control pretreatment, the purified RcMEP1 protein or its M43-domain peptide resulted in enhanced pathogenesis in the inoculated wheat, whereas the M43 domain-deleting peptide failed. These results suggest that RcMEP1 acted as an important pathogenicity factor during R. cerealis infection to wheat and that its signal peptide and M43 domain are required for the secretion and pathogenesis of RcMEP1. This study provides insights into pathogenesis role of M43 domain-containing metalloproteases during R. cerealis infection to wheat.     

黄淮麦区57个小麦品种对3株小麦纹枯病菌的苗期抗性鉴定

分别从兰考、夏邑和嵩县的小麦纹枯病罹病植株中分离鉴定出3株小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizocto-nia cerealis),苗期活体测定了黄淮麦区57个小麦品种对3株不同菌系纹枯病菌的抗性,结果发现,被测品种苗期对3株纹枯病菌的抗性差异明显,不同来源纹枯病菌菌系之间的致病性存在分化现象。对兰考菌系R1的抗性:邯6172、花培3号等17个品种表现为中抗,兰考矮早8、百农AK58等24个品种为中感品种,其余16个品种为高感品种;对夏邑菌系R2的抗性:泛麦5号、郑麦98等10个品种表现为中感,其余47个为高感品种;对嵩县菌系R3的抗性:豫教2号、豫农949 2个品种为中感,其余55个均为高感品种。在所有被测品种中,没有发现免疫和高抗品种。     

Changes in Activities of Antioxidant-Related Enzymes in Leaves of Resistant and Susceptible Wheat Inoculated with Rhizoctonia cerealis

In this study, the changes in activities of peroxidase (POD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and superoxide distmuase (SOD) in leaves of four wheat cultivars, including resistant cultivars Shannong 0431 and Shanhongmai, a mild-susceptible cultivar Lumai 21, and a susceptible cultivar Wenmai 6, were investigated to explore if these antioxidantrelated enzymes were involved in wheat defense response to Rhizoctonia cerealis attack. Results showed that the activities of these enzymes in different wheat cultivars varied greatly after challenging with R. cerealis. The PODactivities in resistant cultivars Shannong 0431 and Shanhongmai increased much quicker after the inoculation and displayed much higher activity than that in susceptible cultivar Wenmai 6. In contrast, POD activity showed a slow accumulation and a delayed peak time. The activities of GST and CAT in Shannong 0431 and Lumai 21 increased obviously within 48 h post inoculation (hpi), whereas SOD activity decreased dramatically within 24 hpi in Shannong 0431 and 24-48 hpi in Lumai 21. In susceptible cultivar Wenmai 6, the SOD and CAT activities didn't change obviously, whereas the activity of GST was decreased. The activities of CAT and GST in Shanhongmai did not show significant difference compared with those in Wenmai 6. Results suggested that POD activity may be positively associated with wheat defense to R. cerealis.     

SYBR Green I 实时荧光定量PCR检测小麦纹枯病菌体系的建立和应用

【目的】纹枯病是小麦生产上重要的土传病害之一,早期准确定量检测病原是病害预测预报及实现有效防控的基础。传统组织分离鉴定方法费时、程序复杂,而且无法做到准确定量。为实现小麦纹枯病早期快速准确定量检测,研究旨在建立小麦纹枯病菌（Rhizoctonia cerealis）的SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR（real-time PCR）检测方法。【方法】根据小麦纹枯病菌的β-tubilin序列,设计1对特异性引物,建立并优化SYBR Green I real-time PCR反应体系,利用小麦纹枯病菌、立枯丝核菌（R. solani）、双核丝核菌AG-A和AG-F菌株、小麦全蚀病菌（Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici）、小麦根腐病菌（Bipolaris sorokiniana）、小麦茎基腐病菌假禾谷镰孢（Fusarium pseudograminearum）和禾谷镰孢（F. graminearum）等8种小麦根部或土壤病原物的菌丝DNA进行普通PCR和real-time PCR特异性检测,并对灵敏度、可重复性进行评价。利用该体系分别检测接种后5、10、60 d不同接种浓度的盆栽小麦病株。【结果】研究设计的引物特异性强,普通PCR检测结果仅小麦纹枯病菌DNA有扩增条带。Real-time检测结果表明该对引物对小麦纹枯病菌只有唯一的产物吸收峰,对其余供试菌株均未检测到荧光信号。普通PCR检测的灵敏度为6.5×10³ copies/μL, real-time PCR的灵敏度可达到6.5×10² copies/μL。以携带目的基因片段的重组质粒为标准品,构建的real-time PCR标准曲线循环阈值与模板浓度呈良好的线性关系,熔解曲线的吸收峰单一,相关系数为0.997,扩增效率为0.91。对人工接种的盆栽小麦病株进行real-time PCR检测,结果表明与病情指数和接种量分别呈显著正相关。【结论】研究建立的基于real-time PCR技术的小麦纹枯病菌快速检测方法速度快、灵敏度高、特异性强、重复性好。可以用于小麦纹枯病菌检测、指导病害预测和防治。     

Identification of the resistance gene to powdery mildew in Chinese wheat landrace Baiyouyantiao

Powdery mildew, caused by Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is one of the most damaging diseases to wheat in the world. The cultivation of resistant varieties of wheat is essential for controlling the powdery mildew epidemic. Wheat landraces are important resources of resistance to many diseases. Mapping powdery mildew resistance genes from wheat landraces will promote the development of new varieties with disease resistance. The Chinese wheat landrace Baiyouyantiao possesses characteristic of disease resistance to powdery mildew. To identify the resistance gene in this landrace, Baiyouyantiao was crossed with the susceptible cultivar Jingshuang 16 and seedlings of parents and F₁, BC₁, F₂, and F_2:3 were tested with Bgt isolate E09. The genetic results showed that the resistance of Baiyouyantiao to E09 was controlled by a single recessive gene, tentatively designated PmBYYT. An Illumina wheat 90K single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array was applied to screen polymorphisms between F₂-resistant and F₂-susceptible DNA bulks for identifying the chromosomal location of PmBYYT. A high percentage of polymorphic SNPs between the resistant and susceptible DNA bulks was found on chromosome 7B, indicating that PmBYYT may be located on this chromosome. A genetic linkage map of PmBYYT consisting of two simple sequence repeat markers and eight SNP markers was developed. The two flanking markers were SNP markers W7BL-8 and W7BL-15, with genetic distances of 3 and 2.9 cM, respectively. The results of this study demonstrated the rapid characterization of a wheat disease resistance gene and SNP marker development using the 90K SNP assay. The flanking markers of gene PmBYYT will benefit marker-assisted selection (MAS) and map-based cloning in breeding wheat cultivars with powdery mildew resistance.     

农杆菌介导瞬时沉默小麦HCP1的研究

【目的】建立农杆菌介导的瞬时沉默小麦HCP1的方法,为简便、快速、高效地研究小麦基因功能提供一种可靠的技术支持。研究HCP1在叶锈菌侵染过程中对H₂O₂的清除作用,为阐明小麦抗叶锈菌侵染中信号转导机制奠定理论基础。【方法】采用农杆菌注射法,将携带有peGFP载体的农杆菌注射到小麦叶片中,观察叶片中荧光强度及分布,分析外源质粒在小麦叶片中的表达情况。通过注射EHA105、LBA4404和C58C1 3种不同的农杆菌菌株,将HCP1的RNAi载体导入小麦叶片细胞中,利用半定量RT-PCR和实时荧光定量PCR检测HCP1瞬时沉默效率,并结合Rohringer染色分析,明确不同农杆菌对寄主叶片侵染能力的强弱,从而筛选出最适的试验菌株。在瞬时沉默的小麦叶片上,接种不亲和叶锈菌小种260,利用DAB染色,观察接种叶锈菌后叶片中H2O2的变化,分析HCP1在小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中的功能。【结果】叶片GFP荧光观察结果说明,在注射农杆菌48 h后GFP开始出现较高表达。RT-PCR和qRT-PCR结果表明,注射C58C1菌株的叶片12 h后,HCP1的表达量开始降低,并持续保持较低的表达量。注射EHA105菌株的叶片,在注射后72-96 h,HCP1的表达量迅速降低。而注射LBA4404菌株的叶片中HCP1的表达量基本没有变化。所以在3种不同农杆菌菌株介导的HCP1 RNAi转化中,沉默效率依次为：C58C1≥EHA105＞LBA4404。注射不同农杆菌菌株叶片的Rohringer染色结果发现,EHA105侵染后引起的HR反应较其他两种菌株明显,说明EHA105对小麦叶片具有较高毒性,会引起叶片产生防卫反应,C58C1菌株在具有较高的沉默效率同时,对叶片的毒性较小,因此选取C58C1作为最适的试验菌株;沉默HCP1的小麦叶片接种叶锈菌小种260后,通过DAB染色发现,接种24 h和48 h后叶锈菌侵染诱发的小麦叶片H₂O₂的分布及积累量均多于对照组。【结论】建立了农杆菌介导的瞬时基因沉默体系,选用C58C1农杆菌菌株作为试验菌株,在处理后72 h可达到沉默目的基因的效果。确定HCP1参与了小麦与叶锈菌互作过程中H₂O₂的清除途径。     

Postulation of Seedling Resistance Genes in 20 Wheat Cultivars to Yellow Rust （ Puccinia striiformis f. sp. triticl）

The gene postulation, cluster analysis and pedigree analysis of 20 wheat cultivars to 28 physiological races of yellow rust （Puccinia striiformis） were conducted under greenhouse conditions, The spectrum of their resistance were compared each other. None of the 20 cultivars were resistant to all the test pathogens. The cultivars containing resistance genes Yr5 and Yr24 were not find and genes Yr8, Yrl9 and Yr27 could not be postulated from cultivars tested due to the susceptibility to all isolates used. A total of 6 probale seedling yellow rust resistance genes or gene combinations （Yrl, Yr2, Yr2 ＋ YrHVII, Yr3 ＋ unknown, Yr3 ＋ Yr4, YrAlba） were postulated in the wheat cultivars （Atou, Flanders, Maris Huntsman, Bouquet, Holdfast, Elite Lepeuple, and Vilmorin 27）. The gene combination Yr2＋YrHVII with the highest frequency （35%） was present in 7 cultivars. The Yr genes present in some wheat cultivars could not be postulated because of non-matching virulence combinations with any of known genes. Cluster result showed that Yr2 and Yr3 are the most important genes in the cultivars. The 13 cultivars are believed to have the pedigree of Noe, which was selected from South Russian wheat. These results will be useful for wheat breeding and provide information about genetic control of wheat yellow rust.     

小麦抗白粉病种质“N9134”的抗性遗传分析

抗性种质"N9134"含有野生二粒小麦(资源编号:AS846)的抗白粉病基因。为了研究其白粉病抗性基因的遗传规律,用感病品种阿勃、中国春、陕160、陕优225与该种质正反交,结果F1白粉病感染0～1级,F2白粉病抗感比例为3∶1;以小麦缺体系与其杂交,F1白粉病感染0～1级,F2白粉病抗感比例除"5B"偏离3∶1外,其余均为3∶1。表明N9134的白粉病抗性由1对完全显性基因控制,位于"5B"染色体上。     

黄淮麦区部分小麦种质脂肪氧化酶活性分析及等位基因检测

【目的】小麦中的脂肪氧化酶（LOX）是影响小麦面粉颜色和其储藏特性的主要因素之一,对中国黄淮麦区的306份小麦种质资源进行脂肪氧化酶活性分析及等位基因检测,为小麦品质育种提供理论参考。【方法】利用紫外分光光度计和酶标仪测定参试样品的脂肪氧化酶（LOX）活性,并利用控制脂肪氧化酶活性的位于1AL上的QLpx.caas-1AL位点紧密连锁的分子标记Xwmc312以及位于4BS上的TaLOX-B1位点的功能标记LOX16和LOX18,采用特异引物的PCR扩增技术以及琼脂糖凝胶电泳和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离技术进行参试材料的LOX基因型鉴定。【结果】表型测定结果表明,参试的黄淮麦区小麦品种（系）中脂肪氧化酶活性的平均值为65.73 AU·min^-1·g^-1,标准差为13.54,变幅为27.09-99.55 AU·min^-1·g^-1,变异系数为20.6%。参试材料中小于40 AU·min^-1·g^-1和大于90 AU·min^-1·g^-1的小麦品种（系）分别为7个和8个,可作为对当前主栽小麦品种进行脂肪氧化酶活性改良的重要资源材料。基因型鉴定结果表明,参试材料的QLpx.caas-1AL位点存在3种等位变异类型,Xwmc312₂₂₇、Xwmc312₂₃₅和Xwmc312₂₄₇所占比例分别为30.4%、18.9%和50.6%。参试材料的TaLOX-B1位点存在TaLOX-B1a和TaLOX-B1b两种变异类型,所占比例分别为 28.7%和71.2%。分析其基因型组合发现,参试材料中共有6种基因型组合类型,依次为TaLOX-B1a/Xwmc312₂₂₇、TaLOX-B1a/Xwmc312₂₃₅、TaLOX-B1a/Xwmc312₂₄₇、TaLOX-B1b/Xwmc312₂₂₇、TaLOX-B1b/Xwmc312₂₃₅和TaLOX-B1b/Xwmc312₂₄₇,所占比例分别为7.2%、9.5%、12.1%、23.2%、9.5%和38.6%。分析不同LOX基因型与脂肪氧化酶活性的关系表明,1AL位点上拥有Xwmc312₂₃₅基因型的小麦品种脂肪氧化酶活性显著高于其他两种基因型（P＜0.05）,4BS位点拥有TaLOX-B1a基因型的小麦品种脂肪氧化酶活性显著高于拥有TaLOX-B1b基因型的小麦品种（P＜0.05）。进一步分析不同LOX基因型组合与脂肪氧化酶活性的关系表明,拥有TaLOX-B1a/Xwmc312₂₃₅基因型组合的小麦品种脂肪氧化酶活性（76.80 AU·min^-1·g^-1）显著高于其他5种基因型组合,而拥有TaLOX-B1b/Xwmc312₂₂₇基因型组合的小麦品种脂肪氧化酶活性显著低于其他5种基因型组合,仅为62.44 AU·min^-1·g^-1。【结论】中国黄淮麦区的小麦品种脂肪氧化酶活性绝大多数处于中间类型,拥有极低（小于40 AU·min^-1·g^-1）或极高（大于90 AU·min^-1·g^-1）脂肪氧化酶活性类型的小麦品种所占比例较低。黄淮麦区所发现的6种不同LOX基因型组合中,拥有TaLOX-B1a/Xwmc312₂₃₅基因型组合的小麦品种脂肪氧化酶活性相对较高（P＜0.05）,而拥有TaLOX-B1b/Xwmc312₂₂₇基因型组合的小麦品种脂肪氧化酶活性相对较低（P＜0.05）。     

Effects of salt and nitrogen on physiological indices and carbon isotope discrimination of wheat cultivars in the northeast of Iran

In order to study the effects of different levels of salt stress and nitrogen(N) on physiological mechanisms,carbon isotope discrimination(△~(13)C),and yield of two wheat cultivars(cv.),a two-year field experiment was carried out during 2013-2015.The treatments included three levels of salt stress(1.3,5.2,and 10.5 dS m~(-1)),three levels of N(50,100,and 150 kg N ha~(-1)),and two wheat cultivars,Bam and Toos.Under salt stress,N application(100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1)) produced a significant effect on both cultivars with respect to physiological traits,i.e.,net photosynthetic rate(P_n),stomatal conductance(g_s),chlorophyll index(Cl),Na~+/K~+ratio as well as the grain yield(GY).The salt-tolerant and-sensitive cultivars exhibited the maximum values of physio-biochemical and yield attributes at 100 and 150 kg N ha~(-1),respectively.The results of △~(13)C showed a significant difference(P0.001) between wheat cultivars under the control and salt stress.According to our result,salt-tolerant cultivar Bam seems to be more efficient in terms of higher GY,P_n,g_s,Cl,and lower Na~+/K~+ratio as well as higher △~(13)C as compared with salt-sensitive cultivar Toos,under salt stress.Therefore,a significant positive correlation that observed between △~(13)C and GY,indicated that △~(13)C may be an effective index for indirect selection of yield potential in wheat under irrigation regimes with saline water.     

不同小麦品种(系)对小麦纹枯病抗性动态研究

为了解河南省主栽及新近选育小麦品种对纹枯病的抗性动态,在自然发病条件下,系统调查了2005-2007年间小麦纹枯病的田间发病情况,并采用动态聚类法就50个小麦品种对纹枯病的抗性进行归类。结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)均不同程度的感染纹枯病,多数供试品种田间发病相对较重,但不同年份间存在差异,2006年度发病最轻。抗性评价结果表明,在50个小麦品种(系)中,无免疫品种;2个品种表现高抗,占4.0%;表现中度抗病的品种有21个,占供试品种的42.0%;表现感病的有27个品种,占供试品种的54.0%,其中中度感病和高度感病的品种分别为14个和13个。总体来看,河南主栽或新近选育品种(系)半数以上对纹枯病表现感病,仅有少数品种抗性较高。     

Tomato SlPti5 plays a regulative role in the plant immune response against Botrytis cinerea through modulation of ROS system and hormone pathways

While SlPti5 has been shown to play a crucial role in the regulation of antagonistic genes in Solanum lycopersicum and Arabidopsis against pathogen infection, there have been no comprehensive studies on the effects of SlPti5 on the regulatory response mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) system and hormone pathways during growth and disease resistance of tomato plants. Here, we investigated the function of SlPti5 in the defense response of tomato against Botrytis cinerea utilizing a virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS)-based system. Expression profile analysis showed that SlPti5 was significantly induced upon B. cinerea infection, with high expression levels in the leaves and fruit of tomato. VIGS-based silencing of SlPti5 inhibited early vegetative growth, increased the plant's susceptibility to infection, promoted the development of ROS, affected the expression of genes involved in the ROS scavenging system, and attenuated the expression of genes associated with pathogenesis and the ethylene/jasmonic acid signaling pathways. In sum, our data demonstrated that SlPti5 stimulates the immune response of tomato plant to Botrytis cinerea infection by involving the ethylene (ET)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-mediated pathways and modulating the expression of some key pathogenesis-related (PR) genes.     

Variations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism （SNP） of Hordoindoline a Gene （hina） and Its Relationships with Kernel Hardness in 92 North American Barley Varieties （Hordeum vulgare L.）

Grain texture in barley （Hordeum vulgare L.） is an important quality character. The single nucleotide polymorphisms （SNPs） in Hordoindoline a （hina） gene and its relationship with hardness index among North American harley cultivars were investigated. The hina genes in 36 cultivars were sequenced for the SNP analyses, and 17 sets of SNP primers were designed to detect the SNP variations of hina locus in 92 North American barley cultivars. SNP detection indicated that there were four haplotypes in the hina genes of 92 barley cultivars, and haplotype 01 and 02 were shared by 68 and 14 cultivars, respectively, suggesting that there was a very limited diversity in hina genes among North American barley cultivars. Despite the wide range in hardness exists in 92 barley cultivars, however, unlike wheat, where a clear relationship has been demonstrated between a number of SNPs in the wheat hardness genes and quality （soft or hard wheat）, there was no such relationship for barley. The genotypes used in this study demonstrated that there was a low level of polymorphism in hina gene in North American barley cultivars and these polymorphisms had no impact on grain hardness.     

Evaluation of a new method for quantification of heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars

Heat stress seriously affects wheat production in many regions of the world. At present, heat tolerance research remains one of the least understood fields in wheat genetics and breeding and there is a lack of effective methods to quantify heat stress and heat tolerance in different wheat cultivars. The objective of this study was to use various wheat cultivars to evaluate stress intensity(δ) and a new method for quantification of heat tolerance and compare this technique with three other currently utilized methods. This new parameter for heat tolerance quantification is referred to as the heat tolerance index(HTI) and is an indicator of both yield potential and yield stability. Heat treatments were applied in a controlled setting when anthesis had been reached for 80% of the wheat. The stress intensity evaluation indicated heat shock was the main factor associated with kernel weight reduction while grain yield reduction was mainly associated with chronic high temperature. The methods evaluation showed that a temperature difference of 5°C from natural temperatures was a suitable heat treatment to compare to the untreated controls. HTI was positively correlated with yield under heat stress(r=0.8657, δ_(2010)=0.15, in 2009–2010; r=0.8418, δ_(2011)=0.20, in 2010–2011; P0.01), and negatively correlated with yield reduction rate(r=–0.8344, in 2009–2010; r=–0.7158, in 2010–2011; P0.01). The results of this study validated the use of HTI and temperature difference control for quantifying wheat heat tolerance that included the yield potential and the stability of different wheat cultivars under heat stress. Additionally, 10 wheat cultivars showed high HTI and should be further tested for their heat confirming characteristics for use in wheat heat tolerance breeding.     

生防细菌B296·B253对小麦纹枯病防病效果的研究

[目的]研究生防细菌B296、B253对小麦纹枯病的防病效果。[方法]从土壤中筛选2株生防细菌(B296和B253),研究其对小麦纹枯病菌(Rhizoctonia cerealis)的生物活性,并对其防病效果进行分析。[结过]结果表明,生防细菌B296、B253对小麦纹枯病菌的抑菌率分别达85.9%和83.8%。在灭菌土中,生防菌的防效要明显高于自然土中的防效,B296达57.96%,B253达69.43%。生防菌B296和B253田间试验防效分别为55.16%和37.05%。[结论]该研究为小麦纹枯病的防治提供理论依据。     

Possibility of adaptation of annual grasses (exemplified by spring wheat) to nonoptimal growing conditions

It is shown that seeds of spring wheat cultivars Akmolinka 1 and Saratovskaya 29 and F ₁ and F ₂ hybrids obtained on their basis differ in the level of content of prolamins and time and activity of their proteolysis and biosynthesis respectively during germination and maturation. In the F ₁ hybrid the content of prolamins increased 1.2% relative to the paternal form and seed vigor increased 10%; in the F ₂ hybrid these indices were respectively 0.4 and 3.8% higher. It is concluded that the process of adaptation of annual grasses to environmental temperature and humidity under conditions of natural phytocenoses, modeled by the example of soft spring wheat, occurs by intraspecific hybridization.     

3个小麦新种质的选育与鉴定

针对目前山西省小麦抗病性差的现状,以携带有抗病基因的小麦-簇毛麦6VS/6AL易位系92R137和92R149为亲本,与感病小麦品种忻96-74、矮多1号、黑粒小麦76杂交,进行抗病、丰产、优质和矮秆基因的重组,选育出3个抗病新种质G10,S06和S25,并综合应用农艺性状、细胞学、分子标记等方法对其进行鉴定。结果表明,G10为半矮秆、特大穗,对小麦白粉病和条锈病免疫;S06为矮秆,对白粉病免疫;S25具有5+10优质亚基、紫粒,对白粉病和条锈病免疫。G10,S06和S25是小麦抗病、优质育种的新种质材料。     

Sublethal effects of sulfoxaflor on the fitness of two species of wheat aphids,Sitobion avenae(F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi(L.)

Sitobion avenae(F.) and Rhopalosiphum padi(L.) are two important pests of wheat in China. They typically coexist in fields during the late period of wheat growth. Sulfoxaflor is a novel sulfoximine insecticide that demonstrates broad-spectrum efficacy, especially in targeting sap-feeding insects. This study was carried out to investigate the sublethal effects of sulfoxaflor on the development, longevity, and reproduction of two species of wheat aphids. Our results showed that sublethal concentrations of sulfoxaflor did not cause significant effects on the fecundity or the longevity of the parent generation(F_0 generation) of either S. avenae or R. padi. However, it caused transgenerational sublethal effects. For S. avenae, adult longevity of F_1 generation was significantly decreased. No significant differences were observed on the population parameters of S. avenae in the F_1 generation. For R. padi, the adult preoviposition period(APOP) and the total preoviposition period(TPOP) of F_1 generation were significantly reduced. The mean generation time(T) was significantly reduced in the R. padi F_1 generation. What's more, the intrinsic rate of increase(r_m) and the finite rate of increase(λ) were significantly increased in the R. padi F_1 generation. Taken together, these results suggest that exposure to the LC_(25) of sulfoxafl had no effects on the parent generation of S. avenae or R. padi, but it reduced adult longevity of S. avenae as a negative effect and increased the r_m and λ of R. padi in the first progeny generation, which may have an impact on the population dynamics of R. padi.